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1. Deerghajeeviteeya The first chapter in Sutrasthana is Deergham Jeeviteeya Adhyaya – quest for longevity. Sutra Sthana = Shloka Athana (ch. Su. 30/34)

First Sutra - vFkkrks nh?kZ×thforh;e/;k;a O;k[;kL;ke%A ¼p- lw- 1@1½ Atha word means Bliss This Fristh Sutra has Contant 8 Manglika Padas. vFk 2- vr% 3- nh?kZ 4- thforh;a 5- v/;k;a 6- fo 7- vk 8- [;kL;ke%A& These are 8 Manglika Padas. bfr g Lekg Hkxokuk=s;%A ¼p- lw- 1@2½ & Lord Atreya name is mentioned in 2nd Sutra. nh?kZ×thforh;efUoPNu~ Hkj}kTk mikxer~A bUnzeqxzrik cq)k 'kj.;eejs’oje~ ¼p- lw- 1@2½ Bharadwaja a great ascetic (Ugratapa),, went to , the King of Gods and the saviour, in quest of longevity. Origin of - → Prajapati → Ashwini Kumaras → Indra → Bharadwaja.

Sambhasha Parishat – auspicious deliberations - Topic - Origin of Ayurveda (Ayurvedavatarana) Place - an auspicious place near the Himalayas. ¼lesrk% iq.;dekZ.k% ik'osZ% fgeor% 'kqHks & p- lw- 1@7½ Total Number of rishi - 53 ¼vfxajk tenfXu’p ofl"B% d’;iks Hk`xq% & p- lw- 1@9&14½ Arogya - /kekZFkZdkeeks{kk.kkekjksX;a ewyeqÙkee~A ¼p- lw- 1@15½ Health is the best source of Dharma – virtue acts, Artha – wealth, Kama – fulfilling desires and Moksha – Renunciation emancipation while Diseases are destroyers of health, well being and life. Synonyms of Indra –1. sahasrāksha 2. Śacīpatim 3. Śakra 4. Balahantāra 5. Surēśvaram 6. Satakratu Trisutra/Triskandh & gsrqfyaxkS"k/kKkua LoLFkkrqjijk;.ke~A f=lw=a 'kk'ora iq.;a cqcq/ks ;a firkeg%AA ¼p- lw- 1@24½ Trisuta/Triskandh – 1. Hetu, 2. Linga, 3. Usadha SkandhaTri – 1. Hetu, 2. , 3. Dravya Sequence of Shad Padartha – Vaisesika Darsana - Dravya, Guna, Karma, Samanya, Visesa, Samavaya Charaka Samhita - Samanya, Visesa, Guna, Dravya, Karma, Samanya

6 desciples of Atreya – , , Jatukarna, Harita, Bhela and Ksharapani Agnivesa - cq)sfoZ'ks"kLr=klhUuksins'kkUrja equs%A rU=L; drkZ izFkeefXuos'kks ;rks·HkoRk~A ¼p- lw- 1@32½ First Tantrakarta - It was only the extraordinary merit and not the instructions of the sage that made Agnivesha the author of the first compendium. vFkkfXuos’kizeq[kku~ fofo’kq% Kkunsork%A cqf}% flf}% Le`fresZ/kk /k`fr% dhfrZ% {kek n;kkA ¼p- lw- 1@39½ Gynaana Devta - Gods of wisdom – 8 - Buddhi, Siddhi, Smriti, Kirti, Dhriti, Kirti, Kshama and Daya

Defination of Ayurveda – Hita hitam sukham dukham ayus tasya hitahitam, Mana ch tachha yatrokatam ayurveda sa uchyate (Ch.Su.1/41) The Ayurveda is the real science or knowledge of life with 4 types of Ayu, named Hitayu –Ahitayu, Sukhayu and Dukhayu. (Ch. Su. 1/41) 1 www.ayurvedpg.com Charaka Samhita Ayu Type of Ayu – 4 – 1. Hitayu – Advantageous life 2. Ahitayu – Disadvantageous life 3. Sukhayu – Happy state of health and mind 4. Dukhayu – Unhappy state of health and mind As per Susruta type of Ayu – 3 – 1. Deerghayu 2. Madhyamayu 3. Alpayu. (Su. Su. 35/4-11)

Defination of Ayu & Sarirendriya sarira Sattwatma Smayogo Dhari Jivitam, Nityagaschanubandhascha Paryayaira yuruchyate. (Ch. Su. 1/42) Combination of Sarira, Indriyas, manas & Atma is known as Ayu. Synonyms of Ayu - Dhari, Jivitam, Nityaga, Anubandha + Chetananuvritti (Ch. Su. 30/22) Nityaga - Synonyms of Ayu, Type of Kaal. ¿dkyks fg fuR;x'pkofLFkd'pA p- fo- 1@21À Anubandha - Synonyms of Ayu, Type of Dosha. ¿vuqcU/;kuqcU/kfo’ks"kd`rLrq cgqfo/kks nks"k%Hksn%A p- fo- 6@11À Punyatam veda - rL; vk;q"k% iq.;reks osnks osnfonka er%A ¼p- lw- 1@43½ Vedic scholars regard Ayurveda as the most sacred of .

Samanyam - Visesam Samanyam-Vishesha -loZnk loZHkkouka lkekU; o`f)dkj.ke~A âklgsrq% fo'ks"k'p izo`fÙk:Hk;L; rqAA ¼p- lw- 1@44½ The principle samanya causes increase and the principle vishesha causes decrease of all the existing elements at all times, both these effects are produced by their application in the body. lkekU;esdRodja fo'ks"kLrq i`FkDRoÑrA rqY;kFkZrk fg lkekU;a] fo'ks"kLrq foi;Z;%AA ¼p- lw- 1@45½ Samanya (is the principle which ) enables to understand similarity (between objects), and vishesha (is the principle which) enables to understand distinction (between objects). Again similarity proposes similar purpose (or action) while dissimilarity has opposite one. Types of Samanyam as per Chakrapani – (1) Dravya Samanyam - Tulyardhatahi Samanyam (2) Guna Samanyam - Samanyam Ekatvakaram (3) Karma Samanyam - Samanyam Vriddhi Karanam Types of Samanyam as per Nyaya Darshana – (1) Para Samanyam (2) Apara Samanyam

Tridanda & ^lRokekRek 'kjhja p =;esrr~ f=n.Mor~A yksdfLr"Bfr la;ksxkÙk= loZ izfrf"Be~A* ¼p- lw- 1@46½ Tridanda – Satva (Mind), Atma (soul) and Shareera (body) – these three are Tripods of life.

Guna

Numbers of Guna (Qualities) - lkFkkZ xqokZn;ks cqf)% iz;RukUrk% ijkn;%A xq.kk% izksDrk% & ¼p- lw- 1@49½ According to Charaka - 41 Atma gunas (Adhyatma gunas/ Satvika gunas) = 6 Gurvadi gunas (Chikitsiya gunas/ Sharira gunas) = 20 Paradi gunas (Chikitsa siddhi upaya gunas) = 10 Indriya gunas (Visishta gunas/ Vaisesika gunas) = 5 41

2 www.ayurvedpg.com Charaka Samhita According to Yogendranath – 42 - Manas is added as the 42nd guna by Yogendranath. According to Vaisesika darsanas – 17 According to Nyaya darsanas - 24 Definition – It is the character or theproperty which will remain in a dravya with inherent relationship. Samavayi Tu Nischeshtah Karanam Gunah (Cha.Su.1/51) Classification of gunas & their number according to Chakrapani - They are mainly classified into three categories viz., (a) Vaiseshika Gunas - 5 - Specific qualities of senses. (b) Atma Gunas - 6 - Qualities of the soul. (c) Samanya Gunas - 30 - General qualities used in the treatment. Samanya Gunas are again divided into two classes i.e., (i) Gurvadi/Sreeraka gunas (Qualities of human body ) (ii) Paradi or Chikitsopayoga gunas (Qualities related to treatment)

Dravya Definition of Dravya (matter) &;=kfJrk% deZxq.kk% dkj.ka leokf; ;r~ rn~ æO; & ¼p- lw- 1@50½ Yatrasritah Karma Gunah Karanam Samavayi Yat, Tat Dravyam (Cha. Su.1/50) nzO; y{k.kUrq fØ;kxq.kor~ leokf;dkj.ka bfrA ¼lq- lw- 40@3½ Dravya (element including drugs) is the substratum for karma (actions) and guna (properties) and that which is the samavayi karana (intrinsic or material cause of its effect). Dravya & [kknhU;kRek eu% dkyks fnx'p æO;laxzg%A lsfUæ; psrua æO;a] fufjfUæ;e psrue~A ¼p-lw- 1@48½ Numbers of Dravya – 9 – Pancha Mahabhuta + Manah + Atma + Kala + Disha. = karana Dravya Types of Dravya – 2 –., sendriyaM cetanaM dravyaM, nirindriyamacetanam. (i) Sendriyam – Chetana dravyas (ii) Nirndriyam - Achetana dravyas = karya Dravya Classification of Dravya - On the basis of effect on – 3 types viz., ^fdfUpr~ nks"kiz'keua fdfUpr~ /kkrqiznw"k.ke~A LoLFko`ÙkkS era fdfUpr~ f=fo/ka æO;eqP;rsA ¼p-lw- 1@68½ (i) Dosha Prashamana (ii) Dhatu Pradushanam (iii) Swastha hitakari

Karma

Defination of Karma (Action) – iz;Rukfn deZ psf"VreqP;rsA ¼p-lw- 1@49½ The movement initiated by (the attribute of Atma) prayatna (effort) is called karma (action) la;ksxs p foHkkxs p dkj.ka æO;ekfJre~A drZO;L; fØ;k deZ] deZ ukU;nis{krsAA ¼p-lw- 1@52½ That which lives inseparably with matter (Dravya), which causes combination and separation. Karma makes the matter to act without depending on anything else. Types of Karmas - According to Charaka Samhita – 3 & 5 - n`"Va fg f=fo/ka deZ ghua e/;eeqÙkee~A ¼p- fo- 3@31½ deZ i×pfoa/k eqäa oeukfnA ¼p- lw- 26@10½ Vaisesika Darsana - 5 – Utakshepana, Avakshepana, Akunchana, Prasarana, Gamana.

Samavaya Defination %& 1- leok;ks·i`FkEHkkoks HkwE;knhuka xq.kS% er%A l fuR;ks ;= fg æO; u r=kfu;rks xq.k%AA ¼p- lw- 1½ Samavaya (inseparable concomitance) is the inseparable relationship of dravya with their gunas (properties). This is eternal because whenever a dravya exists, it is not devoid of gunas. Samavaya & Aprithagbhava (Inseparable) 2- fuR; lEcU/k leok;% & rdZ laxzg & v™kEHkê 3- ?kVknhuka dikyknkS nzO;s"kq xq.kdeZ.kkS%A rs"kq tkrs'p lEcU/k% leok;% izdhfrZr%AA ¼dfjdkoyh½

3 www.ayurvedpg.com Charaka Samhita Objective of Tantra (Ayurveda) vk;qosZn ¼ra=½ dk iz;kstu & bR;qDra dkj.ka dk;Z /kkrqlkE;fegksP;rsA /kkrqlkE;fØ;k pksDrk ra=L;kL; iz;kstue~A Thus has been described the cause. Now the effect dhatusamya is discussed here because the objective of this compendium is achievement of dhatusamya.  As per Charaka Samhita Shad Padartha are cause (Karana) & Dhatusamya is Karya.

Causes of Diseases – 3 - dky cq)hfUæ;kFkkZuka ;ksxks feF;k u pkfr pA };kJ;k.kka O;k/khuka f=fo/kks gsrqlaxzg%AA 1. Atiyoga – excessive, 2. Heena Yoga - Erroneous use and 3. Mithya Yoga – Erroneous use of Kala – time, Artha – sense objects and Buddhi – intellect is the threefold cause of both psychic and somatic disorders.

Two Sites of Pleasure & Disease & 2 & 'kjhja lRolKa p O;kf/kuke~ vkJ;kser%A rFkk lq[kkukaA ¼p- lw- 1@55½ Sharira & Manah - Both body and mind are the locations of disorders as well as pleasures. Three Sites of Vedana – Sharira, Manah and Indriya (Ch. Sh. 1/36)

Atma fufoZdkj% ijLRokRek lRoHkwrxq.ksfUæ;S%A pSrU;s dkj.ka fuR;ks æ"Vk i';fr fg fØ;k%AA ¼p- lw- 1@56½ Atma - The Nature of Soul - The soul is unchangeable and para (superior to anything), is the cause of consciousness when in conjunction with mind, properties of bhutas and sense organs, is eternal and is the seer who witnesses all actions. fufoZdkj% ijLRokRek loZHkwrkuka fufoZ'ks"k%A lRo'kjhj;ks'p fo'ks"kkn~ fo'ks"kksiyfC/k%AA ¼p- 'kk- 4@33½

Dosha The factors which are responsible for the vitiation of Dushyas (Dhatus) & Malas are called as Doshas. They are mainly divided into Sariraka and Manasika doshas. Shariraka Dosha – 3 - Vayuh pittam kaphaschoktah sariro dosha sangrahah. (Ch. Su. 1/56.) 1. Vata pitta slesmana eva deha sambhava hetavah. (Su. Su. 21/2) 2. Vayuh pittam kaphascheti trayo dosha samasatah. (AH. Su. 1/6) 3. Vata-pitta-kapha doshah sarira-vyadhi hetavah. (Ka. Khil. 3/20) Manas Dosha – 2 – rajas and tamas are mentioned as the mental doshas. Line of treatments for Doshas - 1. Shariraka Dosha – Daiva vyapashraya & Yukti vyapashraya ¼iz'kkE;R;kS"k/kS% iwoksZ nSo;qfäO;kiJ;S%½ Sharira dosha are pacified by remedial measures of divine and rational qualities. 2. Manas Dosha – Jyana, Vijyana, Dhairya, Smriti and Samadhi. ¼ekulks KkufoKku/kS;ZLe`frlekf/kfHk%½ The psychological Doshas are balanced by spiritual and scriptural knowledge, patience, memory and meditation. Properties of doshas - Vata - (7) - 1- :{k% 'khrks y?kq%] lq{e'pyks·Fk] fo'kn% [kj%A ¼p- lw- 1@59½ Ruksha, Seeta, Laghu, Suksha, Chala, Visada, Khara etc. Pitta - (7) - 2- fiÙka lLusgeq".ka rh{.k p nzoEEya lja dVqA ¼p- lw- 1@60½ Sneha, Ushna, Tikshna, Drava, Amla, Sara, Katu. Kapha - (7) - 3. xq# 'khr] e`nq fLuX/k] e/kqj fLFkj] fiPNyk%A ¼p- lw- 1@61½ Guru, Seeta, Mridu, Snigdha, Madhura, Sthira, Picchila.  Sheeta (cool) guna is comman between Vata & Kapha Dosha.  Treatment of incurable diseases is not advised (in Ayurveda)- lk/kua u Rolk/;kuka O;k/khukeqifn';rsA

4 www.ayurvedpg.com Charaka Samhita Rasa (Taste Sensations) Rasa & jlukFkksZ jl% rL; nzO;eki% f{kfrLrFkkA fuoZ`rkS p] fo'ks"ks p izR;;k% [kkn;L=;%AA ¼p-lw- 1@64½ Rasa is the object of rasana (gustatory sense organ). Its material substances are apa and . In manifestation and differentiation of rasa, akasha, and tejas are causative factors. Mahabhuta cause for Ras Nirvratti - Jala & Prathavi Mahabhuta cause for Ras Vishesha - Vayu, Akas & Number of Rasas -6 - LoknqjEyks∙Fk yo.k% dVqdfrä ,o p A d"kk;’psfr "kV~dks∙;a jlkuka laxzg% Le`r%AA 1 Madhura (Sweet), 2. Amla (Sour), 3. Lavana (Salt), (Patu – Ashatng Hrudaya) 4. Katu (Pungent), ( – Ashatng Hrudaya) 5. Tikta (Bitter and 6. Kashaya (Astringent) are the six types of Tastes. Dosha and thear Prakopaka & Samaka Rasa in orders – S.No. Dosha Prakopaka Rasa Samaka Rasa 1. Vata Katu, Tikta, Kashaya Lavana, Amla, Madhura 2. Pitta Katu, Amla, Lavana Tikta, Madhura, Kashaya 3 Kapha Madhura, Amla, Lavana Katu, Tikta, Kashaya

Classification of dravya based on prabhava (i) Dosha Prashaamana - some (drugs) are pacifiers of doshas (ii) Dhatu Pradushana - some vitiate dhatus (iii) Swasthavrutta - maintaining normal health

Another three types of substances (Dravya) – According to the source of origin, the drugs are 3 types viz. animal origin, plant origin and earth origin. 1. Jangama – those of animal origin. Example – Honey, dairy products, bile, animal-fat, bone-marrow blood, flesh, feces, urine, skin, semen, bone, ligaments, horn, nail, hoof, hair, Loman and Gorochana, (purified Ox bile) – these are 19 of the drugs of animal origin used in medicine.

2. Parthiva – Drugs obtained from earth are gold, five metals (silver, copper, tin, lead and iron) along with their byproducts such as shilajatu (bitumen), sand, lime, red and yellow arsenic (manahshila and hartala), gems, salt, red ochre and antimony.

3. Audbhida – The root, bark, Sara (aqueous extract), secretions, fibre, juice, tender leaves, alkali preparations, latex, fruits, flowers, ashes, oil, thorns, matured leaves, adventitious roots, rhizomes, sprouts – all these belong to the group of 18 drugs of vegetable origin. Audbhida (plant source) are further divided into four types Type According to Charaka Example Qy% ouLifrA 1. Vanaspati (Gymno-spermia) Gular/ Ficus iq"iS% okuLiR;% QySjfiA 2. Vanaspatya (angio-spermia) Aam/ Mango izrkuS% oh:/k% Le`rkA 3. Virudha (creepers) Guduchi/Tinasporia cardifolia vkS"k/;% QyikdkUrk%A 4. Aushadha (annuals). Godhum/Wheat Plant origin drugs are of four types viz. direct fruiters, creepers, flower based fruiters and annual herbs

5 www.ayurvedpg.com Charaka Samhita Classifications of the drugs (Total – 66) Useful roots useful fruits Mahasneha Salts Urine Milk Plants used for Purification

(16) (19) (4) (5) (8) (8) (6) The physician who knows how to use all these materials for curing the disease is the expert physician.

