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Paradise in a Brazil Nut Cemetery : Sustainability Discourses and Social Action in Pará, the Brazilian Amazon

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Paradise in a Brazil Nut Cemetery : Sustainability Discourses and Social Action in Pará, the Brazilian Amazon Paradise in a Brazil Nut Cemetery Sustainability Discourses and Social Action in Pará, the Brazilian Amazon Promotor: Prof. Dr. Ir. J. D. van der Ploeg Hoogleraar in Transitieprocessen in Europa Wageningen Universiteit Co-promotor: Dr. A.M.G. Arce Universitair docent Leerstoelgroep Rurale Ontwikkelingssociologie Wageningen Universiteit Promotiecommissie: Prof. Dr. Terry Marsden Cardiff University, United Kingdom Dr. Sergio Schneider Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Prof. Dr. Ir. Cees Leeuwis Wageningen Universiteit Prof. Dr. Ir. Georg E. Frerks Wageningen Universiteit Dit onderzoek is uitgevoerd binnen de onderzoeksschool CERES. Paradise in a Brazil Nut Cemetery Sustainability Discourses and Social Action in Pará, the Brazilian Amazon Kei Otsuki Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor op gezag van de rector magnificus van Wageningen Universiteit, Prof. Dr. M.J. Kropff in het openbaar te verdedigen op donderdag 20 september 2007 des voormiddags om 11.00 uur in de Aula CIP-DATA KONINKLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, The Hague, The Netherlands Otsuki, K. Paradise in a Brazil Nut Cemetery: sustainability discourses and social action in Pará, the Brazilian Amazon Thesis Wageningen University –With ref. – With Summaries in English, Dutch, and Portuguese ISBN: 978-90-8504-683-7 Subject headings: Brazil; Amazon; deforestation; sustainable development; social research; settlement project; agrarian reform; brazil nut; social action Copyright © 2007 by Kei Otsuki All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, by print or photo print, microfilm or any other means, without permission of the holder of copyright. Table of Contents Acknowledgements ix 1. Entering the Amazon 1 The Research Theme and Questions 5 Organisation of the Thesis 6 Notes 9 2. The Concept of Sustainable Development and Social Practices in the Brazilian Amazon 11 The Concept of Sustainable Development: An Overview 12 Sustainability and Development: Intellectual Constructs 16 Community development and participation: state–led development 16 Sustainable Livelihoods Approaches: the withdrawal of the state 18 The Rights-Based Approach: return of the state 20 Politicisations of the Brazilian Amazon 23 The national discourse of integration 23 The global discourse of forest conservation 24 The Amazon as a global common 25 Sustainable development and NRM approaches in the Amazon 26 Reconstruction of communities 28 Local practices and counter-tendencies 29 Structure, Agency and Social Practices in the Brazilian Amazon 31 Giddens’s theory of structuration 33 Bourdieu’s theory of practice 34 Individual and collective actions and landscape 35 Notes 38 3. Methodological Issues and Reflections 45 Research Encounters 45 The community survey and development practice 47 Micro-events and macro-statements 48 Fieldwork 50 Ethnographic Case Study Methods 51 Actor-oriented approach to development 52 vi Extended case studies 53 Ethnography: description and contextualisation 54 Social relations in the field and ethnographic verities 56 The Social Actor, Individual, Organisation and Collective: Working Definitions 58 Notes 61 4. A Reading of Landscape Change in Pará 63 Inside ‘Deforestation’ 63 Highway PA-150 66 “Go more to the inside” 70 Grotão as a Social Field 71 Origin: castanhais, owners and nut collectors 72 Demarcation of Grotão 76 Posseiros’ Social Domains 77 Social domains and arenas 78 ‘Disorganised’ posseiros 79 Identification and organisation processes 82 Cemeteries of Brazil Nuts 83 Community-based natural resource management and institutions 85 Fazenda Bamerindus 87 Loggers’ roles in the social field 89 Conclusions 90 Notes 92 5. Social Events and Community Identifications 99 Identifying Leaders and Collectives 99 Life of Limirio 103 Origin of Paradise 105 The Assembly of God 108 The first association and the beginning of ASDA intervention 109 The first election and the opening of internal political spaces 111 Reconfigurations: Kito’s Political Move and Limirio’s Death 112 AVM and the differentiation of community 113 Two collectives and political domains 117 Death of Limirio 118 The Rice Festival 121 The Funeral and the Festival: symbolic and pragmatic action by the settlers 123 vii After Limirio 125 The Old Man and the Sawmill 126 Laws and rules 128 Rio Preto 131 The arrest 132 Conclusions 134 Notes 136 6. Community Projects and the Process of Individualisation 143 Knowledge and the Context of Intervention 143 A Community Project without a Community 146 The sustainable and participatory development project 147 The views of Silvio on the banana flour project 149 Some different views of the settlers on product choice 152 The ‘real community need’: a milk processing unit 154 The fragmentation process 157 Intervention, action and knowledge processes 160 Individualising Community Projects 162 Raimundo’s ‘own’ projects 162 Manu’s life project 164 Experiences with intervention and