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Synopsis of Biological Data on the Mrigal Cirrhinus Mrigala (Hamilton

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Synopsis of Biological Data on the Mrigal Cirrhinus Mrigala (Hamilton FIR /S120 FAO Fisheries Synopsis No 120SAST - Cirrhinus mrigala - 1,40(02)025,03 SYNOPSIS OF BIOLOGICAL DATA ON THE MRIGAL Cirrhims mrig:(Hamilton, 1822) F Q FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS FISHERIES SYNOPSES This series of documents, issued by FAO, CSIRO, INP and NMFS, contains comprehensive reviews of present knowledge on species and stocks of aquatic organisms of present or potential economic interest. The Fishery Resources and Environment Division of FAO is responsible for the overall coordination of the series. The primary purpose of this series is to make existing information readily available to fishery scientists according to a standard pattern, and by so doing also to draw attention to gaps in knowledge. It is hoped that synopses in this series will be useful to other scientists initiating investigations of the species concerned or of related ones, as a means of exchange of knowledge among those already working on the species, and as the basis for comparative study of fisheries resources. They will be brought up to date from time to time as further information becomes available. The documents of this Series are issued under the following titles: Symbol FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. FIR/S CSIRO Fisheries Synopsis No. D FO/S INP Sinopsis sobre la Pesca N° IN P/S NMFS Fisheries Synopsis No. NM FS/S Synopses in these series are compiled according to a standard outline described in Fib/Si Rev. 1(1965). FAO, CSIRO, INP and NMFS are working to secure the cooperation of other organizations and of individual scientists in drafting synopses on species about which they have knowledge, and welcome offers of help in this task. Additions and corrections to synopses already issued will also be most welcome. Comments on individual synopses and requests for information should be addressed to the coordinators and editors of the issuing organizations, and suggestions regarding the expansion or modification of the outline to -FAO: FAO: CSIRO: Fishery Resources and Environment Division CSIRO Division of Fisheries and Oceanography Marine Resources Service Box 21 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Cronulla, N.S.W. 2230 Via delle Terme di Caracalla Australia 00100 Rome, Italy I N P: NM FS: Instituto Nacional de Pesca Scientific Publications Office Subsecretaría de Pesca National MarineFisheriesService, NOAA Secretaría de Pesca 1107 N.E. 45th Street Secretaría de Industria y Comercio Seattle, Wa. 98105, U.S.A. Carmona y Valle 101-403 México 7, D.F. Consolidated lists of species or groups covered by synopses issued to date or in preparation will be issued from time to time. Requests for copies of synopses should be addressed to the issuing organization. The following synopses in this series have been issued since January 1978: NMFS/S1 16 Synopsis of biological data on the red porgy, Pagruspagrus (Linnaeus) - C.L. Manooch III and W.W. Hassier 1978 NM FS/S1 17 Synopsis of biological data for the winter flounder Pleuronectes americanus (Walbaum) - G. Klein-MacPhee 1978 NMFS/S1 18 Synopsis of biological data on bonitos, Sarda - Yoshida 1979 F IR/Sil 9 Synopsis of biological data on the walleye, Stizostedion vitreum - P. Colby, R.E. Mc Nicol and R.A. Ryder 1979 FIR/S120 Synopsis of biological data on the mrigala, Cirrhinusmríga!a - V.G. Jhingran 1979 NMFSIS121 Synopsis of biological data on the striped bass, Morone saxati/is - E. Setzlev etal. 1979 NMFS/S122 Synopsis of biological data on Euthynnus - Yoshida 1979 NMFSIS123 Synopsis of biological data on the Rock crab, Cancer irroratus T.E. Bigford, 1979 1979 FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 120 FIR/5120 (Distribution restricted) SAST - Cirrhinus mriqala - 1,40(02)025,03 SYNOPSIS OF BIOLOGICAL DATA ON THE MRIGAL Cirrhinus mriqala (Hamilton, 1822) Prepared by V.G. .Jhingran and H.A. Khan Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (LC.A.R.) Barrackpore, West Bengal India FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, September 1979 PREPARATION OF THIS SYNOPSIS The present document wasincluded in the FAO Species Synopsis Series in view of the growing importance of Cirrhinus mriqala in fish culture,especially on the Indian subcontinent. The details set out in thispaper are based on data collected by the authors in the course of their personal research work on the species andalso on information compiled from various sources, most of which are included in the reference list. Distribution Biblioqraphic entry: Authors Jhingran, V.G. & RA. Khan (1979) FAO Department of Fisheries FAO Fish.Synop., (120):78 p. FAO Regional Fisheries Officers Synopsis of biological data on the mrigal Regional Fisheries Councils and Commissions Cirrhinus