Mulini Dravya - 16 roots used for shodhana Classification Name Vamana – (3) Shanapushpi (Crotalaria verrucosa), Bimbi (Coccinia indica) and Vacha (Acorus calamus) are used for emesis. = Bishava Nasya – (2) Shveta (Clitoria ternatea) and Jyotismati (Celastrus panniculatus) are used for for nasya karma (errhine) Rechana – (11) Shyama – Trivrit, Saptala, Danti (Pratyaksreni) Dravanti Hastidanti, Ajagandha, Gavakshi (VaNaR - 3 + 2 = 11) Adhoguda, Ksheerini, Vishanika are used for virechana (purgation therapy)

Phalini Dravya - 19 fruits used for shodhana Classification Name Vamana – (8) Madanaphala, Jimutam, Ikshvaku, Dhamargava, Kutaja, Krutavedhana, Trapusha and Hastiparnini are used for Vamana and Asthapana basti. Nasya – (1) Apamarg or Pratyakpuspa (Achyranthes aspera Linn.) are used for for nasya karma (errhine) Rechana – (9) Aragvadha phala, Shankhini 2 types of Klitaka occurring in marshy and dry land (Anupam, Sthalaja) (VaNaR - 8 + 1= 10) 2 types of Karanja - Udakirya, Pratyakpushpa Vidanga, Kampillaka, Abhaya (Haritaki), Antahkotarapushpi These remaining 10 drugs are useful for virechana karma

Mahasneha – 4 - lfiZLrSya olk eTtk Lusgks fn"V'prqfoZ/k%A ikukH;UtucLR;FkZ uL;kFkZ pSo ;ksxr%AA¼p- lw- 1@88½ Chaturvidha Sneha - Ghee, oil, animal-fat and bone-marrow are the four major unctuous substances. They are prescribed for Pana - internal use, Abhayang - massage, Basti- enema & Nasya - inhalation. xq.kdeZ & Lusguk thouk cY;k o.kksZip;o/kZuk%A Lusgk ásrs p fofgrk okrfiÙkdQkigk%AA ¼p- lw- 1@89½ The unctuous substances produce oiliness, vitality, complexion, strength and growth in the body and alleviate Vata, Pitta and Kapha.

Panchalavana – 5 – lkSopZya lSU/koa foMekSföneso pA lkeqnzs.k lgSrkfu iUp L;q% yo.kkfu pAA ¼p- lw- 1@90½ Pancha lavana - 1. Souvarchala 2.Saindhava 3.Vit 4. audabhida 5.Samudra – Charak Lavana panchaka -1. Saindhava 2. Saamudra 3.Vit 4. Souvarchal 5.Romak – (R.T. 2/3) They are all unctuous, hot, sharp and most exceedingly appetizing. Salts are indicated in indigestion, constipation, disorders of vata, gulma, colic and abdominal diseases.

Eight types of urine – 8 – Urine of sheep, goat, cow, buffalo, elephant, , horse and donkey. As per Bhavaprakash - Sheep, goat, cow buffalo Feamale Urine – Laghu xks∙tkfoefg"kh.kka rq L=h.kka ew=a iz’kL;rsA Elephant, camel, horse, Ass Male Urine – Guru [kjks"VªsHkujkÜokuka iqalka ew=a fgra Le`re~A

6 www.ayurvedpg.com Charaka Samhita General properties of urine - m".ka rh{.keFkks∙:{ka dVqda yo.kkfUore~A ¼p- lw- 1@96½ Generally, urines have Ushana (hot), Sharp (tikshana), Aruksha (unctuous) and Urine is Katu (pungent) and Lavana (salty) in taste . They are used for frictional massage and external applications (alepa), Asthapana enema & purgation. nhiuh;a fo"k?ua p fØfe?ua pksifn';rsA ik.Mqjksx mil`"VkukeqÙkea 'keZ pksR;rsAA 'ys"ek.ka 'ke;sRihra ek:ra pkuqykse;sr~A d"ksZr~ fiÙke/kksekxfeR;fLeu~ xq.klaxzg%AA They are prescribed as appetizers, antitoxics, bactericidals. They are excellent for the treatment of persons suffering from . Oral intake of urine pacifies kapha, regulates peristaltic movement of vata and evacuates morbid pitta through lower channels. Different viewpoints on Urine as per Ayurveda As per Charaka – Urine are Pittavirechaka & d"ksZr~ fiÙke/kksekxfeR;fLeu~ xq.klaxzg%A ¼p- lw- 1@100½ As per Vagbhatta – Urine are Pittakaraka & fiÙkya :{kksrh{.kks".ka yo.kkuqjla dVqA ¼v- g- lw- 5@82½ As per Susruta – Male urine are antitoxics & ew=a ekuq"ka p fo"kkige~A ¼lq- lw- 45@220½ As per Bhavaprakash – Male urine Garvish Nashak (artificial poison destroyer) & Rasayana ujew=a xja gfUr rn~ fo/k lsfore~ jlk;ue~A Cow urine is slightly sweet; it also alleviates Doshas; it is bactericidal, it cures Kustha (skin diseases). If taken in, it alleviates itching. It is equally useful for the Doshas and Udara roga. Urine of goat – that of the goat is astringent, sweet, wholesome and balances all the three Doshas. Urine of sheep is bitter, unctuous, and not opposed to Pitta. Buffalo urine is alkaline, laxative; it cures piles, Shopha (Oedema) and Udara roga. Elephant urine is saline; it is useful against bacterial infection and Kustha (skin diseases), it is specifically useful in cases of constipation, Dysuria, toxic conditions, diseases due to Kapha and piles. Camel urine is bitter, it alleviates Shwasa (dyspnoea, asthma), Kasa (bronchitis, cough) and piles. Horse urine is bitter and pungent; it cures Kustha (skin diseases), Vrana (ulcers) and toxic conditions. Donkey urine cures epilepsy, insanity and Grahadosha (demoniac seizures).

Urine Rasa Taste 1. Cow Madhura Slightly sweet 2. Goat Kashaya -Madhura Astringent, sweet 3. Buffalo Kshareeya Alkaline 4. Camel Tikta Bitter 5. Horse Tikta, Katu Bitter, Pungent 6. Sheep Tikta Bitter 7. Elephant Lavana Saline 8. Donkey Katu Pungent

Urine Properties as per Charaka Samhita xO;a le/kqja fdafpr~ nks"k?ua Ñfedq"BuqrA d.Mw p 'ke;sr] ihra lE;Xnks"k mnjss fgre~A 1. Cow vkta d"kk;e/kqja iF;a nks"kkfégfUr pA 2. Goat v'kZ% 'kksQksnj?ua rq l{kkja ekfg"k lje~A 3. Buffalo vfoew=a lfräa L;kr~ fLuX/ka fiÙkkfojksf/k pA 4. Sheep Lkfrä 'okldkl?u v'kksZ?ua pkS"VeqP;rsA 5. Camel Okftuka frädVqda dq"Boz.kfo"kkige~A 6. Horse gkfLrda yo.ka ew=a fgra rq fØfedqf"Buke~A A 7. Elephant iz’kLra c)fo.ew=a fo"k’ys"eke;k'kZlke~

8. Donkey [kjew=eiLekjksUeknxzgfouk’kue~A

7 www.ayurvedpg.com Charaka Samhita Eight types of milk - Sheep, goat, cow, buffalo, camel, elephant, mare and woman milk are used. General properties of Milk - Generally, milk is sweet, unctuous, cooling, galactagogue, pleasing, aphrodisiac, medhya, strengthening, exhilarating, vitalizing, refreshing; curative to dyspnea, cough, bleeding, synthesizer in injuries. izk;'kks e/kqja fLuX/ka 'khra LrU;a i;ks ere~A izh.kua c`ag.ka o`";a es/;a cY;a euLdje~A thouh;a Jegja 'okldklfucgZ.ke~AA gfUr 'kksf.krfiÙka p lU/kkua fogrL; pA ¼p-lw- 1@108½

General indications of milk - Milk is indicated in pandu (anemia), amlapitta, consumption, gulma and udara roga, diarrhea, fever, burning sensation, particularly in edema, vaginal and seminal disorders, oliguria and hard stools. It is wholesome diet for to disorders of vata and pitta

Three special herbs – Ksheeratri - three plants whose latex is used. 1. Arka - (Calotropis procera) - Arka is used both for emesis and purgation therapies 2. Snuhi - (Euphorbia neriifolia Linn.) - latex of Snuhi is used for purgation 3. Ashmantaka - (Ficus rumphii) - Ashmantaka is used for therapeutic emesis. Trivalakala - There are three other trees whose barks are useful. 1. Putika – (Caesalpinia crista) – used for purgation therapy 2. Krishnagandha – (Moringa oleifera Lam) – used for purgation therapy 3. Tilvaka - (Symplocos racemosa) - Parisarpa, Shotha, Arsha, Dadru, Vidradhi, Kushta, Alji.

1- rRofon & ^;ksxfoUuk:iKLrklka rRofonqP;rs*A & ¼p- lw- 1@123½ & If one who knows the uses and actions of the herbs, though not acquainted with their forms, is called a pharmacologist.

2- fHk"kxqÙke% & ;ksxeklka rq ;ks fo|kr~ ns'kdkyksiikfnre~A iq:"ka iq:"ka oh{; l Ks;ks fHk"kxqÙke%A ¼p- lw- 1@124½ He is the best of physicians who knows the science of administration of drugs with due reference to country and season and who uses it only after examining each and every patient individually.

3- ;Fkk fo"ka ;Fkk 'kL=a ;FkkfXuj’kfu;ZFkkA rFkkS"k/kefoKkra foKkree`ra ;FkkAA ¼p- lw- 1@125½ A drug that is understood perfectly can be used as an ambrosia. But the use of a drug that is not understood perfectly may work as poison, weapon, fire or a "bolt of thunder"

4- ;ksxknfi fo"ka rh{.keqÙkea Hks"kta HkosrA Hks"kta pkfi nq;Zäa rh{.ka lEi|rs fo"ke~AA ¼p- lw- 1@127½ Even an acute poison can become an excellent drug if it is properly administered. On the other hand even a drug, if not properly administered, becomes an acute poison.

5- urq Jqrorka os"ka fcHkzrk 'kj.kkxrkr~A x`ghreUua ikua ok foÙka ok jksx ihfMrkr~A & ¼p- lw- 1@133½ It is better for a person who has put on the garb of the physician to take the venom of the cobra or melted copper or to swallow heated iron balls than to extort food, drink or money from a man who is afflicted with disease and seeking his shelter. ¼iq=osnoSua iky;sr vkrqja fHk"kd~A ¼lq- lw- 25@44½

6- rnso ;qDra HkS"kT;a ;nkjksX;k; dYirsA l pSo fHk"kTkka Js"Bks jksxsH;ks ;% izeksp;sr~AA ¼p- lw- 1@133½ The right medicine is that which restores the health and best physician is that who relieves patients from their diseases

8 www.ayurvedpg.com Charaka Samhita 2. Apamarga Tanduliya The second chapter of Charak Samhita Sutrasthana is called as Apamarga Tanduliya Adhyaya. Apamarga (Achyranthes Aspera) is an herb and Tandula means its de-husked seeds. Most Suitable meaning of “Tandul” is - Ankurjananasamarthabeejabhavanamev. (BHU 2015)

1. Herbs used for Shirovirechana – (25) - vikekxZL; chtkfu fiIiyh% efjpkfu pA foMaxkU;Fk f'kxzwf.k l"kZikaLrqEcq:f.kAA ------fØfeO;k/kkoiLekjs /kzk.k uk'ks izeksgdsAA ¼p- lw- 2@3&6½ Apamarga, Trikatu, Haridra dwaya (Haridra, Daruharidra), Lavana dwaya (Saindhava, Souvarchala) Vidanga, Shigru, Sarshapa, Ajagandha, Surasa, seeds of Shireesha. 1. Trikatu - Pippali, Maricha & Nagara are include in herbs used for Shirovirechana. 2. Vacha & Jyotishmati (Celastrus panniculatus) Both are include in herbs used for Shirovirechana by Charaka (Ch. Vi. 8/151) and Susruta (Su. Su. 39/6) ¼p-fo- 8@151½ -- 3. yo.kdVqfräd"kk;kf.k psfUnz;ksi’k;kfuA Shirovirechana dravya did not contant Madhura & Amla rasa,

2. Herbs used for Vamana (Emesis) – (10) - enua e/kqda fuEca thewra Ñros/kue~A fiIiyh dqVt b{okdq ,yk /kkekxZokf.k pAA ¼p- lw- 2@7½ "kM~oked $ e/kqd] fiIiyh] fuEc] ,yk & ¼"kM~oked ehBs PiNE esa½A Madanaphala, Jimutam, Ikshvaku, Dhamargava, Kutaja, Krutavedhana, Madhuka, Pippli, Nimba, Ela. are the drugs to be used by the physician in the conditions caused by vitiation of kapha and pitta in upper gastrointestinal tract for emesis without causing strain to the body.

3. Herbs used for Virechana (Purgation) – (17) - f=o`rka f=Qyka nUrha uhfyuh lIryka opke~A dfEiYyd xok{kh p {khj.khenqdh;Zdke~AA ihywU;kjXo/ka æk{kka æoUrh fupqykfu pA iDok'k;sxrs nks"ks fojsdk;Z iz;kst;sr~AA ¼p- lw- 2@9&10½ Trivrit, Triphala, Danti, Nilini, Saptala, Vacha, Kampillaka, Gavakshi, Kshirini, Udakeerya Pilu, Aragwadha, Draksha, Dravanti, Nichula are the drugs used for Vireka - purgation when vitiating factors are located in Pakwaashaya (colon).

4. Herbs used for Asthapana & Anuvasana Basti (Therapeutic Enema) – 29 (1) Dashamula Drugs - 10 (4) Madana, Palasha, Guduchi (2) Lavana -5 (5) Bala, Eranda, Punarnava (3) Sneha – 4 (6) Yava, Kola, Kulattha , Kuttrana  Trikatu includes in → Shirovirechana herbs, Triphala includes in → Virechana herbs.  Dashmula drugs are includes in Asthapana & Anuvasana herbs.  Pippali → Vamana & Shirovirechana herbs and Madana → Vamana, Asthapana & Anuvasana

Panchakarma - iap dekZf.k dqohZr ek=kdkykS fopkj;u~A & ¼p- lw- 2@15½ – In the event of vitiated dosha brought to koshtha (gut) by Snehana and swedana therapies. A physician should administer Pancha karma therapies by duly considering the matra (dose) & kala (time). Yukti (rational therapy) - ek=k dykJ;k ;qfDr% flf)Z;qDrkS izfrf"BrkA fr"BR;qifj ;qfDrKks æO;Kkuorka lnkAA Therapeutic aptness or rational therapy depends on the matra (dose) and kala (time). Success of the treatment depends on yukti (rational planning). But prior to the application of Yukti the physician should always possess complete knowledge about drugs. 9 www.ayurvedpg.com Charaka Samhita Description of medicated yavagu (gruels) – 28 Charaka described 28 Yavagu with various medicinal herbs to eradicate curable diseases.  Dravya and Jala are mixed in a ratio of 1 : 6 – Yavagu preparation (Susruta)  Dravya and Jala are mixed in a ratio of 1 : 14 – Peya preparation (Susruta) Astavimsatirityeta Yavagvah- 28 Yavagu = (22 Yavagu + 6 Peya) 6 Peya – (1) Pachani – Grahini Peya (2) Vatavikaranashani Peya (3) Mutrakricchanasaka Peya (4) Pittaslesmatisaranasaka Peya (5) Raktatisranasaka Peya (6) Amatisaranasaka Peya

1. Dipaniya – Shulaghni Yavagu fiIiyh fiIiyhewy pO;fp=dukxjS%A 2. Pachani – Grahini Peya nf/kRFkfcYopkaxsjhrØnkfMek lkf/krkA 3. Vatahara Peya iUpewy ¼y?kqiUpewy½ lkf/krA n'kewy lkf/krA 4. Kasahikkasvasakaphapaha Yavagu 5. Pittaslesmatisaranasaka Peya 'kkyi.khZcykfcYoS% i`f'ui.;kZ p lkf/krkA 6. Raktatisaraghni Peya i;L;/kksZnds PNkxs âhcsjksRiyukxjS%A 7. Amatisaranasaka Peya n?kkr~ lkfrfo"kka is;ka lkes lkEyka lukxjke~A 8. Mutrakricchanashani Peya 'ona"ækd.VdkfjH;ka ew=ÑPNs lQkf.krkeA 9. Pipasaghni Yavagu e`}hdklkfjokyktfiIiyh e/kqukxjS%A 10. Krimighni Yavagu foMaxfiIiyhewy f'kxzqfHk% efjpsu pA rØlkf/krk 11. Visaghni - Anti-poisonous Yavagu fo"k?uh p lksejkth foikfprkA 12. Brimhani Yavagu fl)k ojkgfu;wZgS ;okxw% c`g.kh erkA 13. Karsaniya Yavagu xos/kqdkuka Hk`"Vkuka d'kZuh;k lekf{kdkA 14. Snehani Yavagu lfiZ"erh cgqfryk Lusguh yo.kkfUork 15. Virukshani Yavagu dq'kkeydfu;Zwgs ';kekdkuka fo:{k.khA 16. Pakvasayarujapaha Yavagu ;eds efnjkfl)k iDok'k;:tkigkA 17. Sangrahiki Yavagu tECokezkfLFk&nf/kRFkkEyfcYoS% lk³xzkfgdh erkA 18. Rechaka Yavagu 'kkdsZekZlS% fryek"kS% fl) opksZ fujL;frA 19. Bhedani Yavagu {kkjfp=dfg³~XoEyosrlS% HksfnuhA 20. Vatanulomana Yavagu vHk;kfiIiyhewyfo'oS% okrkuqykseuhA 22. Ghrutavyapattinashini Yavagu rØfl)k ;okxw%A 22. Tailavyapadiinashini Yavagu rØfi.;kd lkf/krkA 23. Kshudhanasaka Yavagu {kq/ka gU;kr~ vikekxZ{khj xks/kkjlS% J`rk 24. Kanthya Yavagu d.B;k ;okuka ;eds fiIY;keydS% J`rkA 25. Vishaamajvaranashini Yavagu xO;ekaljlS% lkEyk fo"keTojukf'kuhA 26. Retomargarujapah Yavagu rkezpwMjls fl)k jsrksekxZ:tkigkA 27. Vrushya Yavagu lek"kfonyk o`";k ?k`r{khjksilkf/krkA 28. Madavinashini Yavagu miksfndknf/kE;ka rq fl)k enfoukf'kuh v"Vkfoa'kfrfjR;srk ;okXo% ifjdhfrZrk%A iapdekZf.k pkfJR; izksDrks HkS"kT;laxzg%AA ¼p- lw- 2@34½ All the 28 varieties of gruel have been described and the drugs administered in five bio-purificatory therapies have been enumerated in brief. Qualities of a Practicing Physician Le`freku~ gsrq;qfäKks ftrkRek izfrifŸkeku~A fHk"kxkS"k/k la;ksxsf’pfdRlka drqZegZfrA & A physician with 1. Good smriti (memory), 2. hetu-yuktijna (knowledge of cause and effect of disease), 3. jitatma (self restraint), and 4. pratipattiman (presence of mind), is entitled to Practice Ayurveda through the combination of various drugs.