collective action 167 A Theoretical Discussion on Action and Knowledge 168 The Theory of Action: from rationality to creativity 169 Knowledge processes and arrangement of individual actions 170 Conclusions 172 Notes 174 7. The Making of a Sustainable Business 179 The Boundaries of an Epistemic Community 179 NGOs and Sustainable Development in Pará 181 NGOs in the Brazilian Amazon 182 The trajectory of ASDA: from a public service provider to a business incubator 183 The production chain model 185 Framing a poor community 187 The Making of Local Experts 189 Doutora 190 Framing ‘caboclo’ 192 viii “Learning from Social Entrepreneurs” 193 Development Marketplace 194 The Global Philanthropy Forum 196 Localising and globalising knowledges and epistemic practices 198 Conclusions 200 Notes 201 8. A Conclusion: Sustainable Development and Human Agency in the Brazilian Amazon 205 Rethinking the Social in Sustainable Development 205 The Amazon Forest as a Changeable Process 207 Social practices and landscape 208 The human agency of the Amazonian settlers 209 Collective and the individual 211 The Role of Social Researcher in Sustainable Development 212 References 217 Summary 245 Samenvatting 248 Sumário 252 Curriculum Vitae 256 List of Tables Table 1 Appropriation of castanhais by major owners in Marabá (1960-1980) 73 Table 2 Estimated household number in the village of Novo Paraíso 100 Table 3 Key actors in Grotão 101 Acknowledgements I owe a lot of debt of gratitude to many individuals and institutions. First of all, my thanks go to the Foundation for Advanced Studies in International Development (FASID) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Japan for their generous scholarship. It enabled me to carry out my fieldwork in Pará and to complete this book. I am also indebted to the Poverty and Environment Program of Department of Environment at the Federal University of Pará in Brazil, as they provided me different job, travel and research opportunities in 2003-2006. I especially want to thank Prof. Nazaré Imibiriba and Vicky Shreiber for their support and friendship. I cannot name here all the people who have directly and indirectly helped my fieldwork. Special thanks go to late Limirio and his family; Kito; Raimundo; Nonato and Rosa; and Manu and his family. I should also mention Analis and Naide as my friends in the village of Novo Paraíso; and Dona Sebastiana who accommodated me in her small hotel in the village after Limirio passed away. I am very grateful to all the técnicos of ASDA, especially Goro, João and Augusto; and officials of INCRA and IBAMA in Marabá and São Geraldo do Araguaia. I should not forget to mention Janete who always helped me with logistics and financial arrangements. Dr. Alfredo Homma of Embrapa Amazonia Oriental encouraged me to conduct research on brazil nut cemeteries. He continues to be one of the most prominent social scientists based in the Brazilian Amazon, and I really appreciate his support and sharing of valuable information with me. Through him, I could get acquainted with people from the Land Pastoral Commission in Xinguara and Conceição do Araguaia who eventually helped me understand land, forest and social problems associated with settlement projects in Pará. Regrettably, I could not cover a wider range of stories about conflictive social situations in Pará in this book, but I would like to acknowledge the influence which late Sister Dorothy Stang had on my work. I also wish to thank Pastora Marga Rothe for her prayers and friendship. Wageningen University offered me a base to write about this research. First and foremost, I want to express the deepest gratitude to my mentor, Dr. Alberto Arce. He had patiently supervised my chaotic writing for nearly two years and never gave up on me. He also gave me various opportunities at the University, which enriched my academic and social life in Wageningen. x My promoter Prof. Jan Douwe van der Ploeg guided me to finish the thesis by giving me comments and putting me in a timeframe. Prof. Norman Long saved me from having a nervous break down in the final stage of writing by encouraging me to develop my thoughts further. And, without Dr. Eleanor Fisher, who kindly revised my English and edited the entire thesis, I could have never completed this book. Colleagues at the Rural Development Sociology Group and Rural Sociology Group provided me intellectual, practical and mental support. Many thanks go to Petra Derkzen, Jilles van Gastel, Martijn Koster and Nuray Tumer who kindly volunteered to translate English summaries into Dutch; and Dr. Luis Antonio Cabelo Norder who revised the Portuguese summary. Ans van der Lande-Haij, Corine Diepeveen and, above all, Jos Michel were the secretaries who supported different stages of my life in Wageningen. I especially want to thank Ans for giving me advice on the layout of this book and Jos for being always helpful with frequent paperwork. Prof. Leontine Visser accommodated me in her chair group for the entire writing period; Dr. Paul Hebinck helped me with the layout of the thesis; and Dr. Sarah Southwold gave me an opportunity to work in her course. I also wish to thank Dr. Gerard Vershoor for his excellent barbecue technique; and Dr.
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