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Acts of Union (1706–07), 1, 63, 212 142–3, 150, 152, 162, 165, 168–73, Africa, 77, 81, 87, 109, 119, 143, 175, 175–8, 188, 190–1, 193, 195–6, 203, 178–9, 181, 186 206–7, 209, 211–13, 218–20, 222–4, Albion, 124 226–30, 232, 234–6, 238 Althusser, Louis, 211, 223 British constitution, 1–2, 22, 31, 65, Anglo-British, 16, 18–24, 26, 37–8, 65, 203–5, 207, 210, 212–15 69, 72, 74, 92, 95, 236 see also constitutional culture Anglocentrism, 124, 133, 210 British Empire, 1–4, 7, 10, 16–20, 24, 26, Anglo-Dutch rivalry, 85 32, 36–9, 43, 77–80, 82–3, 85, 87, Anglophone, 77, 210, 228 89, 103–4, 116–17, 120–1, 123, 124, Annesley, James, 81–2 126, 131–2, 137, 140–1, 148–50, Arendt, Hannah, 130, 132, 139–41, 208 152, 153, 159, 162, 165, 170, 172, Arnold, David, 81, 82 177–8, 180–1, 185–6, 191–4, 196, Arnold, Matthew, 11, 189–90, 196, 207–8, 210, 218, 222–3, 225–8, 232, 207, 220–1, 224, 228–9, 223–4, 235–7 231 British identity, 15, 18, 23, 47, 52, 54, 63, 65–6, 92–3, 120, 136, 138–9, Baldick, Chris, 209, 219, 221–2, 229 142, 162, 169, 171, 175, 189, 190, Ballard, J. G., 10, 147–60, 236 193, 210, 222–3, 234 Baring-Gould, William, 77–8, 83 British National Party (BNP), 19, 22, 27, Barkan, Elazar, 111 210 Barnes, Julian, 49, 164, 166, Britishness, 5, 17–18, 20–1, 23–4, 26, 34, 168, 170 51, 53–4, 63, 78, 109, 126, 140, Barnett Formula, 34 162–4, 173, 175–6, 196, 210, 222, Baucom, Ian, 5, 7, 64, 72, 78, 136, 140, 234–6, 238 162, 207, 223 see also United Kingdom (UK) BBC, 2–3, 11, 21, 27, 38, 159, 238 British state, 2–4, 6–8, 11, 22, 26, 40–2, Beer, Gillian, 112 52, 63, 65, 68–9, 85, 95, 106, 109, Belfast, 133, 135–6 113, 130–1, 137, 142, 203–4, 209–10, 214, 218, 220, 224–6, Bell, Joseph, 82 228–9, 231–2, 236 Berman, Jessica, 113 British union, 1, 4, 9, 22, 24–5, 43, 52, Black British, 10, 175–7, 186 69, 72, 118, 125, 165, 169, 171, 176, Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, 10, 206, 230, 232, 235 64–7, 70 Brown, Gordon, 32, 49, 172, 194, Blair, Tony, 4, 10, 33, 116–17, 125–8, 230–2 172, 222, 237 Browne Report, 230–1 Boer War, 81–2, 86, 104 Burke, Edmund, 11, 33, 38, 70, 205–8, Bowen, Elizabeth, 107 210–14, 236 Bradshaw, David, 108, 111 Bragg, Billy, 23, 42 Britain, 1–3, 5–11, 20, 24, 31, 33, 37–40, Cameron, David, 1, 3, 32, 35, 40 42–3, 46, 50, 65–6, 72, 74, 82, 85–7, Campaign for an English Parliament 89, 91–2, 107, 111, 114, 116–19, (CEP), 22 123–5, 127, 131, 135, 137–8, 140, Cannon Harris, Susan, 78–80, 88