10 www.ayurvedpg.com Charaka Samhita 3. Aragvadhiya  Aragvadhiya chapter deals with the Bahirparimarjana (external application) of medications.  This chapter includes 32 types of formulations in the form of powder or paste (lepa/pradeha).  Acharya Charaka mentioned 1 Pradharsha to relieve excess sweating (Swedahara).  Charaka mentioned 6 formulations, for external application in a variety of skin diseases in powder form mixed with pita-gopitta and ground, and then mixed again with sarshapa taila. (BHU 2013) Indications of 32 types of churna pradeha S. No. Indication/Actions Translation Numbers - 32 1 Kushtha hara Alleviates skin diseases 15 2 Vatahara Pacifies vitiated vata 04 3 Vataraktahara Alleviates gout 03 4 Shirorujahara Subsides headache 02 5 Nirvapaha Relieves burning and heat 02 6 Parshwarujahara Subsides pain in the sides of the chest 01 7 Udarasulahara Relieves abdomen pain 01 8 Shitahara Relieves cold 01 9 Vishahara Counteracts poisons 01 10 Twagdodasamswedahara Cures skin diseases and perspiration 01 11 Shariradaurgandhyahara Destroys foul smell in the body 01

Kushthahara - ¼1½ & eu%f'kykys efjpkfu rSyekdZ i;% dq"Bgj% iznsg%A ¼2½ & rqRFka foMax efjpkfu dq"Ba yks/kaz p r}r~ leu%f'kya L;kr~A ¼p- lw- 3@12½ ¼3½ & jlkatu liziqukMchta ;qDra dfiRFkL; jlsu ysi%A ¼4½ & djatcht ,Mxta ldq"Ba xksew=fi"Ba p ij% iznsg%A ¼p- lw- 3@13½

Vatahara - ¼1½ & vkuwieRL;fe"k oslokjS% m".kS% iznsg% ioukig% L;krA ¼2½ & LusgS'prqfHk% n'kewyfeJSxZU/kkS"k/kS'pkfuyg% iznsg%A ¼p- lw- 3@19½ ¼3½ & dq"Ba 'krkgoka lopka ;okuka pw.kZ lrSykEyeqfUr okrsA ¼p- lw- 3@20½

Udarasulahara - ¼1½ & rØs.k ;qäa ;opw.kZeq".ka l{kkjefrZ tBjs fugU;kr~A ¼p- lw- 3@20½

Vataraktahara - ¼1½ & okrs ljäS l?k`ra iznsgks xks/kwe pw.kZ Nxyhi;'pA ¼p- lw- 3@23½

Shirorujahara - ¼1½ & urksRiya pUnudq"B;qäa f'kjks:tk;ka l?k`ra iznsg%A ¼p- lw- 3@23½

Vishahara - ¼1½ & fo"ka f'kjh"kLrq lflU/kqokj%A ¼p- lw- 3@28½

Swedahara - ¼1½ & f'kjh"kykeTtd gseyks/kzS RoXnks"klaLosngj% iz?k"kZ%A ¼p- lw- 3@29½ Daurgandhyahara - ¼1½ & i=kEcqyks/kzkHk; pUnukfu 'kjhjnkSxZU/;gj% iznsg%A ¼p- lw- 3@29½

Types of Lepa - (3) – As per sushruta – 3 types – 1. Pralepa 2. Pradeha 3. Alepa No. Type Use in Veerya Property 1. Pralepa Shita Sheetal, Tanu, Avishoshi, Vishoshi 2. Pradeha vata-kapha vitiation Ushna Ushna/, Sandra, Avishoshi 3. Alepa pitta-rakta vitiation It is of in between condition

11 www.ayurvedpg.com Charaka Samhita 4. Shadvirechanashatashritiya bg [kyq "kM~ fojspu'krkfu HkofUr ¼p- lw- 4@3½ – There are six hundred Virechana (purgatives) formulations 600 Virechana formulations Vaman (emetics) Kalpas - There are 355 Vamana Kalpas described by Chaaraka: 1. Madana phala (Randia dumetorum) – 133 2. Jeemutaka (Luffa echinata) – 39 3. Ikshwaku (Lagenaria siceraria) – 45 4. Dhamargava (Luffa cylindrica) – 60 5. Vatsaka (Holarrhena antidysenterica) – 18 6. Kritavedhana (Luffa acutangula) – 60 Virechana (purgatives) Kalpas are total 245 according to Charaka- 1. Syama-Trivrit (Operculina turpethum) – 110 2. Chaturangula (Cassia fistula) – 12 3. Tilvaka (Symplocos racemosa) – 16 4. Mahavruksha (Euphorbia neriifolia) – 20 5. Saptala (Acacia concinna) and Shankini (Canscora decussate) – 39 6. Danti (Baliospermum montanum) and Dravanti (Fatropha glandulifera) – 48

Six parts of plants used in formulation - "kM~ fojspukJ;k bfr {khj ewyRod~ i=iq"iQykfu bfrA ¼p- lw- 4@5½ The six different parts of the plant useful for purgation are latex, root, bark, leaves, flowers and fruits. vkJ; & 7 & ewy] Rod]~ i=] iq"i] Qy] dUn ,oa fu;kZlA ¼p- fo- 8@151½ f’kjksfojspu nzO;ksa ds Shirovirechana dravya ashraya are 7 types such as root, bark, leaves, flowers, fruits, tuber & exudation

Kashaya Yoni – 5 – 1. Madura Kashaya 2. Amla Kashaya 3. Katu Kashaya 4. Tikta Kashaya 5. Kashaya Kashaya  5 varieties of decoctions as found in the work are sweet, sour, pungent, bitter and astringent.  5 varieties of drugs for the preparation of decoction, 50 important decoctions and 500 decoctions.

Five Varieties of Pharmaceutical Preparation (Panchavidha Kashaya Kalpana)

1- pjdkuqlkj & Lojl%] dYd%] J`r%] 'khr% Qk.V% d"kk;'psfrA rs"kka ;FkkiwoZ cykf/kD;e~AA ¼p- lw- 4@7½ rs"kka ;FkkiwoZ cykf/kD;e~ ← Lojl ← dYd ← J`r ← 'khr ← Qk.V vr% d"kk;dYiuk O;k/;krqjcykrqjcykisf{k.khA & iapfo/k d"kk; dYiuk,a iwoZ ds Øe esa cyoku gksrh gSA 2- lqJqrkuqlkj %& {khj → Lojl → dYd → J`r → 'khr → Qk.V → mÙkjksrj y?kqA {khja jl% dYdeFkks d"kk;% J`r'p 'khr'p rFkSo Qk.VeA dYik% "kMsrs [kyq Hkstkuka ;FkksÙkja rs y?ko% izfn"Vk%A 3- okXHkÍ %& jl% dYd% J`r% 'khr% Qk.V’psfr izdYiukA iap/kSoa d"kk;k.kka iwoZ iwoZ cykf/kdkAA

The five forms of medicinal preparations are: Juices, pastes, decoctions (i.e., herbs boiled with water), cold infusions (herbs soaked overnight in hot water), and hot infusions (herbs mixed with hot water). Five basic dosage forms of Ayurveda are – Among these five, Phanta is most light to digest and has least strength and Swarasa is hardest to digest and is the strongest. The administration of medicine forms depend on severity of disease and strength of the patient and, therefore, all these preparations are not equally useful in all cases.

12 www.ayurvedpg.com Charaka Samhita Kashaya Kalpana – As per Chakrapani d"kk; dYiuk %& d"kk;k.kka ;Fkksä nzO;k.kka dYiueqi;ksxkFkZ laLdj.ka d"kk;dYiue~A ¼1½ Lojl %& ;U=fu"ihfMrkn~ æO;kn~ jl% Lojl mP;rsA ¼2½ dYd %& ;% fi.Mks jlfi"Vkuka l dYd% ifjdkfrZr%A ¼3½ J`r %& oâkS rq DofFkra æO;a J`rekgq% fpfdRldk%A ¼4½ 'khr %& æO;knkiksfRFkrkÙkks;s rRiqufuZf'k lafLFkrkr~A d"kk;ks ;ks·fHkfu;kZfr l 'khr% leqnkâr%AA ¼5½ Qk.V %& f{kIRoks".krks;s e`fnra rr~ Qk.Va ifjdhfrZre~A

1. Swarasa – juices extract of an herb. – Juice extracted from a drug pressed by a machine is known as Svarasa. 2. Kalka – paste or bolus prepared with an herb – when a fresh herb is converted into paste form, with the juice intact, in a spherical shape, it is called as Kalka. 3. Shruta – Kashayam or herbal decoction of herb – Medicine prepared by boiling a drug on fire is called Shruta (Kashaya) 4. Sheeta – cold infusion – cold infusion prepared by putting the coarsely ground drug in boiled water and preserved over night is known as Sheeta. 5. Phanta – hot infusion – When a medicine is prepared by putting the drug in boiled water and then squeezed, the filtrate out of it is known as Phanta.

Fifty classes of medicines (50 Mahakashaya) per their activity profile No. subgroups Herb 1 Jeevaniya (vitaliser), brimhaniya (bulk-promoting), lekhaniya (emaciating), 06 bhedaniya (mass-breaking), sandhaniya (union-promoting), and deepaniya (appetizer). 2 Balya (tonic), varbya (complexion-promoting), kanthya (beneficial for throat), 04 hridaya (cordial) 3 Truptighna (anti-satiety), arshoghna (anti-haemorrhoidal), kushthgha (anti-dermatosis), 06 , kandughna (anti-pruritic), krumighna (anthelmintic), and vishaghna (anti-toxic). 4 Stanyajanana (galactogogue), stanyashodhana (galactodepurant), 04 shukrajanana (semen-promoting), andshukrashodhana (semen-depurant). 5 Snehopaga (sub-oleative), swedopaga (sub-diaphoretic), vamanopaga (sub- emetic) Virechanopaga (sub-purgative), aasthapanopaga (sub-corrective enemata) 07 Anuvasanopaga (sub-unctuousenema), and shirovirechanopaga (sub-errhines). 6 Chhardi nigrahana (anti- emetic), trushna nigrahana (thirst-quenching/thirst-alleviating) 03 and hikka nigrahana (reducing hiccups). 7 Purisha samgrahaniya (faecal astringent), purisha virajaniya (faecal de-pigmenter), mutra samgrahaniya (anti-diuretic), mutra virajaniya (urinary depigmenter), 05 and mutra virechaniya (diuretic). 8 Kasahara (anti-cough), shwasahara (anti-dyspneic), shothahara (anti-oedema) 05 Jwarahara(antipyretic), andshramahara (anti-fatigue). 9 Dahaprashamana (pacifying burning sensation), sheetaprashamana (pacifying cold sensation), udardaprashamana (pacifyingallergies), angamardhaprashamana (pacifying 05 bodyache), and shulaprashamana (pacifying pain). 10 Shonitasthapana (haemostatic), sanjnasthapana (regaining consciousness) Prajasthapana 05 (promoting conception and implanation of embryo), and vayasthapana (anti-ageing)

13 www.ayurvedpg.com Charaka Samhita Mahakashaya Medicines (herbs) 1. Jeevaniya jivaka, rishabhaka, meda, mahameda, kakoli, kshirakakoli, mudgaparni, mashaparni, jivanti and madhuka 2. Brimhaniya kshirini, rajakshavaka, ashwagandha, kakoli, kshirakakoli, vatyayani,bhadraudani, bhardwaji, payasya and rishyagandha 3. Lekhaniya musta, kushtha, haridra, daruharidra, vacha, ativisha, katurohini, chitraka, chirabilwa, andhaimavati 4. Bhedaniya suvaha, arka, urubuka, agnimukhi, chitra, chitraka, chirabilwa, shankhini, shakuladani and swarnakshirini 5.Sandhaniya madhuka, madhuparni, prushniparni, ambashthaki, samanga, mocharasa, dhataki, lodhra, priyangu and katphala 6. Deepniya pippali, pippalimula, chavya, chitraka, shringavera, amlavetasa, maricha, ajamoda, bhallatakasthi and higuniryasa

Mahakashaya Medicines (herbs) 7. Balya aindri, rishabhi, atirasa, rishyaprokta, payasya, ashwagandha, sthira, , bala and aatibala 8. Varnya chandana, tunga, padmaka, ushira, madhuka, manjishtha, sariva, payasya, sita, lata 9. Kanthya sariva, ikshu (root), madhuka, pippala, Draksha, vidari, kaidarya, hansapadi, bruhati and kantakarika 10. Hridya amra, Aamrataka, likucha, karamarda, vrukshamla, amlavetasa, kuvala, badara, dadima, and matulunga

Mahakashaya Medicines (herbs) 11. Truptighna nagara, chavya, chitraka, vidanga, murva, guduchi, musta, pippali patola 12. Arshoghna kutaja, bilva, chitraka, nagara, ativisha, abhaya, dhanvayasa, daruharidra, vacha and chavya 13. Kushthaghna khadira, abhaya, amalaka, haridra, arushkara, saptaparna, aragvadha, karavira, vidanga, tender leaves of jati 14. Kandughna chandana, nalada, kritamala, naktamala, nimba, kutaja, sarshapa, madhuka, daruharidra and musta 15. Krumighna akshiva, maricha, gandira, kebuka, vidanga, nirgundi, kinihi, shwadanshtra, vrishaparnika and akhuparnika 16. Vishaghna haridra, manjishtha, suvaha, sukshma ela, palindi, chandana, kataka, shirisha, sindhuvara and shleshmantaka

Mahakashaya Medicines (herbs) 17. Stanyajanana Roots of the following: virana, shali, shashtik shali, ikshuvalika, darbha, kusha, kash, gundra itkata, katruna 18. Stanyashodhana patha, mahaushadha, suradaru, musta, murva, guduchi, vatsaka phala, kiratatikta, katukrohini and sariva 19. janana jívaka, rishabhaka, kakoií, kshirakakoli, mudgaparni, mashaparni, meda, vriddharuha, jatila, kulinga 20. Shukra shodhana kushtha, elavaluka, katphala, samudraphena, kadambaniryasa, ikshu, kandekshu, ikshuraka,vasuka and ushira

14 www.ayurvedpg.com Charaka Samhita Mahakashaya Medicines (herbs) mrudwika, madhuka, madhuparni, meda, vidari, kakoli, kshirakakoli, 21. Snehopaga jivaka, jivanti and shalparni shobhanjana, eranda, arka, vruschira, punaranva, yava, tila, kulattha, 22. Swedopaga masha and badara madhu, madhuka, kovidara, karbudara, nipa, vidula, bimbi, shanapushpi, 23. Vamanopaga sadapushpi, and apamarga draksha, kashmarya, parushaka, abhaya, amalaka, bibhitaka, kuvala, 24. Virechanopaga badara, karkandhu and pilu trivrut, bilwa, pippali, kushtha, sarshapa, vacha, vatsakaphala, 25. Asthapanopaga shatapushpa, madhuka, madanaphala rasna, surdaru, bilwa, madana, shatapushpa, vrishchira, punarnava, 26. Anuvasanopaga gokshura, agnimantha, and shyonaka jyotishmatí, kshavaka, maricha, pippali, vidanga, shigru, sarshapa, 27. Sirovirecanopaga apamarga (seeds), shweta andmahashweta

Mahakashaya Medicines (herbs) 28. Chhardi nigrahana jamba, amra pallava (tender leaves), matulunaga, amla badara, dadima, yava, yastika, ushiira, mrut (earth) and laja (fired paddy) 29. Trishna nigrahana nagara, dhanvayavasaka, musta, parpataka, chandana, kiratatiktaka, guduchi, hribera, dhanyaka and patola 30. Hikka nigrahana shati, pushkaramula, badara beeja (seeds), kantakarika, bruhati, vruksharuha, abhaya, pippali, duralabha and kulira-shrunga

Mahakashaya Medicines (herbs) priyangu, ananta, amrasthi, katvanga, lodhra, mocharasa, samanga, 31. Purishsamgrahaniya dhatakipushpa (flowers), padma and padmakeshara jambu, shallakítwak (bark), kacchura, madhooka, shalmali, shriveshtaka, 32. Purisha virajaniya bhrist mruda (fried earth), payasya, utpala andtila kana grains jambu, amra, plaksha, vata, kapitana, udumbara, ashwattha, bhallataka, 33. Mutra samgrahaniya ashmantaka, somavalka padma, utpala, nalina, kumuda, saugandhika, pundaríka, shatapatra, 34. Mutra virajaniya madhuka, priyangu and dhataki (flowers) vrukshadani, shwadanshtra, vasuka, vashira, pashanabheda, darbha, 35. Mutrala kusha, kasha, gundra, itkatamoola (roots)

Mahakashaya Medicines (herbs) draksha, abhaya , amalaka , pippali , duralabha , shringi , kantakari, 36. Kasahara vrushchir , punarnava , tamalaki shati, pushkaramula, amlavetasa, ela, hingu, aguru, surasa, Tamalaki, 37. Shwasahara jivanti, chanda patola, angimantha, shyonaka, bilwa, kashamarya, kantakarika, bruhatí, 38. Shothahara shalaparní, prushniparni and gokshura sariva, sharkara, patha, manjishtha, draksha, pilu, parushaka, abhaya, 39. Jwarahara amalaka and bibhitaka draksha, kharjura, priyala, badara, dadima, phalgu, parushaka, ikshu, 40. Shramahara yava and shashtika

15 www.ayurvedpg.com Charaka Samhita Mahakashaya Medicines (herbs) laja, chandana, kashmarya phala (fruits), madhuka, sharkara, nílotpala, 41. Dahaprashamana ushira, sariva, guduchi and hribera tagara, aguru, dhanyaka, shringabera, bhutíka, vacha, kantakari, 42. Sheeta prashamana agnimantha, syonaka and pippali tinduka, priyala, badara, khadira, kadara, saptaparna, ashwakarna, arjuna, 43. Udardaprashamana asana and arimeda 44. Angamrda vidarigandha, prushniparni, bruhati, kantakarika, eranda, kakoli, prashamana chandana, ushira, ela and madhuka pippali, pippalimula, chavya, chitraka, shringavera, maricha, ajamoda, 45. Shula prashamana ajagandha, ajaji and gandira

Mahakashaya Medicines (herbs) madhu, madhuka, rudhira, mocharasa, mrut-kapala (pieces of earthen pot), 46. Shonita sthapana lodhra, gairika, priyangu, sharkara and laja shala, katphala, kadamba, padmaka, tumba, mocharasa, shirisha, vanjula, 47. Vedana sthapana elavaluka, and ashoka hingu, katarya, arimeda, vacha, choraka, vayastha, golomí, jatila, 48. sthapana palankasha, ashokarohinya aindri, brahmi, shatavirya, sahasaravirya, amogha, avyatha, , arishta, 49. Praja sthapana vatyapushpi, viswakasenakranta amruta (guduchi), abhaya, , yukta, shweta, jivanti, atirasa, 50. Vaya sthapana mandookaparni, sthira and punarnava

Important points  Charaka described 50 Mahakasaya starts from Jeevnita to Vaya Sthapana. 