mriqala (Hamilton, 1822) Selector SI Synopsis.Biological data.Freshwater fish.Taxonomy.Vernacular names. Morphology (organisms).Geographical distribution.Hybridization.Sexual reproduction.Life cycle.Development (biological).Autecology.Population characteristics.Inland fisheries.Fishing gear.Fishing grounds.Fishery regulations. Habitat improvement.Stocking (organisms). Fish culture.Freshwater aquaculture. Pond culture.Cirrhinus mriqala.Asia. FIR/S120 Cirrhinus mrigala iii CONTENTS Page IDENTITY 1 101 Nomenclature i 1011 Valid name i 1,12 Objective synonymy i 1,2 Taxonomy 1 1,21 Affinities i 1,22 Taxonomie status 3 1,23 Subspecies* 1,24Standard common names, vernacular names 3 1.3 Morphology 4 1,31 External morphology 4 1,32 Cytomorphology * 1,33 Protein specificity 4 2 DISTRIBUTION 8 2,1 Total area 8 2,2 Differential distribution 10 2,21 Spam, larvae and juveniles 10 2,22 Adults 10 10 2,3 Determinants of distribution changes 2.4 Hybridization 10 2,41 Hybrids 10 2,42 Influence of natural hybridization in ecology and morphology 11 li 3 BIONOMICS AND UFI HISTORY 3,1 Reproduction 11 3,11 Sexuality li 3,12Maturity (age and size) 11 3,13 Mating 12 3,14 Fertilization 12 3,15 Gonads 12 3,16 spawning 13 3,17 Spawn 20 3,2 Pre-adult phase 20 3,21 Embryonic phase 20 3.22 larval phase 20 3,23 Adolescent phase 32 iv FIR/S120 Cirrhinus mrigala Page Adult phase 3.3 33 Longevity 3,31 33 3,32Hardiness 33 3,33 Competitors 33 3,34 Predators 33 3,35 Parasites, diseases, injuries and abnormalities 33 Nutrition and growth 3,4 34 3,41Feeding 34 3.42Food 35 3043Growth rate 37 3,44Metabolism* Behaviour 3,5 41 Migration and local movements 3,51 41 Schooling 3,52 41 3.53Response to stimuli* POPULATION (STocK) 4 41 4,1Structure 41 4.11 Sex ratio 41 4.12Age composition 42 Size composition 4,13 42 4,2Abundance and density (of population)* Natality and recruitment 4.3 42 Reproduction rates 4,31 42 4,32Factors affecting reproduction* Recruitment 4.33 42 Mortality and morbidity 4.4 48 Mortality rates 4.41 48 4,42Factors causing or affecting mortality 48 Factors causing or affecting morbidity 4,43 48 4,44Relation of morbidity to mortality rates* 4.5Dynamics of population (as a whole) 49 4,6The population in the community and ecosystem 49 5 EXPLOITATION 51 5,1Fishing equipment 51 5.11Gear 51 5,12 Boats 51 FIR/S120 Cirrhinus mrigala y Page 5,2 Fishing areas 52 5,21 General geographic distribution 52 5,22 Geographical range 52 5,23 Depth range 52 5,3 Fishing seasons 52 5,31General pattern of season 52 5,32Dates of beginning, peak and end of season(s) 52 5033 Variation in data or duration of fishing season 52 5,4 Fishing operations and results 52 5,41 Effort and intensity* 5,42 Selectivity* 5,43 Catches 52 6 PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT 55 6,1 Regulatory (legislative) measures 55 6,11 limitation or reduction of total catch* 6,12 Protection of portions of population 55 6.2Control or alteration of physical features of the environment 55 6.21 Regulation of flow* 6,22 Control of water levels* 6,23 Control of erosion and silting* 6,24 Fishways at artificial and natural obstructions* 6.25 Fish screens* 6,26 Improvement of spawning grounds 55 6,27Habitat improvement* 6.3 Control or alteration of chemical feitures of the environment* 6.4Control or alteration of the biological features of the environment * 6,41 Control of aquatic vegetation 55 6.42Introduction of fish foods (plants, invertebrates,forage fishes)* 6,43 Control of parasites and diseases* 6.44Control of predators and competitors 56 6,45 Population manipulation 56 6.5 Artificial stocking 56 6,51 Maintenance stocking 56 6,52Transplantation; introduction 56 7 POND FISH CULTURE 56 7.1 Procurement of stocks 56 7,2 Genetic selection of stocks4 vi FIR/S120 Cirrhinus mrigala Page 703 Spawning (artificial, induced, natural) 58 74Holding of stock 58 705Pond management (fertilization, aquatic plant control,etc0) 59 7,6Feeding 63 77Diseases and parasite control 64 78Harvest 64 709Transport 64 8 REFERENOES 70 * These items have been omitted in the text as, either no information is available to the authors on them, or they are inapplicable to mrigal, the fish being exclusively a freshwater species0 FIR/S120 Cirrhinus mrigala vii LIST OF TABLES Table No Title Page I Standard common names, vernacular names 3 II Meristic counts of Cirrhinus mrigala 4 III Packed cell volume (pcv) haemoglobin and leucocyte counts of Cirrhinus 5 mrigala IV Mean and standard deviation of weight , blood of Cirrhinus mrigala 5 V Seasonal changes in the biochemical constituents in the blood serum of 7 Cirrhinus mrigala Va Distribution in rivers and lakes 9 VI Fecundity of mrigal from ponds at Cuttack 12 VII Fecundity of mrigal collected from River Yamuna at Allahabad 13 VIII Average fecundity of mrigal from River Godavari for different year classes 13 IX Characteristics of spawning grounds of mrigal 16 X Results reported by different workarson the
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