247 248 Index canon (literary), 2, 4, 6, 7–11, 64, 73, Cook, Arthur, 10, 91–101 77–8, 83, 112, 189, 192–4, 196–7, Cool Britannia, 5, 172 199, 205–7, 209, 214, 222–3, 225, see also Brown, Blair and Labour Party 227–8 Crace, Jim, 195–6 capital, 2, 5, 7, 9, 21, 82–3, 85, 87, 135, Crawford, Robert, 7, 65–6, 74, 210, 150, 152, 155–6, 203, 211, 213–14, 220, 222 225, 227, 230 Crouch, Colin, 132, 208, 212 capitalism, 7–8, 31, 33–4, 37–40, 69, 74, custom, 48, 70, 96, 98, 134–5, 141 86, 121, 155, 195, 203, 220, 224–7, 229–30, 232 Dabydeen, David, 10, 177–82, 184, 186–7 Caribbean, 87, 175, 177, 182–4, 186 Darwin, Charles, 104–5, 109–10 Carr-Saunders, Alexander, 104, 111 democracy, 2, 4, 11, 24, 25, 32, 34–5, 38, Childs, Donald, 104, 111 40, 42, 69, 100, 141, 191–2, 197, civic nationalism, 10, 16, 20, 24, 26, 52, 205, 213, 220, 224, 230, 235–8 130–1, 140, 195 democratic deﬁcit, 5, 35, 212–14 civic society, 204, 208 Demos, 15 civility, 7, 210–12, 214, 220 Derbyshire, 92–3, 96–100, 108 class, 1, 3, 10, 18, 24, 34–6, 39, 42, 50, devolution, 3–6, 9, 11, 15, 20–2, 24–5, 52, 55, 64–6, 68, 72–3, 78–9, 86–7, 27, 33–5, 52–6, 64, 103, 112, 114, 92, 96, 98, 100–1, 110, 116, 119, 120, 131, 140, 162–3, 165, 168–9, 121–6, 133, 136, 147–60, 166, 169, 172–3, 177, 188–9, 192–3, 196–9, 172, 175, 182, 184–6, 191–4, 196–8, 207, 210, 212–13, 218–20 203, 205–6, 208–9, 218, 220–1, Diamond Jubilee, 2, 38 223–7, 232 Dicey, A.V., 51, 206–7, 212–14, 237 Cockney School of Poetry, 64, 66–7, Duffy, Stella, 27, 194–6, 198 70, 73 dystopia, 10, 160, 164–6, 168, 236 Cold War, 116, 122, 124, 126, 139 Colley, Linda, 5, 18, 63–4, 74, 163 Eagleton, Terry, 11, 190, 209, 219–32, colonialism, 1, 10, 18, 19, 21, 78–80, 84, 235, 239 89, 110, 119, 123, 126, 135, 137–8, Easthope, Anthony, 5, 67 143, 149–50, 152–3, 155–7, 169, Economist, The, 33, 43 177–82, 187, 226, 229, 236 Edinburgh Agreement, 1, 213 common law, 51–2 Edinburgh Review, 10, 64–5, 69 Commonwealth, 19, 203, 227 education, 6, 10, 25, 95, 106, 111, 147–8, Communism, 97, 99, 121, 183 159, 180, 189–90, 212, 221, 224, community, 15–16, 18, 20, 31, 43, 47, 229–30 53–4, 74, 111, 113, 135, 138, 159, see also higher education 169, 171, 177, 183, 186, 190, Ehrenkranz, Joel, 84 196–8, 223 Eliot, T.S., 2, 47, 89, 113, 207–8, 224, 226 Conan Doyle, Arthur, 9–10, 77–89, 236 Emergency Powers legislation (1920), Condor, Susan, 15, 18, 20, 24, 50, 53 95–7 Conservative–Liberal (Con–Lib) empire, 1–2, 5–11, 17–21, 23–4, 26, 33, Democrat Coalition Government, 4, 36, 37, 39, 50, 63, 64, 74, 77–83, 231 84–8, 89, 103, 111–14, 117–18, Conservative Party, 20, 22, 26–7, 35, 122–4, 130–2, 138, 140–3, 147–50, 38–40, 55, 125, 170–1 152–3, 155, 157–60, 169–72, 177–9, constitutional culture, 1, 203–5, 207, 181, 187, 189–93, 195–6, 199, 210, 212–15, 236–8 206–7, 209–10, 213, 219–20, 222–3, see also British constitution 225–9, 232, 235–7 contagion, 77–8, 80–1, 83–6, 88 see also British Empire and imperialism Index 249 empiricism, 67, 69–70, 74 Goschen Formula, 33–4 Engels, Friedrich, 116–17, 119, 121, 123 Greenwich Meridian, 206 English Defence League (EDL), 19, 27 English government, 16 Haddon, Alfred Cort, 105, 111, 114 English identity, 5, 10–11, 15, 17–20, Hawes, James, 10, 164–6, 169–72 23–4, 37–8, 42, 46–8, 51–4, 63–4, 