Thus 500 medicines grouped in 50 classes have been mentioned alongwith definition & examples  Pachneeya mahakashaya is not mentioned in charaka samhita.  Kakoli, Kshirakakoli - Jeevaniya, brimhaniya, Sukrajanana, Snehopaga & Angamarda rashamana  Total 256 medicines (herbs) are permuted and combined to formulate a total of 500 preparations.  Madhuka is mentioned 11 times and Pippali is repeats 9 times in differeent 50 Mahakashaya.

 Aragwadha is mentioned in both Kusthaghna & Kandughna Mahakashaya.  Vidanga is mentioned in both Krimighna & Kandughna Mahakashaya.  Guduchi is mentioned in both Trishna nigrahana & Vaya sthapana Mahakashaya.

 Sharkara - Shonita sthapana, Dahaprashamana & Jwarahara Mahakashaya  Mocharasa - Shonita sthapana, Purishsamgrahaniya & Vedana sthapana Mahakashaya.  Types of Badara are mentioned in Virechanopaga Mahakashaya {Kuvala – Zizyphus sativa, Badara – Zizyphus jujube, Karkandhu (Zizyphus nummularia)} 16 www.ayurvedpg.com Charaka Samhita  7 Types of Kamala are mentioned in Mutra virajaniya. Padma, Utpala, Nalina, Kumuda, Saugandhika, Pundarika and Shatapatra – 7 types of Kamala.

 Mutra virajaniya dravya are Sheeta virya and used in the treatment of Pittaja Prameha.  Purishsamgrahaniya Mahakashaya dravya - Pakva Sangrahaka (Sthambhana).  Truptighna Mahakashaya dravya – Arochakahara (According to Yoginathsen)

 Arjuna is mentioned in Udardaprashamana Mahakashaya. (instead of Hridya)  Ashoka is mentioned in Vedana sthapana Mahakashaya. (instead of Shonita sthapana)  Kiratatikta is mentioned in Stanyashodhana Mahakashaya. (instead of Jwarahara)

½  Ahiphena is not mentioned in Sanjna sthapana Mahakashaya. (BHU 2010 ½  Agaru is not mentioned in Dahaprashamana Mahakashaya. (BHU 2010 ½  Gukshura is not mentioned in Snehopaga Mahakashaya (Delhi 2016

jlk yo.koT;kZ’p d"kk;k bfr lafKrk%A rLekr~ iapfo/kk ;ksfu% d"kk;k.kkeqnkârkA ¼p- lw- 4@24½ Drugs of all tastes except salt can be made into water decoction (Kashayam). Thus there are five-fold sources of decoctives. fHk"kXoj %& rs"kka deZlq ckás"kq ;ksxekH;Urjs"kq pA la;ksxa p iz;ksxa p ;ks osn l fHk"kXoj%A ¼p- lw- 4@29½ He is the best among physicians who knows the application for external as well as internal actions, as well as combination and rational administration of these drugs.

^iapk’ku~ egkd"kk;* dk o.kZu ¼1½ eUnkuk O;ogkjk; ¼2½ cqf)uka cqf+) o`);s & gsrq fd;k gSA (BHU 2013) Again, too much of brevity will not be conducive to the understanding of disciples of lower intelligence; so the description of decoction presented in this chapter is neither too brief nor too elaborate.

17 www.ayurvedpg.com Charaka Samhita 5. Matrashiteeya Quantity of food and digestion - ek=k'kh L;kr~A vkgkjek=k iqu% vfXucykisf{k.khA ¼p- lw- 5@3½ One must take food in proper quantity, which depends on the strength of agni (digestive strength).  Light substances have a predominance of the qualities of - vayu and agni.  Heavy substance have a predominance of the qualities of - prithvi and jala. Proportion of heavy and light to digest food - Right quantity of food depends on the quality of food. æO;kis{k;k p f=Hkkx lkSfgR;e~ v/kZlkSfgR;a ok xq:.kkeqifn";rsA it is advised that heavy food articles should be taken in one third or one half of the saturation point. y?kwukefi p ukfr lkSfgO;e~ vXus% ;qDR;FkZe~A & Even in the case of light food articles excessive intake is not conducive to the maintenance of the strength of agni. Benefits of proper quantity diet – ¼cyo.kZlq[kk;q"kk½ –The food taken in right quantity certainly provides strength, complexion, happiness and longevity to the person; without disturbing the normalcy.

Contra Indicated foods - One should not regularly take heavy food items such as – Vallura (dries meat), dry vegetables, Shaluk (lotus-tuber) and Bisa (lotus-stalk), One should never take meat of a diseased animal, Kurchika (Boiled Buttermilk) , Kilata ( A sweet milk product), pork, beaf, meat of Buffalo, fish, curd, Masha (Black gram) and Yavaka (a variety of Barley).

Regularly Indicated foods - One should regularly take shashtika, Shali (rice), Mudga – green-gram, rock-salt, Amalaki (Emblica officinalis) Rain water, milk, ghee, flesh of jangala animals and honey, Yava – barley.

Daily procedures for preservation of health (swasthavritta)

(1) Anjana (Collyrium) – Anjana (collyrium) - Kapha may cause damage to the eyes. Hence kapha hara chikitsas are specific for Netra. p{kqLrstkse;a RkL; fo'ks"kkPN~ys"erks Hk;e~ A rr% 'ys"egja deZ fgra n`"Vs% izlknue~AA ¼p- lw- 5@16½ Srotonjana/Souviranjana (collyrium of antimony sulphide) is to be applied daily Rasanjana – (Aqueous extract of Berberis aristata) is to be applied once in every 5 - 8 nights for lacrimation of the eyes. - As per Charaka (Vagbhatta – 7days) lkSohjkatua fuR; fgre{.kks% iz;kst;sr~A iUpjk=s·"Vjk=s ok lzko.kkFksZ jlkUtue~A ¼p- lw- 5@16½ Contraindications – Bhutavan, Jagarana, Jwara, Sirah snana, Chardi etc. Teekshanjana is contraindicated in day time. ¼fnok rUUk iz;ksäO;a us=;ksLrh{.keUtue~ & p- lw- 5@17½ Sravana anjana should applied in Night time

(2) Dhuma pana – It is useful in Vata & Kapha dosha. Dhuma varti length - Charaka – 8 Angulas, Viheda Nimi – 8 Angulas, Vagbhatta– 12 Angulas. It may be done after Snana, Bhojana, Vamana, Kshavathu, Nasya, Anjana & Nidra. Kala of Dhuma pana – According to Charaka Kala of Prayogika Dhumapana (for a healthy person) is – 8 1. After Snan 2. After Bhojana 3. After Vamana 4. After Nasya 5. After Ksavathu 6. After Danta manjan 7. After Anjana 8. Nidra

18 www.ayurvedpg.com Charaka Samhita Kalas of Dhumapana as per Susruta – Suruta – 12 – 1. Prayogika – 4 2. Snaihika – 5, 3. Vairechnika – 3. Astanga Sangraha – 24 – 1. Prayogika – 8 2. Snaihika – 11, 3. Vairechnika –5. Daily Times of Dhumapana – 1. Prayogika – 2 times 2. Snaihika – 1 times, 3. Vairechnika – 3-4 times.

- Size of Dhuma netra – Type of Dhuma pana Charaka Susruta Vagbhatta 1. Prayogika 36 Angula 48 Angula 40 Angula (Shamana) 2. Snaihika 32 Angula 32 Angula 32 Angula (Mradu) 3. Vairechnika 24 Angula 24 Angula 24 Angula (Tikshana) 4. Kasaghna 16 Angula 5. Vamaniya 16 Angula

Size of Dhuma netra chidra - _tq f=dks"kkQfyra dksykLF;xzizekf.kre~A ¼p- lw- 5@50½ ¼dksykfLFkek=fNnzs&lqJqr½ Ideal Dhuma pana - âRd.BsfUæ;la'kqf)% y?kqRoa f'kjl% 'ke%A ;Fksfjrkuka nks"kk.kka lE;d~ ihrL; y{k.kEk~A ¼p- lw- 5@37½ Side effect of excessive Dhumapana – Badhiraya, Andhatva, Mukatvam, Rakta Pitta, Sirobhrama. Method of Dhuma pana – 3 apana in a one Aavritti & Total three Aavritti = 9 Apana. Prohibition of Dhuma pana – Vagbhatta - before 18 years. Sharangdhara - Before 12 years & After 80 years. . (3) Nasya – It is useful in Urdhawa jatrugata rogas, Ardita, Pinasa, Manyastambha, Sirah sula. Nasya karma is indicated in Pravatta, Sarat & Vasanta Ritus. Anu Taila nasya is very effective one. Aja Kshira is used for the preparation of Anu Taila. Quantity of Anu Taila – ½ Pala = 2 Tola Patrimarsa nasya is mentioned for daily use.  }kja fg f'kjlks uklk rsu ;n~ O;kI;gfUr rku~ & ¼p- fl- 9@88½  uklk fg f'kjlks }kj & ¼va- g- lw- 20@1½ Prohibition of Nasya – Sharangdhara - Before 7 years.

(4) Danta Dhavana –vkiksfFkrkxza }kS dkykS d"kk;dVqfräde~A Hk{k;sr~ nUrioua nUrekalkU;ck/k;u~A ¼p- lw- 5@71½ 1. Danta Dhavana Time – Morning & Evening Daily ¼}kS dkykS f}dkya lk;a izkrfjfrA & pØikf.k½ 2. Danta Dhavana kashta rasa – Katu, Tikta & Kashaya. 3. Length of Danta Dhavana kashta - is 12 Angulis & circumference is Kanishtika pramana. 4. Benefits of Danta Dhavana - fugfUr xU/ka oSjL;a ftâoknUrkL;ta eye~A ¼p- lw- 5@72½ 5. Danta Dhavana Kastas as per Susruta – Madhuka for Madhura rasa; Karajnja for Katu rasa; Nimba for Tikta rasa; Khadira & Babbula for kashaya rasa. ¼lqJqr & ^fuEc'p frDrs Js"B] d"kk;s [kfnjA e/kqdks e/kqjs Js"B] djat dVqds RkFkkAA½ & ¼lq- fp- 24@6½ According to Asatang Sangraha don‟t use Shigru, Sami, Sana, Tilvaka, Tinduka, Bhivitaka, 19 www.ayurvedpg.com Charaka Samhita Nirgundi, Pilu, Pippal, Palasha, Dhava, Gugagulu, Mochrasa kastas for Danta dhavana. 6. Contraindications – Mukha rogas, Sirah sula, Murcha, Trishna, Karna sula, Ardita vata, Hikka- Kasa- Swasa. 7. Dantadadharyakar – Bakula (Mimusops elengi) & ¼pynUrfLFkjdja dq;kZr~ cdqypo.kZe~ & pØikf.k½ 8. Tooth brush tree – Pilu (Salvadora Persia) Toothache tree – Tejowati (Zanthoxylum armatum)

(5) Jihwa Nirlekhana – Jihawanirlekhana kashta is about 10 Angulis in length. ftâokfuysZ[ku jkSI;a lkSo.kZ ok{kZeso pA rUeykigja 'kLra e`nq 'y{k.ka n’kkxqaye~A & ¼lq- fp- 24@13½ Contraindications – Ajeerna, Mukha rogas, Siro rogas, Karnar-ogas, Netra rogas, Chardi, Swasa-ksa, hridroga, Trishna etc.

(6) Mukha Sugandhi Dravya Dharana – It is useful for mouth fressness. Charaka - Jayaphala, Latakashturi, Pugaphala, Lavanga, Kankola, Sukshma Ela, Tambula, Karpura.  Latakashturi – Mukhashosahara - yrkdLrwfjdk r}Ueq[k’kks"kgjk ije~ ¼v- la- 22@85½ Tambula – It acts as Deepana, Vrishya etc. It is not advised in case of Raktapitta, Kshata ksheena, Visha rogi, Murcha, Raja yakshma, etc.

(7) Gandusha Dharana – It is useful for throat eyes etc. eq[koSjL;nkSxZU/; ’kksQtkM~;gja lq[ke~A nUrnk<~;Zdj :P;a Lusgx.Mw"k /kkj.ke~AA ¼lq- fp- 24@14½ Mukhavairasyahara, daurgandhyahara, sipkahara, Jadhya hara. Sneha gandusha dharana – Danta dhadyakara, rucyam Tilkalkodaka gandusha dharana – Dantaharsha, Dantachala & Vataja mukharoga hara. Dhanyamla gandusha dharana – Mukhavairasyahara, Mala hara & Durgandha hara.

(8) Sirobhayanga – One who has got his head oleated well daily alleviates head-ache, premature greying, and alopecia, while strengthening the cranial bones significantly. Hair roots become stronger, senses become clearer, the facial skin becomes smoother & the person gets sound sleep and happiness. bfUæ;kf.k izlhnfUr lqRoXHkofr pkuue~A fuækykHk% lq[k p L;kUewf/Zu rSy fu"kso.kkRk~A fo'ks"k & ^^f'kj%Jo.kikns"kq ra fo'ks"ks.k 'khy;sr~A** & ¼v- â- lw- 2@9½ (RPSC 2011) Karna purana - Prevents Hanu, manya, sirah & Karna Sula, badhirya, Vata rogas of ear. guqeU;kf'kj% d.kZ'kwy?ua d.kZiwj.ke~A ¼lq- fp- 24@29½ By filling the ears with oil daily, there will be no ear diseases of the vata type, no stiffness of the neck or jaws, no difficulty in hearing and reduced chances of deafness.

(9) Padaabhyanga - relieves Kharatwa, Stabdhatwa, Rukshatwa, Suptatwa. & Graghsi rogas. Padaabhyanga – Dristi Prasadana- Charaka, Vagbhatta (caksusya – Susruta)

Padaprakshalana – Chakshu Prasadana – (Su. Ch. 24/69) iknkH;ax & n`f"V% izlkna & pjd] okXHkê] ¼p{kq"; & lq- fp- 24@70½ ikn=/kkj.k & p{kq"; & pjd ¼N=/kkj.ke~ & p{kq";a & lq- fp- 24@75½ ikniz{kkyu & p{kq% izlknua c`";a j{kks?ua izhfro/kZue~ & lq- fp- 24@69 The roughness, stiffness, dryness, fatigue and numbness of feet are alleviated by massaging the legs.

20 www.ayurvedpg.com Charaka Samhita (10) Parimarjana – applying cream / paste over the body – Wiping of body removes body fetor, heaviness, fatigue, itching, dirt, anorexia and loathsomeness due to sweating. nkSxZU/;aa xkSjoa rUæka d.Mw eyejkspde~A LosnchHkRlrka gfUr 'kjhj ifjektZue~AA

(11) Snana – ifo=a o`";ek;q";a JeLosneykige~A 'kjhjcyla/kkua Lukua vkstLdja ije~A (Jam 2013) Bathing is purifying, promotive of virility and longevity, remover of fatigue, sweat and dirt, brings about physical strength and enhances ojas to the highest degree.

(12) Vastra dharana - Wearing clean apparel adds to the bodily charm, reputation, longevity and prevents inauspicious. It brings about pleasure, grace, competence to participate inn conference and good look. dkE;a ;'kL;ukeq";a vy{eh?u izg"kZ.kaA JheRikfj"kna 'kLra fueZykEcj/kkj.kEk~AA

(13) Use of fragrance - Use of scents and garlands stimulates libido, produces good smell in the body, enhances longevity and charm, plumpness and strength, is pleasing to the mind, and averts penury. o`";a lkSxU/kek;q";a dkE;a iqf"Vcyizne~A lkSeuL;e y{eh?ua xU/kekY;fu"kso.ke~AA

(14) Use of ornaments - The wearing of jewel-ornaments brings prosperity, is auspicious, promotes longevity, is decorative, is dispersive of worries, is exhilarative, is attractive and is enhancive of ojas. /kU;a eakxYek;q";a Jhen~O;lulwnue~A g"kZ.ka dkE;ekstL;a jRukHkj.k/kkj.ke~AA

(15) frequent ablution of excretory orifices - The frequent ablution of feet and excretory orifices is promotive of intelligence, is purifying, promotes longevity, and dispels of misfortunes and (sin). es/;a ifo=ek;q";;a vy{ehdfyuk'kue~A ikn;kseZyekxkZ.kka 'kkSpk/kkueHkh{.k'k%AA (BHU 2013)

(16) Kshaura Karma – The trimming and grooming of body hair and nails (manicure and pedicure) is promotive of plumpness, virility, longevity, cleanliness and beauty. ikSf"Vda o`";ek;q";a 'kqfp :ifojktue~A ds'k'eJqu[kknhuka dYiue~ laiz/kkue~AA

(17) Padatra dharana – Use of footwear is pleasing to the eyes, conducive to the skin of the sole, mitigative of foot-discomfort, promotive of strength, facilitative of easy gait & promotive of virility. p{kq";a Li'kZufgre~ ikn;ksO;Zlukige~A cY;e~ ijkØealq[ke~ o`";a ikn=/kkj.ke~A ¼p-lw- 5@100½

(18) Chhatra dharana – The carrying of umbrella is avertive of calamities, is promotive of strength, affords protection, cover and comfort, and serves as a shield against sun, wind, dust and rain. The carrying of the staff serves as a prop against stumbling, is dispersive of enemies, serves as a support, promotes longevity, and dispels fear. bZrs% iz’keua cY;a xqIR;koj.k’kadje~A ?kekZfuyjtks∙Ecq?ua N=/kkj.kEkqP;rsA

Importance of vigilance in self care 'kjhjj{kksins'k & uxjh uxjL;so jFkL;so jFkh lnkA Lo'kjhjL; es/kkoh d`R;s"oofgrks Hkosr~AA ¼p lw 5@103½ Like the lord of a city in the affairs of his city, and a charioteer in the management of his chariot, so should a wise man be ever vigilant in the caring of his own body.

Here is a verse again- One should have recourse to such means of livelihood as are not contrary to the dictates of religion, and should be devoted to peace and studies. Living thus, one attains happiness.

21 www.ayurvedpg.com Charaka Samhita 6. Tasyashiteeya Ritusatmya Ahara (getting accustomed to suitable changes in diet and behavior according to seasons) Practices - improved strength and enhanced luster. ¼_rqlkRE; vkgkj & cya o.kZ'p o/kZrsA½ Ritu Charya – A year (samvatsara) is divided into six parts (by seasons). The six seasons are mainly categorized into two viz., Adana & Visarga Kalas. 1. Adana kala – shishira, vasanta and grishma Ritus. 2. Visarga Kala – varsha, sharad and hemanta Ritus. (1) Adana kala/Aagneya kala/Uttarayana – Sun – dominant, Moon – Low, Vayu –Rukshta. When the Sun is in uttarayana (northward to the Earth), that part of the year is called adana kala. Adana kala is agneya (heating) in nature. No. Ritu Rasa Origin Vayu Body strength 1. Shishira Tikta Alpa - Rukshata Shrestha (High) 2. Vasanta Kasaya Madhyama - Rukshata Madhyama (Mild) 3. Grishma Katu Triva - Rukshata Alpa (Low)

(1) Visarga kala/Saumya kala/Daksinayana –Moon dominant, Sun – Low, Vayu –Snigdha. When the Sun is in dakshinayana (southwards of the Earth), the period is called visarga kala. Visarga kala is saumya (soothing) in nature. No. Ritu Rasa Origin Vayu Body strength 4. Varsha Amla Alpa - Snigdha Alpa (Low) 5. Sharat Lavana Madhyama - Snigdha Madhyama (Mild) 6. Hemanta Madhura Triva - Snigdha Shrestha (High) . vknkoUrs p nkScZY;a folxkZnku;ksu`Z.kke~A e/;s e/;cya] RoUrs Js"Bexzs fofuZfnZ’ksr~A ¼p- lw- 6@8½ In the beginning of visarga kala and at the end of adana kala, human beings on the Earth experience weakness. In the middle of these two kala or periods, humans possess medium strength. At the end of the visarga kala and at the beginning of adana kala the strength in human beings is maximum.

Ritu and their months - No. Ritu Months Anupana of Haritaki - Bhava prakasha 1. Sisira Magha, Phalguna Pippli (Piper longum) 2. Vasanta Chaitra, Vaishakha Madhu (Honey) 3. Grishma Jyeshta, Ashadha Guda (Jaggery) 4. Varsha Shravana, Bhadrapada Saindhava (Rock Salt) 5. Sarat Ashavina, Karthika Sarkara (Sugar) 6. Hemanta Margashira, Pushya Sunthi ( Zingeber Officinalis)

Name of rashi during different seasons as per Sharangdhara- No. Ritu Rashi 1. Vasanta ritu - Mina 2. Grisma ritu Mesh, Vrushabh 3. Pravrit ritu Mithun, Kark 4. Varsa ritu Simha or Sinh, Kanya 5. Sarad ritu Tula, Vrushchik, 6. Hemanta ritu Dhanu, Makar 22 www.ayurvedpg.com Charaka Samhita Important points . Ritu charya Starts with – 1. Hemanta ritu - Charaka, Susruta & Vagbhatta. 2. Varsha ritu - Nagarjuna. 3. Sharad ritu - . . Pravrita ritu - comes wetbeen grisma & varsa ritu. (as per charaka) . Srestha (Best) Month - Marghashirsa (Agahana) . Pradosha kala - First Pahara kala of Night. . Ritu Sandhi - The ending seven days of to be completed ritu and coming seven days of to be started ritu. (Vaghbhatta) . damstra kala - The ending 8 days of Ashawina month and begining 8 days of Agahana month - Sharangdhara. . Divaswapana contraindicated - Varsa, Vasanta & sarad.

1. Hemanta ritu charya 1. Synonyms - Tushar Kala, Himagame 2. Sarira & Agni Bala - Srestha (Best) – cfyuka cyh iäk HkofrA 3. Sevaniyas Ahara - Amla-Madhura, Snigdha-Guru, Anupa- Bilesaya – prasaha mamsa, Madhira, Seethu, Madu, Ikshu vikara & warm water. 4. Sevaniyas Vihara - Abhyanga, Murdni taila, Jentaka Sweda, Usnagrah, Ushna vastra dharana 5. Varjaniyas Ahara - Vatala, laghu ahara, Pramitahara & Uda mantha (Sattu) 6. Varjaniyas Vihara - Pravata - izokra ¼rhoz ok;q½ & :{krk] foo.kZrk] lrEHkrkdkjd (BHU 2012) otZ;sn™kikukfu okrykfu y?kwfu pA izokra izferkgkjeqneUFka fgekxesA ¼p- lw- 6@18½

2. Sirisa ritu charya 1. Similar Seasons - gseUr f'k'kjkS rqY;kS f'kf'kjs·Yia fo'ks"k.ke~A ¼p- lw- jd½ The Hemanta ( winter) and Shishira (late winter) Seasons are similar. 2. Sarira & Agni Bala - Srestha (Best) 3. Sevaniyas Ahara - Similar to hemanta ritu + Navannam. 4. Sevaniyas Vihara - Similar to hemanta ritu + Tailapana, Nivata Graha nivas. 5. Varjaniyas Ahara - Katu, Tikta, Kasaya rasa, Vatala, laghu ahara . 6. Varjaniyas Vihara - dVqfräd"kk;kf.k okrykfu y?kwfu pA otZ;sn™kikukfu f’kf’kjs 'khrykfuA ¼p-lw- 6@21½

3. Vasanta ritu charya olUrs fufpr% 'ys"ek fnud`ökfHkjhfjr%A dk;kfXua ck/krs jksxkLrr% izdq:rs cgwu~AA ¼p- lw- 6@22½ (Jam 2001) Shleshma (kapha) accumulated in hemanta ritu gets liquefied by hot rays of the sun in vasanta ritu, which in turn disturbs/decreases the digestive strength and ultimately causes many diseases. 1. Synonyms - Himatayaye, Kusumagame 2. Sarira & Agni Bala - Madhayama (Mild) 3. Sevaniyas Ahara - Yava-Godhuma Bhojana, sabara-Sasa-Ena-Lavaka-kapinjala Mamsa, Nirgada Seethu & Madira pana. 4. Sevaniyas Vihar - Vyayam, Uddhratana, Vamana, Dhumapana, Anjana, Agaru lepana 5. Varjaniyas Ahara - Guru, Snigdha, Amla-Madhura dravya. 6. Varjaniyas Vihara - Diva swapna - xqoZEyfLuX/ke/kqja fnokLoIu p otZ;sr~A ¼p- lw- 1@23½

23 www.ayurvedpg.com Charaka Samhita 4. Grisma ritu charya 1. Synonyms - Nidaghe, Gharmakale. 2. Sarira & Agni Bala - Apla (Low) 3. Sevaniyas Ahara - Loknq 'khr nzoa fLuX/kikua rnk fgre~A ¼p- lw- 1@27½ Swadu, Sita, Snigdha dravya annapana, Mantha with sugar Jangala mriga-paksi-mamsa, Ghrita, kshira, Salyannam, Alpa madyam 'khra l’kdZja eUFk tkaxykUe`Xkif{k.k%A ¼p- lw- 1@27½ 4. Sevaniyas Vihara - Diva swapna & griha 5. Varjaniyas Ahara - Lavana -Amla- Katu rasa. 6. Varjaniyas Vihara - Vyayamam, Maithunam - yo.kkEydVw".kkfu O;k;kea pk= otZ;sr~A ¼p-lw- 6@29½ Avoid alcohol - One should either drink alcohol in little quantity or should not drink at all. Even if someone consumes, it should be diluted with plenty of water. e|eYia u ok is;eFkok lqcgq mnde~A ¼p- lw- 6@29½

5. Varsa ritu charya

1. Synonyms - Sarva Doshas Prakopaka ritu - eUns·XukS dksiek;kfUr losZ"kka ek:rkn;%A ¼LkqJqr½ 2. Sarira & Agni Bala - Apla (Low) - vknkunqcZys nsgs iDrk Hkofr nqcZy%A ¼p- lw- 6@33½ 3. Sevaniyas Ahara - Vata hara & tridosha hara dravyas, Madhu, Sneha with Amla & lavanas Jangala mamsa bhojya, Purana - Sali-godhuma-Yava. Mahendra Jala. iqjk.kk tkaxySSeZkalHkksZT;k ;w"kS'p laLd`rS%A ¼p- lw- 6@38½ 4. Sevaniyas Vihara - Pragharsana, Udvartana, snana, Gandha malya & Akledda sthana. 5. Varjaniyas Ahara - Udamantha, Nadi Jala – water from river, Avasyayam. mneUFk fnokLoIuo';k;a unhtye~A O;k;keekria pSo O;;koa pk= otZ;sr~A 6. Varjaniyas Vihara - Diva swapna– day sleep, Atapa, Vyavaya – sex, Vyayama – exercise. Used Honey - One should generally use honey in preparing diets, drinks and others. ikuHkkstulaLdjku~ izk;% {kkSnzkfUorku~ Hktsr~ & ¼p- lw- 6@37½

6. Hemanta ritu charya

1. Synonyms - Ghanatataye. 2. Sarira & Agni Bala - Madhayama (Medium) 3. Sevaniyas Ahara - Pitta samaka ahara, Lavaka-kapinjala-Ena-Urabhna-carabha-sasa-mamsa 'kkyhu~ l;oxks/kweku~ lsO;kukgq?kZukR;;sA ¼p- lw- 6@43½ 4. Sevaniyas Vihara - Hamsodaka sevana, candra kirana sevana, virechana, Raktamoksana. 5. Varjaniyas Ahara - Katu-Tikta-Kashaya, Vata vardhana dravyas. 6. Varjaniyas Vihara - Diva swapna, Atapa. Pragvatam. {kkj nf/k fnokLoIua izkXokra pk= otZ;sr~A Hamsodaka - fnok lw;kZ’kwlarIra fuf’k pUnzka’kq’khrye~A dkysu iDoa funksZ"kexLR;sukfo"khd`reA galksndfefr [;kra 'kkjna foeya 'kqfpA Lukuikukoxkgs"kq 'kL;rs r|Fkk·e`re~AA Mentioned by – Charaka, Kashyapa, Vagbhatta ¼p- lw- 6@47½ Synonyms “Anshudaka” is given by Bhavaprakash Susruta did not mentioned Hamsodaka. vksdlkRE; %& mi'ksrs ;nkSfpR;kr~ vksd% lkRE;a rnqP;rsA ¼p- lw- 6@49½ If any diet and behavior become suitable to the body by its habitual use then it is called Okasatmya ¼vH;kllkRE;a & xaxk/kj jkW;½ (acquired adaptation or habituation). Type of Satmya – 4 – (1) Ritu Satmya (2) Oka Satmya (3) Desha Satmya (4) Roga Satmya 24 www.ayurvedpg.com Charaka Samhita 7. Naveganadharaniya Non-suppressible natural urges – 13 – Charaka. u osxku~ /kkj;sn~ /khekUtkrku~ ew=iqjh"k;ks%A u jsrlks u okrL; u PN|kZ% {koFkksuZ p AA uksn~xkjL; u t`EHkk;k u osxku~ {kqfIrikl;ks%A u ok"iL; u fuæk;k fu%'oklL; Jes.k pAA ¼p- lw- 7@4½ Vagbhatta-14& osxkUu /kkj;sr~ okrfoM~ew={kor`V~{kq/kke~A fuækdkl Je 'okl t`EHkkJqPNfnZjsrlke~A ¼va-la-law- 5½

Veganigraha Complication 1. Mutra Sula in Vasti & mehana, mutrakricchra, Shiroroga, Vinama, stiffness in vanksana. 2. Pureesha Pakvasaya sula, Shirah sula, Vatavarcha apravartanam, Pindikodveshtana, Adhmana 3. Retas Sula in medhra and vrushana, Angamarda, Hrudivyatha, Mutra Vibandha. 4. Apanavata Vata mutra purisa sanga, Admanam, Klama – exhaustion and Udara roga. 5. Chardi Kandu, Kota, Kustha, Visarpa, Aruchi, Vyanga, Sotha, Pandu, Jwara, Hrullasa. 6. khsavathu Manyasthamba, Sirah sula, Ardita, Ardhavabhedak, Indriyanam Daurbalyam. 7. Udgara Hikka, swasa, Aruchi, Kampa, Vibandha in Hriday and Uras. 8. Jrumbha Vinama – forward bending of the body, akshepa samkocha, supti, Kampa, Pravepana 9. Khsutha Karshya - weight loss, Dourbalya, Vivarnya, Angamarda, Aruchi, Bhrama - dizziness. 10. Pipasa Kanta-asya sosa, Badhirya – deafness, Srama– tiredness, sada, Hrudi vyatha. 11. Asru Pratishyaya, Akshiroga– eye diseases, Hrudroga, Aruchi, Bhrama - dizziness. 12. Nidra Jrumbha, Angamarda, Tandra, Shiroroga, Akshi Gourava – heaviness in the eyes 13. Srama Nisvasa Gulma, Hrudroga , Sammoha.

Veganigraha Treatment 1. Mutra Sweda, Avagahana, Abhyanga, Sarpisha Avapidana, Trividha Basti. 2. Pureesha Sweda, Abhyanga, Avagahana, Varti, Vasti Karma, Pramathi - Evaquative annapana. 3. Retas Abhyanga, Avagaha, Madira pana, Charanayudha – chicken, Sali dhanya, peya, Niruha Basti & Maithuna – Sexual intercourse. 4. Apanavata Sneha, Sweda, Phalavarti Vatanulomana Bhojana, Pana, Basti karma. 5. Chardi Bukta pracchardanam, Dhumapana, Langhana, Rakta moksanam, Ruksanna Annapana, Vyayama – physical exercise and Virechana – purgation treatment. 6. kshavathu Urdhwajatruka abhyanga – oil massage to head and neck, Swedana, Dhumapana, Navana – Nasal drops, Ghritapana after meals, Vataghna Ahara. 7. Udgara Similar to the treatment for suppression of hiccups (Hikka). 8. Jrumbha Vataghna Ousadha. 9. Ksutha Snigdha, Usna laghu bhojana. (Intake of unctuous, hot and light-to-digest food) 10. Pipasa Seeta tarpana pana. (Coolant drinks that bring about satiation) 11. Asru Swapna (Sleep), Madya - intake of wine, Priyah katha (pleasing talks) 12. Nidra Swapna, Samvahanam (Sound sleep and body massage) 13. Srama Nisvasa Visrama and Vataghna Kriya.

Dharaniya vegas – Suppressible urges - Manah (Mental) - Lobha, Shoka, Bhaya, Krodha, Abhimana, Nirlajja, Irshya, Atiraga, Abhidhyaya. Vani (Speech) - Parusha, Soochaka, Anruta – lies, Akala yuktas & Atimatra – to much talk. Sharira (physical) - Para pida pravritti, Para Stri sambhoga, Astheya – theft, Himsa – Violence.

25 www.ayurvedpg.com Charaka Samhita Vyayama Vyayama – 'kjhj ps"Vk ;k ps"Vk LFkS;kZFkkZ cyof/kZuhA nsgO;k;ke la[;krk ek=;k ra lekpjsr~AA ¼p-lw- 7@31½ The physical activity done with the purpose of improving body strength and immunity is called as Exercise – Vyayama. Exercise should always be done in moderation. Defination – 'kjhjk;kltuua deZ O;k;ke~ lafKre~A & ¼lq- fp- 24@38½ 'kjhjk;kltuua deZ O;k;ke mP;rsA & ¼v- la- lw- 3@62½ Good effects of exercise - Right amount of exercise brings about yk?koa deZlkeF;Z LFkS;Z nq%[klfg".kqrkA nks"k{k;ks·fXuo`f)'p O;k;keknqitk;rsAA ¼p- lw- 7@32½ yk?koa deZlkeF;Z nhIrks·fXuesZnl% {k;%A foHkä?kuxk=Roa O;k;keknqitk;rsAA ¼v-la- lw- 3@62½ Laghavam – lightness to the body, Karma saamrthyam – increases work capacity, Sthairyam – stability, Dukha sahishunta – endurance towards distress, Doshakshaya – mitigation of doshas (especially kapha), Agnivruddhi – improves digestion strength. Bad effect of excessive exercise – Je% Dye% {k;Lr`".kk jäfiÙk izrked%A vfrO;k;ker% dklks Toj'NfnZ'p tk;rsA ¼p-lw- 7@33½ Ativyavyama leads to Srama, Klama, Kshaya, Trisna, Raktapitta, Pratamaka, Swasa, Kasa, Jwara, Cardi. Amount of exercise - Vyayama shall be performed to Ardha bala i.e, till sweating occurs in Lalata & Kaksha Pradesh. Charaka – Matra anusara, Susruta – Ardha Bala Features of Balardha Vyayama (right amount of exercise) - . gfn LFkkufLFkrks ok;qZ;nk oD=a izi|rsA O;k;kea dqoZrks tUrksLrn~cyk)ZL; y{k.ke~A ¼lq-fp- 24@47½ Svedagama, Shvasa vruddhi, Gaatranaam laghavam, Hrudayadi Uparodha – resistance in the heart and such other organs of the body. d{kkyykVuklk"kq gLriknfn"kqA izLosnkUeq[k’kks"k’p cyk)Z rf)fufnZ’ksr~ bfrA & MYg.k

Harmful effects of excess exercise - Exercise, laughing, speaking, walking, sexual activities and staying awake at night should not be practiced in excess by an intelligent person. O;k;ke gkL; Hkk"; v/o xzkE;/keZ iztkxjku~A uksfprkufi lsosr cqf)eku~ vfrek=;kA vU;Fkk & xt flag bok"kZu~ lkglk l fou';frA One who indulges in these and such other activities in excess, suddenly perishes like a lion trying to drag an (huge) elephant. Who should quit exercise – Ativyavaya –Bhara- Adhva - Karmabhi atikarshita, Bala, Vruddha, Pravata – who have Vata imbalance, Kshudhita – who is hungry, Trushita – who is thirsty.

Sequence to adopt good habits and discard bad habits – fgra Øes.k lsosr Øe’pk=ksifn’;rsA iz{ksikip;s rkH;ka Øe% iknkaf’kdks Hkosr~A ¼p-lw- 7@36½ By slowly and gradually giving up the bad habits and by slowly cultivating the good habit, the body becomes accustomed well to the new habit without any complication. Details of doshanushayi deha prakriti (body constitution) - lefiÙkkfuydQk% dsfpn~xHkkZfn ekuok%A (1) Vata Prakriti – Diet and regimen with qualities opposite to the Dosha should be followed. foijhr xq.kLrs"kka LoLFko`Ùks% fof/k% fgr%A (2) Pitta Prakriti – (3) Kapha Prakriti – Diet and regimen with qualities opposite to the Dosha should be followed. ¼p-lw- 7@41½ (4) Sama Prakriti – leloZjla lkRE;a le/kkrks% iz’kL;rsA

26 www.ayurvedpg.com Charaka Samhita Diet and regimen with qualities opposite to the Dosha properties are prescribed for maintaining health. lnkrqjk% & okryk|k% lnkrqjk%A ¼p-lw- 7@40½ ¼okfrdk|k% lnk··rqjk% & dk’;i ysák/;k;½ Those of the first category (balanced dosha) do not suffer from diseases. Others (dominated by single dosha), are always likely to suffer.