67, Hazell, Robert, 5, 22, 55 70–1, 78, 83, 85, 91–2, 101, 107, Hazlitt, William, 64, 66–71, 73–4 110–12, 118–20, 124, 133–6, 141–2, higher education, 11, 218–19, 231 147, 150, 153, 160, 162–4, 166, Hirschman, Albert O., 34, 43 170–1, 176, 214, 221–2, 224–5, 234 History in literature, 2, 6, 38, 65, 111–12, English independence, 9, 15, 22, 24–7, 137, 168, 193–4, 198 130–1 Hobsbawm, Eric, 209, 219 English Literature, 7, 49, 64–5, 71, 74, Holmes, Sherlock, 10, 48, 77–80, 82–4, 91, 111, 114, 130–1, 188–90, 192–3, 86–9, 236 196, 199, 203–6, 209–14, 218–32, home, 2, 48–9, 56, 69, 71–3, 79–80, 88, 235–6 97, 99, 106, 108, 126–7, 134–5, see also literature of England 137–40, 148, 150, 181, 185, 226 English nationalism, 9, 15, 17–20, 22, homeland, 17, 49, 131, 163–4, 185–6, 24–7, 37, 50–1, 63, 108, 141, 191–2, 226 195, 197, 212, 222 Home Rule, 33, 208 English parliament, 21–4, 27, 35, 38, 52 Hunt, Leigh, 64, 66, 71–3, 114 ‘English question’, 4–6, 15, 21, 50, 52, Hussey, Mark, 105 55–6, 208 Huxley, Julian, 111 Esty, Jed, 5, 112, 114, 124, 132, 134, 162, 210, 219, 226 ideology, 6, 17, 82, 120, 159, 167, 170, ethnicity, 6–8, 16–19, 50, 52, 110–11, 192–3, 195–6, 203, 209 118, 127, 131, 140, 152, 175–6, immigration, 15, 18–19, 27, 35, 142, 181–4, 186–7, 203 187, 227 ethno-nation, 16, 18–19, 27, 160 imperialism, 1–2, 5–11, 17–21, 23–4, 26, ethnic nationalism, 140 33, 36–9, 50, 63–4, 74, 77–88, 103, eugenics, 10, 103–5, 109–10 111–14, 117–18, 122–7, 130–2, 138, Europe, 5, 115, 8, 20, 23, 27, 31, 35, 140–3, 147–50, 152–3, 155, 157–60, 41–3, 72, 81, 85, 87, 89, 106, 169–72, 177–9, 181, 187, 189–93, 108–12, 120–1, 123, 139, 169, 172, 195–6, 199, 206–7, 209–10, 213, 183, 186, 192, 208, 222, 234, 238 219–20, 222–3, 225–9, 232, 235–7 see also British Empire and empire Falklands/Malvinas War (1982), 37, independence, 41, 43–4, 87, 117, 130, 219, 234 165, 195, 203, 212, 214 far right, 19, 210 Indian and/or Pakistani independence, Faulks, Sebastian, 196 44, 118, 137 First World War, 91, 95, 120–2, 163, Institute for Public Policy Research 207–8, 225, 237 (IPPR), 15, 35, 51, 53–5 French Revolution, 70, 95, 204–6, 221 Institutions, 16, 65, 190, 218–22, 227, Freud, Sigmund, 109 229–32 British, 1, 15, 18, 20, 23, 33, 35, 39, Gates, Reginald Ruggles, 104 42, 46–7, 50, 54, 56, 159, 162–3, General Strike (1926), 10, 91–4, 96–9 168, 211, 222, 228 Gilroy, Paul, 18, 20 English, 8, 15–17, 24, 35, 38, 48, 51–3, globalisation, 35, 41, 126, 131–2, 134, 87, 164, 191, 211, 225 139, 220, 235 internal colonialism, 16, 21 250 Index internationalisation, 8, 220, 231 locality, 6–7, 18–19, 21, 64, 66–7, 72, 74, internationalism, 9, 91, 95, 118, 120, 93–8, 106, 109–10, 131, 151, 159, 225–6, 228, 232 160, 163, 171, 180, 183, 209, 211, Ireland, 25, 27, 33, 44, 51, 64, 78, 104, 226, 229–30 107, 116–17, 123, 125, 126, 134–7, delocalisation, 110 143, 155, 164, 169, 173, 180, 190, London, 