Malayana (channels of excretion) - Adhobhaga – 2 - Two external orifices in the lower part of the body (rectum and urethra), Shirogata – 7 - Seven orifices in head (two eyes, two ears, two nostrils and mouth) and there are multiple openings of sweat glands are channels meant for excretion

%& ek/ko izFkes ekfl uHkL; izFkes iqu%A lgL; izFkes pSo gkj;sr~ nks"klUp;e~A ¼p-lw- 7@46½ Dosha Nirharan Dosha Karma Kala Month 1. Vata Vasti Shravana Nabha 2. Pitta Virechan Aaghana (Maghashirsha) Saha 3. Kapha Vaman Chaitra Madhu

Prevention of Endogenous diseases- Nija Roga - Sneha karma and Swedana, emetics (Vamana) and purgatives (Virechana), enema (Basti) and (Nasya) After that, one should administer rejuvenation and aphrodisiac therapies (Rasayana and Vajikarana)

Prevention of exogenous diseases- Agantuja Roga - Avoiding Prajnaparadha, Indriyopashama, Smruti, Desha, Kala Atma Vijnana and Sadvrutta Palana, Aptopadesha Prajnana – having superior knowledge, are the means to prevent and to treat diseases. fof/kjs"k fodkjk.kkeuqRiŸkkS funf’kZr%A & jksxksa ds vuqifRrdj Hkkoksa dk o.kZu pjd us fd;k gSA (BHU 2009)

Rules for using curd- One should not take curd at night, If one desires to take curd at night, it can be taken along with ghee, sugar, green gram soup, honey or Amalaka It should not be taken hot. If one does not follow these rules he is likely to suffer from diseases like Jwara (fever), Raktapitta (bleeding disorders), Visarpa (Erysipelas), Kushta (skin diseases), Pandu (Anemia), Bhrama(dizziness) and Kamala (Jaundice).

27 www.ayurvedpg.com Charaka Samhita 8. Indriyopakramaneeya Synonyms of Manah – Atindriya (cannot be perceived by sense organs), Satva or Chetas. vrhfUæ;a iqueZu% lRolaKda psr bR;kgqjsds ¼p- lw- 8@4½ Mind acts as the driving force for all the sense faculties.& ps"VkizR;;Hkwre~ bfUæ;k.kke~A ¼p- lw- 8@4½ The role of mind in perception of knowledge - eu% iqj% ljk.khfUæ;k.;FkZxzg.k leFkkZfu HkofUrA ¼p- lw- 8@7½ The sense faculties are capable of perceiving their respective objects only when they are connected to Buddhi (Intellect) by mind. Mind acts as connecting point between sense organs and intellect.

Pancha Panchaka Panchendriya Panchendriya Panchendriya Panchendriya Panchendriya Dravyani Adhishtana Artha Buddhi 1. Ghranendriya Prithvi – earth Ghraana – Nose Gandha – smell Ghranendriya Buddhi 2.Rasanendriya Ap – water Rasana – tongue Rasa – taste Chakshurendriya Buddhi 3.Chakshurendriya Teja – fire Chakshu – eyes Roopa – shape Chakshurendriya Buddhi 4.Sparshanendriya Vayu – air Twak – skin Sparsha - touch Sparshanendriya Buddhi 5.Shravanendriya Kha – ether Karna – ears Shabda – sound Shravanendriya Buddhi

Types of Panchendriya buddhi – (1) Kshanika (2) Nishchayatmika

Adhyatma Dravyaguna Sangraha (Spiritual elements and their actions) – Manas , Buddhi, Atma and visaya of manas are considerd as Adhyatma Dravyaguna Sangraha euks euksa·FkksZ cqf)jkRek psR;/;kReæO;xq.klaxzg%A & p- lw- 8@13 The mind, the object of the mind, intellect & soul – 4 factors constitute spiritual elements and qualities Object (Artha) of Manas - Object of Manas is Chintana (thinking). ¼eulLrq fpUR;eFkZ%A p- lw- 8@16½ eu ds fo"k; %&¼5½ & fpUR;a fopk;Ze~ Åáa p /;s;a ladYieso pA ¼p 'kk 1@20½ The proper / excessive / wrong/non utilization of mind is responsible for normal or abnormal mental conditions. Sadvritta (noble deeds) Objectives - maintenance of positive health and control of sense faculties. & vkjksX; ,oa bfUæ;fot;A 1. One should have a hair cut, shave and nail cut- thrice every fortnight. f=% i{kL; ds'k'eJqykseu[kku~ lagkj;sr~A 2. Stop exercise before getting tired excessively. - izkd~ Jekn~ O;k;keothZ L;kr~A 3. Do not yawn / sneeze / laugh without covering mouth. – ukuko`rkseq[kks t`EHkka] {koFkqa gkL;a ok izorZ;sr~A 4. Do not laugh loudly - u mPpS glsr~ 5. Do not itch the nostrils, grind the teeth, sound the nails ¼u u[kku okn;sr½, knuckles, strike the bones, scrape the earth, cut the straw, maintain improper position of different parts of the body 6. Do not go out without touching gems, ghee, feet of respectable persons, auspicious objects, flowers 7. Purva Abhibhashi – One should not wait for the other to wish him. One should try to wish first. 8. One should face North direction while Eating food 9. Do not insult women. Do not have too much reliance on them, do not confide secrets to them. Do not uthorize them indiscriminately. u fL=;eotkuh;] ukfrfoJEHk;sr~] u xqáeuqJko;sr~A 10. Do not take curd at night. 11. Do not take roasted- grain-flour without mixing it with ghee and sugar or in the night or after meals or in large quantity or twice daily or interrupted with water intake.

28 www.ayurvedpg.com Charaka Samhita 9. Khuddaka Chatushpada This chapter deals with the 4 minor but equally important components of healthcare management. Khuddakachatushpada → Khud, or minor, Chatu , or four, and Pada, or components/parts. Definition of health and disease - 1- fodkjks /kkrqoS"kE;a] lkE;a izÑfr:P;rsA lq[klaKdekjksX;a] fodkjks nq%[keso pAA ¼p-lw- 9@4½ Vikaro Dhatu Vaishamyam Samyam Prakratiruchyate. – Charaka 2- jksxLrq nks"koS"kE;a nks"klkE;ejksxrkA – Rogasthu Dosha Vaishamyam. – Vagbhatta Disequilibrium of dhatus is disease and their equilibrium is health. Health is termed as happiness, while disease as Pain. Definition of chikitsa - prq.kkZ fHk"kxknhuka 'kLrkuka /kkrqoSÑrsA izo`fÙk% /kkrqlkE;kFkkZ fpfdRlsR;fHk/kh;rsAA ¼p-lw- 9@5½ All the procedures or measures & means which are carried by excellent four (chikitsa chatushpada) in case of disorder of dhatu with the objective of (re-establishing) their equilibrium is called chikitsa.

Chatushpada – fHk"kXæO;k.;qiLFkkrk jksxh iknprq"V;e~A xq.kor~ dkj.ka Ks;a fodkjO;'kkUr;sAA & ¼p- lw- 9@3½ 1. Bhishaka guna 2. Aushadha guna 3. Upasthata guna 4. Atura guna 1. Shrute Paryavadatwam 1. Bahuta 1. Upacharagyata 1. Smriti 2. Bahusho dastakarmata 2. Yogyatwam 2. Dakshayam 2. Nirdeshakaritwa 3. Dakshayam 3. Anekavidha kalpana 3. Anuraagashcha 3. Abhirutwam 4. Shoucham 4. Sampat 4. Shoucham 4. Gyapakatwam

Importance of physician & dkj.ka "kksM'kxq.ka fl)kS iknprq"V;e~A foKkrk 'kkflrk ;ksDrk iz/kkua fHk"kx= rqA ¼p-lw- 9@10½ These are the 4 factors consist of sixteen qualities are responsible for success in treatment. But here the physician is most important because of his specific knowledge, administrative capacity and managerial skills.

Four Qualities of pranabhisara (life saviour) physician Pranabhisar vaidya lakshana – 4– rLekr~ 'kkL=·FkZ foKkus izo`rkS deZn'kZusA fHk"kd~ prq"V;s ;qDr% izk.kkfHklj mP;rsA ¼pjd½ 1. Indulgence in scientific knowledge, 2. clear understanding, 3. Pratyaksha karma (right application), 4. Pratyaksha dashana (practical experience) - is known as the one who promotes life i.e. pranabhisara. ¼izk.kkpk;Z %& 'khyoku~ efreku~ ;qäks f}tkfr% 'kkL=ikjx%A izkf.kfHkxqZ:oRiwT;% izk.kkpk;Z% l fg Le`r%A p- fp-1@4@51½

Four Qualities of Royal Physician – gsrks fyaxs iz'keus jksxk.kkeiquHkZosA Kkua prqfoZ/ka ;L; l jktkgksZ fHk"käe~AA The physician, who possesses knowledge of – 1. Hetu – etiology of diseases 2. Linga – symptomatology of diseases 3. Prashamana – therapeutics methods for diseases 4. Rogaanaam Apunarbhave – preventive measures for disease is the best among physicians and is fit for becoming a royal physician

Uttama vaidya lakshana – 6 – fo|k fordhZ foKkua Le`fr% rRijrk fØ;kA ;L;Srs "kM~xq.kkLrL; u lk/;efr orZrsA ¼pjd½ 1.Vidhya 2.Vitarka 3.Vigyana 4.Smriti 5.Tatparta 6.kriya(work in treatment)

29 www.ayurvedpg.com Charaka Samhita Importance of scientific studies - 'kkL=a T;ksfr% izdk'kukFkZ n'kZua cqf)jkReu%A 'kkL= & T;ksfr 'kkL= cqf) & us=A Scientific scriptures provide light for illumination (to remove darkness of ignorance or to know things) and one‟s own intellect is like eyes. The physician who uses both properly, does not commit mistakes during treatment because in treatment, the other three components are dependent on the physician. Hence the physician should make all efforts to enrich his qualities.

4 principles for physician – Doctor should be eS=h dk:.;ekrsZ"kq 'kD;s izhfr:is{k.ke~A izÑfrLFks"kq Hkwrs"kq oS|o`fÙk% prqfoZ/kkAA ¼p-lw- 9@26½ 1. Maitri – friendly, 2. Karunyam artheshu – sympathetic and kind to patients. 3. Shakye preetihi – She should be concentrate on the diseases that can be cured and 4. upekshanam prakrutishteshu – should neglect the incurable diseases. These are the four disciplines for physician.

'kL=a 'kkL=kf.k lfyya xq.knks"k izo`r;sA ik=kis{kh.;r% izKka fpfdRlkFkZ fo'kks/k;sr~AA ¼p-lw- 9@20½ The merits (good effect) and demerits (bad effects) of weapons, scriptures and water depend on their user. So, physician should purify his intellect (to remove the lacunae) before treating.

10. Khuddaka Chatushpada prq"ikna "kksM'kdyka Hks"ktfefr fHk"ktks Hkk"kUrsA – Chatushpada with sixteen qualities are elements of treatment. Classification of diseases according to prognosis - lq[k lk/;a era lk/;a ÑPNªlk/;eFkkfi pA f}fo/ka pkI;lk/;a L;k|kI;a ;PpkuqiØee~AA ¼p- lw- 10@9½

1. Sadhya Vyadhi – 2 – (1.) Sukha sadhya (2.) Kricchra Sadhya

2. Asadhya Vyadhi – 2 – (1.) Yapya (2.) Anupakrama Sadhya Vyadhi – 3 – 1. Alpa Sadhya 2. Madhyama Sadhya 3. Uttama Sadhya

fodYiks u Rolk/;kuka fu;rkuka fodYiukA ¼p- lw- 10@10½ a physician who undertakes the treatment of an incurable disease would undoubtedly subjects himself to Arthah, Vidya, Yash Haani – loss of wealth, knowledge & fame. (BHU 2008) ijh{;dkfj.kks fg dq’kyk HkofUrA ¼p- lw- 10@5½ & (Himachal PSC 2012) Able physicians always proceed with their treatment after proper examination. Anupakrama means - Pratyakhyeya / Asadhya – impossible to treat (BHU 2006)

1. Sukha sadhya Vyadhi (Easy to Treat disease) ¼1½ gsro% iwoZ:ikf.k :ik.;Yikfu & Hetu, Rupa & Lakshana of Rogas are less. ¼2½ u p rqY; xq.kks nw";ks u nks"k% izÑfr Hkosr~ & Dosha, Dushya & Rogi Prakiti are not Same. ¼3½ u p dky xq.kLrqY;ks & Dosha guna & Kala guna are different. ¼4½ xfr% ,dk uoRoa p & if the disease occurs in a single path / direction & disease of recent onset. ¼5½ jksxL; miæoks u p & disease with no complications. ¼6½ nks"k'pSd% leqRiÙkkS & if the disease is caused by a single Dosha (Vata/pitta/Kapha) only. ¼7½ nsg% loksZ"k/k{ke% & Patient‟s body is capable of tolerating all types of treatments and medicines ¼8½ prq";knksiifÙk'p lq[klk/;L; y{k.ke~ & Chikista catushpadas are fully present.

30 www.ayurvedpg.com Charaka Samhita 2. Kricchra sadhya Vyadhi (Difficult to cure disease) ¼1½ fufeÙkiwoZ:ik.kka :ik.kka e/;es cys & Hetu, Rupa & Lakshana of Rogas have Moderate strength. ¼2½ dky izÑfr nw";k.kka lkekU;s·U;reL;p & Kala, Dushya & Rogi Prakiti one of them is similar to the disease causing Dosha. ¼3½ xfHkZ.kho`) ckykuka & Disease afflicting pregnant / elderly / children. ¼4½ ukO;qiæoihfMre & Not excess complications. ¼5½ 'kL={kkjkfXu ÑR;kuka vuao ÑPNªns'ke~ & if the treatment involves use of Shastra – Surgery, Ksharakarma and Agnikarma. ¼6½ vuo & if the disease is not new (neither too old) ¼7½ ÑPNªns'ke~ & if the patient belongs to a difficult place or if the disease involves a complicated body part. ¼8½ f}iFka ukfrdkya ok & Dwimargaja, Dwidoshaja & Chronic disease. ¼9½ ukfriw.kZ prq"ine~ & Chikista catushpadas are not fully available / not of good quality. ¼10½ d`PNªlk/;a f}nks"kte~ & Two Doshas are involved in the disease.

3. Yapya Vyadhi (Maintainable diseases) ¼1½ 'ks"kRokn~ vk;q"kks ;kI;e~ & Patients gets alive due to his remaining age. ¼2½ iF; lso;k yC/kkYilq[ka & The patient can survive by following Pathya and enjoys a little relief ¼3½ vYisu gsrquk vk'kqizorZde~ & Disease gets aggreveted from simple and mild causative factors ¼4½ xEHkhja cgq /kkrqLFka & Rogas is spreed to Many dhatu & Its gets the critical condition. ¼5½ eeZlfU/klekfJre~ & disease involves Marma, Sandhi & Asthi. . ¼6½ fuR;kuq'kkf;u jksxa & Symptoms manifest everyday. ¼7½ jksxa nh?kZdkye~ vofLFkre~ & Patients is suffering with chronic disease or long standing disorders ¼8½ fo|kr~ f}nks"kte~ & involved two Doshas.

4. Pratyakhyeya Vyadhi (Incurable disease) ¼1½ r}r izR;k[;s;a f=nks"kte~ & Involves all the three Doshas (Tridoshaja Vyadhi) ¼2½ fØ;kiFke~ vfrØkUra & Disease has grown beyond the abilities of all possible treatment modalities ¼3½ loZekxkZuqlkfj.ke~ & disease involves all the body channels / multiple systems ¼4½ vkSRlqD;a & Sudden excitement in patient ¼5½ vjfr & Restlessness (Mah PG 2015) ¼6½ laeksgdje~ & unconsciousness example - Vatarakta ¼7½ bfUæ;uk'kue~ & loss of functions of sense organs ¼8½ nqcZyL; lqlao`)a O;kf/ka & in a weak patient, the disease is well manifested ¼0½ lkfj"Veso p & having bad prognostic signs.

ufg Hks"kt lk/;kuka O;k/khuka Hks"ktdkj.ka HkofrA - measures can never be ineffective in curable diseases. Exception of Sukha sadhya Vyadhi - Tojs rqY;rqZ nks"kRoa izesgs rqY;n`";rkA jäxqYes iqjk.kRoa lq[kklk/;L; y{k.kaA (1) Prakrita Jwara in Sarada & Basanta Ritu - Sukha sadhya, Varsha Ritu - Kricchra sadhya (2) Chronic Raktaja Gulma - Sukha sadhya (3) Kaphaja Prameha - Sukha sadhya (Dosha, Dushya gets same Prakriti)

31 www.ayurvedpg.com Charaka Samhita 11. Tris Eshaniya Tris Eshaniya - Three desires of life. (1) Praneshana – desire to live (2) Dhaneshana – desire to earn and (3) Paralokeshana – desire to have superior position after-death. Praneshana, Dhaneshana & Dharmeshana –As per Bhela.

Apunarbhavavadi A

Pratyakshavadi Shrutivadi

MatrapitraVadi Swabhvavadi Paranirmanavadi Yadrichhavadi (Parent theory) (Nature theory), (Impersonal soul) (free will theory)

(1) Pratyakshavadi (Perception theory )- do not believe in rebirth because of its imperceptibility. Evidence against Direct Perception theory (Pratyaksha Pramana Badhaka Karana) - 8 There are things, which though existent, cannot be directly perceived due to 1. Ati sannikarshat – a thing that is too close to eyes cannot be perceived. 2. Ati viprakarshaat – a thing that is too far, cannot be perceived. 3. Avaranaat – if a thing is covered by another object, then it cannot be perceived 4. Karana daurbalyaat – if sense organs are weak, then nothing can be perceived, 5. Mano Anavasthaanaat –if mind is not in place, even if a person is seeing an object, he cannot see it. 6. Samaana Abhiharat – confusion with other similar objects, 7. Abhibhaavat – over shadowing and 8. Ati saukshmaat – very minute object.

(2) Shrutivadi - People believing in rebirth simply rely upon the evidence of scriptures. Acharyas (teachers) who have faith in the shastras believe in the theory of reincarnation even when they have not perceived or experienced it. But there is skepticism because of differences in opinion. Among the “believing” acharyas, (I.) MatrapitraVadi (Parent theory) – some attribute the role of „parents or ancestors‟, (II.) Swabhvavadi (Nature theory) – some on swabhava (personality or nature of the individual), (III.) Paranirmanavadi (Impersonal soul) – some on the role of the paranirman (impersonal soul), (IV.) Yadrichhavadi (free will theory) – while some on yadruchha ( free will or external powers responsible for accidental creation of universe) in the process of reincarnation or rebirth. Those who are atheists or nihilists do not believe in the theory of creation.So a wise person should get rid of the contempt way of thinking of a nihilist. f}fo/keso [kyq loZ lPpklPp] rL; prqfoZ|k ijh{kk & vkIrksins'k% izR;{ka] vuqekua] ;qfä'psfrAA All things of the universe can be divided into two.Sat – true / existent, Asat – untrue / non existent These can be examined by means of – 1. Aptopadesha – Scriptural testimony (words of enlightened, realized souls), 2. Pratyaksha – Direct perception using sense organs 3. Anumana – Inference, guessing with reasoning 4. Yukti – Reasoning with intelligence. 32 www.ayurvedpg.com Charaka Samhita Chaturvidha Pariksha (Four-fold method of investigation)

jtLreksH;ka fueqZDrk% riksKku cysu ;sA ;s"kka f=dkyeeya KkueO;kgra lnkAA (1) Aptopadesa- vkIrk% f'k"Vk fccq}kLrs rs"kka okD;ela'k;e~A lR;a o{;fUr rs dLeknlR;a uhjtLrek%A Those who are enlightened and knowledgeable are absolutely free from rajas and tamas (psychological doshas). By virtue of this, they possess knowledge of Trikala (past, present and future) and are known as authorities (aptas), desciplined, (Shishta), enlightened (vibuddha) persons. Their words are considered absolute truth without any doubt. As they are free from rajas and tamas, how could they tell lie ? Aptopadesa is something which is proposed/pronounced by saints or scholars who do not have any prejudice in revealing the truth. These scholars are called as „Aptas‟ and their sayings are known as „Aptopadesa‟.

(2) Pratyaksha - Prati + Aksha = i.e. which is in front of Netradi indriya is known as pratyaksha. Pratyaksha Means Perception or direct observation, with the help of sense organs. vkResfUnz; euks·FkkZuka lfUud"kkZr~ izorZrsA O;Drk rnkRos ;k cqf)% izR;{ka lk fu:P;rsA ¼p- lw- 11@20½ The knowledge / intelligence acquired by the unison of Atma (soul), Indriya (sense organs), Manas (mind) and artha (object of sense organs) is called as Pratyaksha.

izR;{kiwoZ f=fo/ka f=dkya pkuqeh;rsA ofâfuxw

(4) Yukti - Yukti is the fourth means of knowledge. ty d"kZ.k cht% _rqla;ksxkr~ 'kL; laHkoA ;qfDr% "kM~/kkrq la;ksxkn~ xHkZ.kka laHkoLrFkkAA eUFk eUFku eUFkku la;ksxknfXu laHko%A ;qfDr ;qDrk prq"iknlain O;kf/kfuoZg.khAA ¼p-lw- 11@24½ Example - Growth of crops from the combination of Water, irrigation land, seed and seasons. Similarl Formation of embryo from the combination of six factors (pancha mahabhuta and atman) Production of fire from the combination of the lower-fire-drill, upper-fire-drill and the act of drilling. In a similar manne Cure of diseases by fourfold efficient therapeutic measures. (Chatushapada - The vaidya, medicines, paramedical staff, and the patient) cqf) i';fr ;k Hkkoku~ cgqdkj.k;ksxtku~A ;qfDrfL=dkyk ;k Ks;k f=oxZ% lk/;rs ;;kAA ¼p-lw- 11@25½ The intellect which perceives things as outcome of combination of multiple causative factors, valid for Trikala (past, present and future), is known as Yukti (reasoning). This helps in the fulfillment of the three objects of human life, i.e., righteousness (Dharma), wealth (Artha) and desire (Kama).

This is how the four fold examination helps in establishing the existence and non-existence of things. This examinations can prove the theory of rebirth.

33 www.ayurvedpg.com Charaka Samhita AshtaTrika (Eight Triads) Ashta Trika (Eight Triads) – have been described in this chapter by the sage Krsnatreya 1. Tris Eshaniya – Three basic desires of life 2. Trayopasthambha – Three factors supporting life, 3. Trividha Bala – Three types of strength, 4. Tri Ayatana – Three types of causes (of diseases) , 5. Tri Roga – Three types of diseases, 6. Trayo Rogamarga – Three channels of disease manifestation 7. Trividha Bhishaja – Three types of physicians and 8. Trividha Aushadha – Three types of therapies /treatment.

Trayopasthambhas Upasthambhas – They are three and hence known as „Trayopasthambhas‟ viz., Aahara, Nidra, Brahmacharya. (Trayosthambha – Vata, Pitta, Kapha) =; miLrEHkk bfr & vkgkj% LoIuks cãp;ZfefrA ¼p- lw- 11@33½ Vagbhatta & vkgkj'k;u·czãp;Z% ;qDR;k iz;ksftrS%A ¼va- â- lw- 7@12½ According to Vagbhatta Trayopasthambhas are – Aahara, Nidra, Abrahmacharya (Maithuna)

Trividha Bala Sahaja (hereditary, since birth), kalaja (seasonal or periodic), and yuktikrita (acquired). 1. Sahaja – Sahaja bala is present in body and mind since birth or naturally. 2. Kalaja – Kalakrita bala is according to the seasonal variations and age of the person. 3. Yuktikruta – Yukti krita bala or acquired strength (by having Panchakarma, Rasayana therapies), by combination of diet and regimen followed by the person.

Tri Ayatana Atiyoga (excessive utilisation), ayoga (non-utilisation) and mithyayoga (wrong utilisation) of artha (objects of senses), karma (actions) and kala (time) are three causes of diseases Prajnaparadha – bfr f=fo/ka fodYia f=fo/keso deZ izKkijk/k bfr O;oL;sr~A ¼p- lw- 11@41½ Three types of vikalpa (atiyoga, ayoga and mithyayoga) and three actions (speech, mind and body) comes under category of deeds done of prajnaparadha (intellectual defects). r=Saada Li'kZufefUæ;k.kka bfUæ;O;kida psr% leokf; A ¼p-lw- 11@38½ The sense of touch is present/pervades in all the senses, it is associated with mind. The mind is pervaded in sense of touch, the latter in turn in all senses. The asatmyaindriyarthsamyoga (unwholesome union) of the sense organs with their objests, prajnaparadha (intellectual defect) and parinama (seasonal effects) along with three types (atiyoga, ayoga and mithyayoga) are the three causes of diseases.

Tri Roga There are 3 types of diseases – Nija (endogenous), agantuja (exogenous) and manasa (psychological). 1. Nija vyadhi (endogenous diseases) are caused by vitiation of body doshas (vata, pitta and kapha). 2. Agantuja (exogenous diseases) are caused bhuta (invisible organisms), poison, wind, fire and trauma. 3. Manasa (psychological diseases) are caused by conflict between not getting the desired things and getting non desired things

34 www.ayurvedpg.com Charaka Samhita Trividha rogamargas 1- 'kk[kk & r= 'kk[kk jän;ks /kkroLRod~ p] l ckâ;jksx ekxZ%A & The shakha includes tissue elements like blood and skin etc.; this is considered as bahya Rogamarga.(external path for disease manifestation). 2- dks"B & dks"B% iquZ:P;rs egkL=ksr 'kjhj e/;a egkfuEuekeiDok'k;'psfr Ik;kZ;'kCnSLrU=s l jksxekxZ vkH;arj%A Koshtha is known as Mahastrotas it is sharira madhya, mahanimna , ama-pakwashaya, this is abhyantara rogamarga (internal pathway for disease manifestation). 3- vfLFklaf/keeZ & eekZf.k iquZ% ofLrân;ew/kkZnhfu vfLFklU/;ks·fLFkls;ksxkLr=ksifuc)k'p Luk;qd.Mjk l e/;e jksxekxZ% Marmas are basti (urinary bladder), hridaya (heart), murdha (head) etc. bones, joints, ligaments and tendons, is considered as madhyama rogamarga (middle pathway for manifestation of disease). (1) Bahya roga margam – (shakha marga or peripheral path) – 14 rogas mentioned :- 1. Galaganda 2. Pidika 3. Alji 4. Aapci 5. Adhimamsa 6. Mashaka 7. Masaka 8. Kustha 9. Vyanga 10. Vidradhi 11. Arsa 12. Visarpa 13. Sotha 14. Gulma (2) Madhyam roga margam – (Vasti, hridya, murdha, marmas, asthi-sandhi, kandara sira, dhamani) 1. Paksaghatam 2. Paksagraham 3. Apatanaka 4. Ardita 5. Sosa 6. Rajayakshma 7. Guda bramsa 8. Hridroga 9. Siro rogas 10. Vasti rogas 11. Asthi sandhi sula (3) Abhyantara roga margam – (Kostha marga (digestive system) - 16 rogas mentioned :- 1. Jwara 2. Atisara 3. Chardi 4. Swas 5. Kasa 6. Hikka 7. Alasaka 8. Visuchika 9. Udara 10. Anaha 11. Pliha 12. Vidradhi 13. Arsa 14. Visarpa 15. Sotha 16. Gulma

Trividha Aushadha 1. Daivavyapashraya – eU=kS"kf/k ef.keaxycY;qigkj gksefu;e izk;f'pr miokl LoLR;;u izkf.kikr xeukfnA (divine or spiritual therapy) - Mantara, Oushadha, Mani, , Bali, Upahara, Homa, Niyama, Prayaschitta, Upavasa, Swastyayana, Pranipata, Gamana etc. are adviced in this chikitsa. 2. Yuktivyapashyraya - iqujkgkj vkS"k/knzO;k.kka ;kstukA Yuktivyapashyraya includes proper dietetic regimen (Ahara) & medicine (aushadha dravya) planning. 3. Satvavajaya – iqu% vfgrsH;ks·FksZH;ks euksfuxzg%A- Sattvavajaya is withdrawal of mind from harmful objects. Onther 3 Types – 1. Antah Parimarjana - Panchakarma chikitsa. 2. Bahi Parimarjana - External application like Abhyanga, Sweda, Pradeha, Parisheka, Mardana. 3. Sastra Pranidhana - Surgical procedures like Chedana, Bhedana, Vyadhana, Darana, Lekhana, Utpatana, Pracchana, Sivana, Agni karma, Kshara karma, Jalukavacharana etc. Trividha Bhishaja 1. Chadmachara (pseudo physicians)-oS|Hkk.MkS"k/kS% iqLrS% iYyoSjoyksduS%A yHkUrs ;s fHk"kd~ 'kCneKkLrs izfr:idkAA Those who carry equipments, medicines, books, green herbs and dress up like vaidyas are ignorant of medical science, fool others and are just fake vaidya or quacks. 2. Siddhisadhita (feigned physicians)-Jh ;'kksKkufl)kuka O;ins'kknrf)/kk%A oS|'kCn yHkUrs ;sKs;kLrs fl)lkf/krk%AA A person who poses like a wealthy, famous, knowledgeable and siddha (expert) person, but in reality is not like so, belongs to the category of feigned physicians. 3. VaidyaGuna Yukta (genuine physician) – iz;ksx Kku foKku flf) fl)k% lq[kiznk%A thforkfHkljkLrs L;q%A Those who are accomplished in the administration of therapies, insight and knowledge of therapeutics are endowed with infallible success and can bring out happiness to the patient are saviours of life.

35 www.ayurvedpg.com Charaka Samhita 12. Vata Kalakaliya Sambhasha parishad – 8 sages assembled at a place and discussed bout the good and bad properties of vata dosha. Vatakalakaliya means Vata +kala+Akala = Vata - Kala – Guna Akala – Dosha. (1) 6 physical qualities of Vata by Kusha – :{k y?kq 'khr nk:.k [kjfo'knk% "kfMes okrxq.kk HkofUr*A ¼dq'k½ 1. Rooksha – Dryness 2. Laghu – Lightness 3. Sheeta – Coldness, 4. Daruna – instability, 5. Khara – coarseness, roughness and 6. Vishada – non-sliminess, clarity. – are the six qualities of Vata.

(2) Causes of Aggravation of Vata by Kumaras Shira Bharadvaja - Vata Dosha gets aggravated by use of diet, medicines & activities that are similar to these 6 qualities. Because, diet and activities of similar properties leads to increase of Dosha of similar qualities.

(3) Cause of Dosha Balance By Bahilka Vaidya Kankayana - Diet and activities having opposite qualities of a Dosha, leads to mitigation (balancing) of that aggravated Dosha. 1. Snigdha – unctuousness, oiliness 2. Guru – heaviness, 3. Ushna – heat, 4. Shlakshna – smoothness, 5. Mrudu – softness, 6. Picchila – sliminess and & Ghana – compactness.

(4) Mode of action of aggravating and alleviating factors by Badisa Dhamargava – The aggravating factors of Asanghata (unquantifiable) and Anavasthita (unstable) Vata are – Rooksha – dryness Laghu – lightness, Sheeta – coldness, Daruna – coarseness, Khara – rough, Vishada – clarity, non sliminess, Sushira – hollowness. The alleviating factors of the Vata, on the other hand, are those which bring about Snigdha – unctuousness, oiliness Guru – heaviness, Ushna – heat, Shlakshna – smoothness, Mrudu – softness, Picchila – sliminess and Ghana – compactness. By the use of these qualities, Vata gets dislodged from the affected place and gets alleviated.

36 www.ayurvedpg.com Charaka Samhita (5) Functions of normal and abnormal Vata by Vayorvida – Vayorvida explained the functions (normal and aggravated) of Vata Dosha, which is present inside and outside the body. Functions of normal vata of body -  Tantra yantra dharah. – (Tantra = Body, Yantra = Organs)  Pranodanasamana vyanapranatma – It consists Prana, Udana, Samana, Apana and Vyana.  Pravartakascestanamuccavacanam – It Prompts all types of action.  Niyanta pranetaca manasah – It restrains and impels mental activities  Sarvendriyanamudyojakah, Sarvendriyanamabhivodha – It coordinates all sense faculties and helps in enjoyment of their objects.  Sarva sarira dhatu vyuhakarah, Sandhankarah sarirasya – It brings about compactness in all the tissue elements of the body.  Pravartako-vacah – It prompts speech.  Karta garbha krinam – It moulds the shape of the embryo.  Ayusoanuvritti pratya bhuto – It is indicative of the continuity of span of the life.

Synonyms of Vata – Bhagwan (God), Vidhata (lord of all creatures), Yama (God of Death) , Mratyu (Death), Prajapati, Niyanta (controller), (the first one), (creator of the universe), is (omniform), Sarvaga (omni-pervading), the regulator of all actions and thoughts in the universe, Vibhu (omnipresent). It is lord and permeates the whole universe.

(6) Normal and abnormal functions of pitta by Marici – ^vfXujso 'kjhjs fiÙkkUxrZ% dqfirkdqfir% 'kqHkk'kqHkkfu djksfr%*A

Marichi said; “it is Agni alone represented by Pitta in the body which brings about good or bad effects according to its normal or imbalanced state. e.g Pakti - digestion or Apakti - indigestion, Darshana - vision or Adarshana - loss of vision, normalcy or imbalance of body heat, of skin complexion, Shourya –valour or Bhaya – fear, Krodha – anger and Harsha – joy, Attachment and happiness and such other pairs of opposite qualities.

(7) Normal and abnormal functions of Kapha by Kapya – lkse ,oa 'kjhjs 'ys"ekUrxZr% dqfirkdqfir% 'kqHkk'kqHkkfu djksfr%A Kapya said, “Soma which is represented by Kapha in the body brings about good or bad effects according to this normal or abnormal state. E.g Dardhya – sturdiness and Shaithilya – brittleness, Upachaya – good nourishment, Karshya – emaciation, Utsaha – enthusiasm and Alasya – laziness, Vrushata – potency and Kleebata – impotency, Jnana – knowledge and Ajnana – ignorance and such other pairs of qualities.

Concluding remarks by Atreya - All the three Doshas viz. Vata, Pitta and kapha while they are in their natural state, Avyapannam Indriyam – maintain proper functioning of sense organs without any abnormality, Bala Varna Sukha Ayusha – maintains strength, complexion, happiness and long life span. In life, if one follows good aspects of Dharma (righteousness), Artha (wealth), Kama (desire) he will have a successful life. But if follows bad aspects of Dharma, Artha & Kama, then one will have bad quality of life. Likewise, if one maintains Tridosha in good condition, he will have health or disease.

37 www.ayurvedpg.com Charaka Samhita 13. Sneha Adhayaya Sneha Yoni – 2 – 1. Sthavara (Vegetable) – Til ool, etc 2. Jangam (Animal)– Ghrita, Vasa, Majja Tila taila – sesame oil is the most efficacious for the purpose of strength and oiling the body, Eranda tail – castor oil is best oil for purgation

Type of Sneha – 4 –Snehas are four viz., Ghrita, Taila, Vasa, Majja are considered the best sneha. Ghrita is considered as the best among all the snehas because of “Samsakara Anuvartana guna”

Sneha Guna karma (Properties) Seasonal indications 1. Ghrita ?k`ra fiÙkkfuygja jl'kqØkStlka fgre~A fuokZi.ka e`nqdja] Lojo.kZ izlknue~A Sharad ritu Alleviates pitta and vata, beneficial for rasa, shukra and oja, Nirvapana (Dahashamak), softens the tissues, Swara-Varna Prasadana. 2. Taila ek:r?ua u p 'ys"eo/kZu cyo/kZue~A RoP;a m".ka fLFkjdja rSya ;ksfufo'kks/kue~AA Pravrita ritu Vitiated vata, does not aggravate kapha, it promotes body strength. Twachaya, Ushna virya, Sthirakara, Yoni visodhana-purifies the vagina 3. Vasa fo) HkXukgr Hkz"V;ksfu] d.kZf'kjks:ftA ikS:"kksip;s Lusgs O;k;kes ps";rs olkAA Useful in Madhav Kala Used for the treatment of punctured wounds, fracture, trauma, uterine (Vasanta ritu) prolapse, earache and headache, Pourushopachay - enhancing virility. 4. Majja Cky 'kqØ jl ’ys"e esnks eTtk foo/kZu%A eTtk fo'ks"krks·LFuka p cyÑr Lusgus fgr%AA Madhav Kala The bone marrow enhances, strength, Shukra rasa, kapha, meda & majja It especially strengthens bones and useful for oleation.

In case of aggravation of vata - pitta dosha, and in summer season, sneha should be consumed at night. In aggravation of kapha and in cold season, it should be consumed at day time.

Sneha consumed at day time during hot season or by person who has great aggravation of vata-pitta, can lead to diseases such as Murcha, Pipasa - severe thirst, Unmada and Kamala. Sneha consumed at night during cold season or by person who has great aggravation of kapha, can causes diseases such as Anaha - flatulence, Aruchi -Anorexia, Shula - pain, or Pandu - anemia.