2, 10–11, 36, 39, 43, 47, 64, 212, 226, 235 66–7, 77–80, 82–3, 85, 89, 91, Irish Free State, 44 106–7, 148, 154, 156–7, 159, 166–7, Irish identity, 164 175, 182, 184–5, 187, 194, 236 Irish independence, 44 MacDiarmid, Hugh, 103 Kent, Alan, 198 MacKay, Marina, 112 King’s List, 193–4, 198 Major, John, 125–6 Klinger, Leslie, 83 malingering, 10, 77, 80, 83, 86–8 Kumar, Krishan, 5, 17–18, 63, 71, 124–5, Marx, Karl, 116–17, 121 133, 162, 169, 172, 222 Marxism, 91, 122, 220 McEwan, Ian, 162–4, 173, 235 Labour government, 5, 21, 35, 55, 210 McKay Commission, 56 Labour Party, 1, 4–5, 9–10, 22, 26–7, 32, Miliband, Ed, 1, 40–1 34–6, 38–42, 52, 55, 93, 125–7, 138, Miners’ Federation of Great Britain 165, 170–1, 213, 232, 237 (MFGB), 91, 94–7 Lamb, Charles, 64, 66–8, 71 Mitchell, James, 32 land, 85, 95, 109, 155, 163, 190 monarchy, 32, 51, 123–4, 222 land enclosure, 2 see also royal family as synonym for ‘nation’ or ‘locale’, 21, Monbiot, George, 21 39, 41, 78, 109, 180, 223 Moore, Charles, 46–7, 51, 57, 235 landscape, 10, 49, 64, 73, 79, 95–6, Moore, Madeline, 112 98–101, 105–7, 110, 114, 118, 133, Moretti, Franco, 108 151, 157, 164, 180 Morton, H.M., 91–3, 98–101 Larkin, Philip, 10, 130, 132–4, 136–9, Morton, H.V., 103–5, 110, 163 141–2, 236 multiculturalism, 5, 8, 19–20, 23, 24, Lawrence, D.H., 10, 91–2, 94–101 125–7, 172, 183, 210, 213, 221, 227 Leavis, F.R., 111, 206–8, 212, 221–3, 225, multinationalism, 16, 32 228, 237 multi-nation state, 116 Lee, Hermione, 106–7, 109 Liberal conservatism, 206 Nairn, Tom, 5, 10, 18, 31, 120 Liberal Democrats (Lib Dems), 22, 26, The Break-Up of Britain, 5, 190, 209 35, 40 nation, 1–6, 8, 10, 16–18, 20–6, 32, 34, see also Conservative–Liberal 36, 38–40, 42, 48–51, 52, 67, 71, 74, (Con–Lib) Democrat Coalition 78–80, 85, 89, 91–3, 101, 103, 110, Government 112, 116–17, 120–4, 126–7, 130–4, lists and listing, 3, 9, 46–51, 53, 57 136, 138–43, 150, 156, 159, 164, literacy, 9, 40, 203, 205, 208–9 168, 172–3, 178, 189, 190–2, 198, literary authority, 206 208, 211, 213–14, 222–6, 228–9, literary discipline, 2, 4–9, 11, 65, 98, 232, 234, 236 110, 192, 196, 204–5, 207, 210, 214, national identity, 5, 11, 15, 17, 47, 63, 219–20, 222, 225, 229, 232 67, 74, 83, 85, 91, 112, 124, 133, literary history, 5, 8, 10, 88, 218–19, 222 136, 138–9, 141–2, 160, 162, 163, literature of England, 6–9, 73, 181, 196, 164, 168, 172–3, 190 212, 220, 238 nationless state, 11, 33 Index 251

nation state, 7, 15–17, 23–6, 116, post-Britishness, 15–16, 22–5, 41, 44, 130–1, 139, 140–1, 176, 214 172, 175–7, 181–2, 184–7, 190, stateless nation, 21, 33, 52 193, 236 National Front, 19 postcoloniality, 7, 11, 16, 19, 23, 26–7, nationalism, 15–20, 22–7, 32–4, 37, 126, 143, 150, 163, 166, 170, 183, 40–4, 51, 53, 56, 63, 70, 100, 108, 196, 219, 227–8, 231 111, 117, 120–1, 126, 130–1, 135, postcolonial literature, 7, 27, 196, 140–3, 149, 158, 160, 176, 