Anupana for Snehas - tyeq".ka ?k`r is;a ;w"kLrSys·uq'kL;rsA olkeTtksLrq e.M% L;kRlosZ"kw".keFkkEcq okAA ¼p- lw- 13½ (i) Ghrita - Ushanodaka (hot water) (ii) Taila - Yusha (Pulses soup) (iii) Vasa & Majja - Manda (thin gruel) Note- all these snehas may be taken with the Anupana of Ushanodaka (hot water) is the common However, there is an exception that Seetodaka (cold water) is advised while Tuvaraka & Bhallataka taila are used. Sneha Pravicharna – 24 recipes of oils and fats – Charaka (Kashyap – 20) 1. Rasa 2.Odana 3.Vilepi 4.Yavagu 5.Mamsa 6.Supa 7. Shaka 8.Yusha 9.Dudha 10.Dahi 11.Madhya 12.Leha 13. Khanda 14.Kambalika 15.Tilkalka 16.Sattu 17.Bhakshay 8.Abhyanjana 19. Karna taila 20.Akshi tarpana 21.Nasya 22.Gandusha 23.Basti 24.Uttarbasti vPNis;Lrq ;% Lusgks u rkekgqfoZpkj.kke~A LusgL; ; fHk"kXn`"V% dYi% izFkedfYid%A ¼p- lw 13@26½ 38 www.ayurvedpg.com Charaka Samhita Pravicharana – Sneha taken with food Accha pana – Only sneha (1st kalpana) 64 Pavicharana – With the samyoga of rasa as per Charaka, Vagbhata Samyoga with rasa – 63 2. Acchapana - 1

Sneha matra Sneha matra Pachana kaal Disease Condition 1. Pradhana Digests in Sarpa danshta, Visarpa, Unmaad, Kshuta pipaasa saha, nitya sneha sevi (maximum) 24 hours Gulma, Mutra kriccha, Vibandha Tikshna agni, Sharir bala Pravara. 2. Madhyama Digests in Kshudra kustha, Kustha, Mridu koshthi, (moderate) 12 hours Prameha, Vata rakta Madhyama – Agni bala, Sharir bala 3. Hraswa Digests in Jwara, Atisaar, Kasa Rikta koshta, Vridha, Bala, Sukumar, (minimum) 6 hours Mandagni, Avara bala

Madhyama Matra & Ekk=S"kk eUnfoHkza’kk u pkfrcygkfj.khA lq[ksu p Lusg;fr 'kks/kukFksZ p ;qP;rsA (Mandavibhransha – Provides oleation with ease, and can be used for shodhana (body purification). Pradhana Matra & nks"kkuqdf"kZ.kh ek=k loZekxkZuqlkfj.khA cY;k iquuZodkjh 'kjhjsfUnz;psrlke~A(Himachal PSC 2012) Maximum dose quickly cures diseases. It removes excess of vitiated dosha out of the body, reaches all body channels, improves strength and rejuvenates the body, sense organs, and the mind. Hraswa Matra & Ikfjgkjs lq[kk pS"kk ek=k Lusgu c`ag.khA o`";k cY;k fujck/kk fpja pkI;uqorZrsA ¼p- lw 13@40½ Hrasiyasi matra - Digests in less than 2 Yam (3 hours), it may be used as 'test dose'. - Vagbhatta

Sneha Guna karma (Properties) 1.Ghrita Persons having vata-pitta prakriti, those suffering from vata-pitta disorders] KshataKsheena Chakshu Kama, Ayuprakarsha Kama, Pushti Kama, Praja Kama. Those willing to have, good complexion, voice, nourishment, progeny, tenderness, luster, Ojas, memory, intelligence, power of digestion, wisdom, proper functioning of sense organs Injury by weapon, poison and fire should drink ghrita. 2. Taila Aggravated kapha dosha, excess meda dhatu ] who have excess fat in throat and abdomen,] Persons having vata prakriti, those suffering from vata disorders. Krami koshta (worms), Krura koshta (unpredictable bowel), Nadi Vrana (wound sinuses) Those desirous of strength, slimness, lightness, steadiness, tenderness and smoothness. 3. Vasa okrkrlgk] :{kk] Hkkjk/odf'kZrk] la'kq"d jsrks:f/kjk] dQesn{k;k & those with less Kapha and Medas, egr~ vfXucy & Those who have strong digestive power] olklkRE; & used to consuming vasa vfLFk&lfU/k&fljk&Luk;q&eeZdks"B egk:t% & those who suffer from severe pain in bones, joints, veins, ligaments, vital spots and alimentary tract. Those whose channels of circulation are affected by strong Vata, 4.Majja Deeptagni- strong digestive power, kleshasaha - are capable of tolerating excessive physical exertion, Ghasmara - who eat large quantities of food often] who consume sneha often, those suffering from vata disorders] Øwjdks"Bk & Krura koshta (unpredictable bowel) Sneha pana Avadhi (Duration of oleation) – LusguL; izd"kkSZ rq lIrjk=f=jkdkSA ¼p- lw 13@51½

39 www.ayurvedpg.com Charaka Samhita 1. Mridu Kostha – Minimum period is 3 days. 2. Krura Koshta – Maximum period is 7 days.

Snehana yogya – Los|k% 'kks/kf;rkO;k'p :{kk okrfodkfj.k%A O;k;kee|L=hfuR;k% Lusák% L;q;sZ p fpUrdk%A Before swedana /shodhana, ruksha, vatavyadhi, daily vyayama Madhya stri prasanga sevi, chintasheel Snehana ayogya – Urustambha, Amavaat, increased kapha meda, mandagni, garbhini, talushosha, trishna, murcha, annadwesha, chardi, udar roga, ama dosha, durbal, kshhena, after nasya & basti Sneha pana is contraindicated in Jalodara, Chidrodara, Urusthambha etc. Atisnigdha – Panduta. Gaurav, Jadyata, stool indicative of indigestion, Tandra, Aruchi, Utaklesh. ik.Mqrk xkSjoa] tkM;a] iqjh"kL;kfoiDorkA rUnzk v:fp mRDys'k% L;kr~ vfrfLuX/k y{k.ke~A¼p- lw 13@59½

Ahaar before Snehapana – nzoks".keufHk";fUn HkksT;Uua - drava, ushna, anabhisyandi, less oily food taken. On the day before administration of sneha, one should take warm, liquid diet in proper quantity. For samshodhana – it should be given when food consumed in the previous night has been digested.

For Samshamana – it should be taken at the time of meals (When hungry). 1. Saam pitta – Only ghritapana (Acchapana) is contra indicated 2. Niraam pitta – Only ghritapana is given Mradu Kostha %& mnh.kZfiŸk∙YidQk xzg.kh eUnek:rkA e`nqdks"BL; rLekr~ l lqfojsP;ks uj% Le`r%A ¼p-lw- 13@71½ These do not help an individual suffering from Krura Kostha - hard bowel movement because of the prominence of vata in their grahani (duodenum). “Soft bowel individuals” have predominance of pitta and less kapha and vata in their duodenum, and hence gets purgation easily.

Sneha vyapat – 19 – Tandra, utklesha, Aanaah, jwara, Stambha, Visangyata, Kushtha, Kandu, Pandu, Arsha, Shotha, Aruchi, Udarroga, Grahani, Staimitya, Trishna, Jihwastambha, Udarshula, Amadosha. Treatment – Vamana, Swedana, samsrana, ruksha annapana, Takrarishta, triphala

Note - After Sneha Karma if Vamana is to be performed, then it may be done after one day, Virechana may be performed after 3 days. izLdanua fojspue~ – Praskandana is synonyms of Virechana Karma.

Role of salt in Sadyo Snehana – quick oleation – yo.kksifgrk% Lusgk% Lusg;UR;éfpjkje~AA ¼p- lw- 13@98½ Sneha added with salt produces oleation quickly since salt is abhishyandi (produces more moisture in the tissues), Ruksha, Sukshma (that passes though subtle channels), Ushana - hot in potency and vyavayi (spreads to all parts quickly and then undergoes digestion). Lavana Properties & ^r);fHk";U|:{ka p lw{eeq".ka O;okf; p* & ¼p- lw- 13@98½ (Uattarakhand 2014)

Panchaprasritika peya – Ghrita, taila, vasa, majja, & tandula – Each 1 prasruta Pancha prasritaki Peya is prepared of ghee, oil, muscle fat, marrow and rice – 1 Prasrita of each. This is prescribed for one in need of oleation therapy. Vicharna & Lusg f}"k% LusgfuR;k e`nqdks"B’p ;s ujk%A Dys'klgk e|fuR;k% rs"kkfe"Vk fopkj.kkA ¼p-lw- 13@82½ Persons who dislike sneha, use fats daily, Mridukoshti - have soft bowel, Kleshasaha - can withstand strain, and who consume alcohol often are suitable for vicharana.

40 www.ayurvedpg.com Charaka Samhita 14. Sweda Adhayaya

Swedana - Swedana cures various disorders of vata and kapha origin (Cha.Su.14/3). Classification of Sweda – (A) 3 types - Durbala, Madhyama & Mahan sweda. 1. If the diseases is mild, moderately cold climate and the body is Strong - Mahan (Strong) Swedana is prescribed. 2. If all are of moderate nature, then Madhyama (moderate) Swedana is prescribed. 3. In a weak person Durbala (mild) Swedana is prescribed (B) 3 types - Snigdha, Rooksha & Snighda-Rooksha sweda. 1. Snigdha sweda - In Vata imbalance disorder 2. Rooksha Sweda - In Kapha imbalance disorder 3. Snighda-Rooksha sweda - In Vata – Kapha imbalance disorder vkek’k;xrs okrs dQs iDok’k;kfJrsA :{kiwoksZ fgr% Losn% LusgiwoZLrFkSo’pAA ¼p-lw- 14@9½ When vata is located at the site of ama (amashaya), sudation is administered with Ruksha agents and When kapha is located in the site of pakva (pakwashaya), sudation is initiated with Snigdha agents. laxzgs.k p "kV~ Losnk% Losnk/;k;s fuZnf’kZrk%AA "kV Losn laxzg & Sagni & Niragni sweda, Ekanga & Sarvanga sweda, Snigdha & Ruksha sweda o`"k.kkS ân;a n`"Vh Losn;sr~ e`nq uSo ok A e/;ea o{ka.kkS 'ks"ka vaxko;ofe"Vr%AA ¼p-lw- 14@9½ 1. Vrishana, Hridaya, Netra (testicles, precordium and eyes) – Swedana is not done or done very gently If necessary done „Mridu sweda‟ (Vagbhatta – Swalpa sweda) 2. Vankshana (area of groins) – „Madhyam sweda‟ (Vagbhatta – Alpa sweda) 3. In other parts of the body, sudation is done as desired. Care during swedana kama - While sudation is being administered, the precordial region should be frequently touched with a string of cool pearls or cold vessels or wet lotuses or even with wet hands.

Signs of Ideal fomentation – Samyak Swinna Lakshana - Sheeta Shoola Vyuparama – complete recovery from coldness and pain, Sthambha Gaurava Nigraha – relief from stiffness and heaviness of the body Mardava – softness or tenderness of body parts Signs of excessive sweating treatment – Ati Sweda Lakshana - Aggravation of Pitta, Murcha, fatigue, excessive thirst, daha,, dourbalya (weakness) Treatment of Atiswinna – Charaka – Grishma ritucharya follow – madhur, snigdha, sheetal ahaar vihaar Sushruta, Sarangdhar – Sheetal upachaar Vagbhatta – Stambhana chikitsa Kashyapa – Visarp sam chikitsa

Contraindications - Nitya Madyapanah, Garbhini, Raktapitta, Madhumeha, Atisara, Dagdha Vrana, Pandu, Kushta, Rajaswala, Visarpa, Guda bhramsa etc. Indications - Pratisyaya, Swasa, Kasa, Hikka, Vata roga, Sukraghata, Vriddhi, Ama dosha Upanaha sweda - To prevent burning sensations, the bandage applied at night should be removed in the morning and the one applied during the day.

41 www.ayurvedpg.com Charaka Samhita Sagni sweda - 13 types ladj% izLrjks ukMh fj"ksdks·oxkgue~A tsUrkdks·'e?ku% d"kwZ dqVh Hkw dqfHkdSo pA dwiks gksykd bR;srs Losn;fUr =;ksn'k%A Sankara, Prastara, Nadi, Parisheka, Avagahana, Jentaka, Asmaghana, Karshu, Kuti, Bhu, Kumbhika, Kupa & Holaka. (1) Sankara- drug is made as a bolus (Pinda) & tied in a cloth and applied on the body after heating (2) Prastara - over a stone the heated drugs are pored and on that the patient is made to lay-down. (3) Nadi - steam is given through a pipe in this method. Shape of Nadi - Trunk of an elephant ¼xtkxzgLr laLFkku;k½ The pipe is required to be 1 or ½ Vyama long with its proximal end, and ⅛ of Vyama in the distal end. The pipe should be curved in 2 or 3 places. Curvatures of the pipe help to lessen the intensity of vapour so as to avoid burning sensation. (4) Parisheka - Vata hara or vata-kapha hara drugs are pored all over the body in the liquid form. (5) Avagaha - A tub should be filled up with Kashaya, milk, oil, ghee, meat juice or hot water that balances vata and the patient should take bath in it. (duration of Avagaha swed – 1 Muhurta) (6) Jentaka - a room (Kutagara) is constructed with small holes in the walls aroung and the room is used for Swedana in Hemanta Ritu. The height and diameter of the building should be 16 × 16 aratnis each. Kutagara should be situated at a distance of 7 – 8 Aratnis from the water reservoir. (7) Asmaghana - A compact slab of stone of the measurement of a man on it the vata hara drugs Are burnt and later removed. The same place is used to keep the patient so as to produce sweating. (8) Karshu- shallow girth (Karshu) is made on the ground amd the heated drugs are pored into that. Then the cot is placed over that for sweating. (9) Kuti- in a hut the patient is kept and fire is lit in all the four corners leading to sweating. (10) Bhu- the process is similar to Asmaghana but is performed on the surface of the ordinary soil. (11) Kumbhi- a pot is dipped into the soil and the patient is allowed to keep it beneath his chair etc., and is covered with a blanket to get the sweda totally. (12) Kupa- A well-like pit of the width of a bed and twice as deep as width should be dug out in an auspicious place which is not exposed to wind. It should be filled with the dung of elephants, horses, cows, asses or and then ignited. A bed should then be placed over this well. The person well- massaged and well-covered, lying on this bed gets comfortably fomented (13) Holaka- similar to Kupa sweda but A heap of dung (of elephants, horses, cows, asses or camels) of the size of a bed is to be ignited.

Niragni sweda - 10 types Charaka -10-O;k;ke m".klnua xq:izokj.ka {kq/kkA cgqikua Hk; Øks/kkoqiukgkgokrik%AA Losn;fUr n'kSrkfu ujefXuxq.kkn`rsA 1. Vyayama – exercise, 2. Ushma Sadana – residing in a warm chamber, 3. Guru Pravarana –heavy clothing, 4. Kshuda – hunger, 5. Bahupana – excessive drinking, 6. Bhaya – fear, 7. Krodha – anger, 8. Upanaha – application of poultice, 9. Aha – wrestling and 10. Atapa – exposure to sunlight. Sushuta -8 - dQesnks·fUors ok;kS fuokrkrixq:izkoj.kfu;q)k/oO;k;keHkkjgj.kke"ksZ% LosneqRikn;sfnfrA ¼lq- fp- 32@15½ Nivat, Aatap, Gurupravarana, Niyudha, Adhwa, Vyayama, Bhara harana, Amarsha Niragni sweda is best when vata is avrita by meda & kapha ¼Losnks fgrLRoukXu;ksa okrs esn%dQko`rsA½

42 www.ayurvedpg.com Charaka Samhita 15. Upakalpaneeyam Adhayaya Upakalpaneeyam (guidelines for hospital management) Requirements of a doctor to carry out proper Ayurvedic treatment include a good hospital, availability of medical attendants, instruments and medicines related with the treatment. These requirements are very essential in case of administration of Panchakarma treatments like Vamana (emesis) and Virechana (purgation). The variations in conditions of dosha, drugs, place, time, strength, body, diet, suitability, mind pattern, constitution, and age (Dosha, Bheshaja, Desh, Kala, Bala, Sharira, Ahara, Satmya, Satva, Prakruti & Vaya) are subtle to understand. The patient should then be treated by means of snehana and Swedana therapies Before Samshodhana.

Procedure of therapeutic emesis (Vamana Karma) - The Dosage of the Kashayam of the fruit of Madana (Randia Dumetorum Lam) and of all the other drugs used in elimination therapy should be determined according to the individual needs. After administration of the kashayam, the patient should be observed for 1 muhurt (48 minutes). Losn izknwHkkZo & nks"k izfoy;u (Delhi PSC 2009) ykse g"kZ & LFkkusH;% izpfyrA dqf{k lek/eiku & dqf{keuqxraA gYykl – vkL; lzko.k & m/oZ eq[kh Hkwre~A The first noticeable effect would be perspiration which indicates that the Dosha has started melting. Thereafter, the patient would exhibit horripilation showing movement of dosha from its own position. In the third stage patient will have distension of the abdomen (kuskhi adhmana) indicative of the Doshas having shifted to gut. Nausea and salivation occur in the fourth stage, indicating the upward movement of dosha. At this stage, the patient should be asked to sit on a comfortable chair of knee height, which is well covered and equipped with bed-sheet, towel, pillow and cushion. Good friends, whose presence is not embarrassing to the patient, should attend him and support his head, press his navel, and massage his back in order to facilitate emesis.

Inadequate administration of Vamana therapy - Absence of vomiting or occasional vomiting, Vomiting of the drug material only, may lead to purgation, Obstruction to the vomiting urges. Signs of proper administration of Vamana therapy - Manifestation of the vomiting urges in time, Absence of too much pain Elimination of Doshas in proper order. (Kapha → Pittta → Vata) The urge for vomiting will recede on its own, after the Doshas are properly eliminated. Over administration of Vamana – QsfuyjDr pfUædksixeue~ bfr vfr;ksx y{k.kkfu HkofUrA Over-administration of therapy may lead to frothy or blood stained vomitus. Post procedure instructions - After proper emesis (vamana), the patient is advised to wash his face, hands and feet, and then take rest for one muhurta (48 minutes). Thereafter, he is directed to inhale medicated smoke (dhumapana) made up of ingredients that are snaihika (unctuous), vairechanika (errhine) or upashamaniya (sedative).

43 www.ayurvedpg.com Charaka Samhita Complications of Vamana treatment or Vamana vyapat – 10 - 1. Adhmana – distension of abdomen, 2. Parikartika – sawing type of pain, 3. Parisrava – excessive salivation, 4. Hrudaya Upasarana – palpitation, 5. Angagraha – rigidity, and 6. Jeevadana – hematemesis, 7. Vibhramsha – displacement of viscera of the body, 8. Sthamba – stiffness, 9. Shrama – fatigue

Samsarjana karma Yavagu Vilepi Odana + Yusha Mamsa rasa 1. Pradhana shuddhi - 7 days 12 Annakaal 2. Madhyam shuddhi - 5 days 8 Annakaal 3. Heena shuddhi - 3 days 4 Annakaal

Virechana – Purgation therapy (therapeutic purgation) - The patient should thereafter be given the drink of the paste of Trivrit ( Operculina turpethum ) in one aksha (12 gm) dose after stirring and mixing up. lE;d~ fofjDra pSua oeuksäsu /kweotsZu fof/kuksiikn;sr~ cyo.kZizd`frykHkkr~A After the patient has been administered purgation therapy properly, the complete regimen prescribed for vamana (therapeutic emesis), except herbal smoking, should be followed till he regains normal strength, complexion and health.

Benefits of Samshodhana –

eykig jksxgja cyo.kZizlknue~A ihRok la'kks/ku lE;xk;q"kk ;qT;rs fpje~A ¼p- lw- 15@22½ The benefits of a properly administered purification therapy include elimination of vitiated dosha, alleviation of disease, improvement in strength, complexion and longevity.

44