188, 219–20, 227–9, 231 190–2, 195–9, 209, 212, 220, 222, post-unionism, 31, 42, 44, 189, 191–3 225–6, 228, 231–2, 234 postwar situation, 1, 4, 18, 34–7, 39–40, post-nationalism, 31, 42, 44, 238 42, 52, 107, 134, 136–7, 143, 148, neoliberalism, 42, 132–3, 140, 142–3, 150, 152–5, 158, 176–7, 179, 182, 214, 229, 231, 237 184–5, 209, 225 neoliberal nation, 130, 132–3, 139, Powell, Enoch, 32, 51, 142, 169–72, 141–2 178–9 neoliberal state, 34, 36, 132, 142 Practical Criticism, 208, 214 Newbolt, Sir Henry, 108, 112, 221 Prime Minister, 1, 4, 36, 49, 125, 127, Newman, Gerald, 23–4, 63 165, 169–71, 237 New Statesman,32 provincialism, 7, 8, 80, 95, 98, 109, Northern Ireland, 3, 15, 20, 24–5, 32, 35, 131, 163 38, 43, 47, 56, 163, 169, 176, 189–92, 196, 198, 230 race, 6, 8, 19, 20, 23, 79, 87, 91, 103–6, ‘Northern Irish identity’, 136, 190–1 108–14, 131, 133, 169, 175–6, Northern Irish independence, 24–5 182–3, 185–7, 194, 210 nostalgia, 77–8, 91, 124–5, 209 racial identity, 20, 104, 110–12, Nottinghamshire, 92, 96, 98–9 175–6 racism, 24, 111, 182–5, 191, 227 Oakeshott, Michael, 33, 49, 50 referendums, 1, 4, 22, 27, 41, 56, 188, Olympics (2012), 31, 166 195, 212–13 oratory, 91, 93–5, 99 reform, 18, 20, 22, 26, 56, 65, 67–72, 74, Ormston, Rachel, 15, 54 82, 105–6, 168, 190, 206–7, 212, 237 Orwell, George, 10, 47, 49, 52–3, 103, reformation, 31, 94 113, 116, 117–28, 208–9, 236 republicanism, 125, 204, 238 restoration, 31, 36, 80, 191, 204–5, 207, parliament, 4, 8, 17, 20–4, 27, 32, 35–6, 209, 214, 229, 236 38, 42, 51–2, 56, 68, 87, 204, 212, Richards, I.A., 126, 208, 221 214, 222, 230, 237–8 right-wing, 6, 20, 23, 210 see also Westminster riots, 2–3, 159 parliamentary sovereignty, 8, 20, 23, Robbins Report, 231 33, 42 Romanticism, 46, 63–5, 69–72, 74, 204, Parris, Matthew, 53 206–7, 220 patriotism, 24, 51, 106–7, 118, 120–4, ‘Four Nations’ Romanticism, 64–6 126, 148, 159, 178 Royal family, 51, 238 Perryman, Mark, 5, 23–5, 130 see also monarchy Phillips, Caryl, 10, 177–8, 182–7 rural life, 49, 64, 73, 80, 91, 100, 106, Phillips, Mike, 176–7, 187 103–7, 164, 166, 223 place, 3–4, 7, 9, 23, 49, 67, 78, 81, 99, 107, 110, 114, 121, 131, 134, 163, St. George’s Flag or St. George’s Cross, 167–8, 170, 173, 204–6, 213, 223, 159–60 227–8, 232 Salmond, Alex, 162–3 252 Index

Scotland, 1, 3–5, 7, 10, 20–2, 23–7, 31–6, Thompson, E.P., 50, 97, 120–1 38, 41–4, 51, 53, 56, 63–70, 72, 74, Thompson, Rupert, 10 77–8, 82, 103, 114, 117, 118, 120, Tilt, Edward John, 81, 228 125–6, 131, 142, 155, 162, 169, Trades Union Congress (TUC), 1, 92, 94, 175–6, 188–9, 192–3, 195–9, 204, 206–7, 211 209–10, 212–13, 218, 220, 222, 230, trade unions, 91, 93–7 235, 238 tradition, 2, 10, 16, 18, 23–4, 33, 37–8, Scottish Enlightenment, 64, 66, 68–70, 40, 43, 46–52, 56, 64–7, 70, 72, 79, 210 91, 94–5, 97–8, 104, 111, 113, 119, Scottish identity, 26, 42, 52, 67, 74, 122–3, 126, 141, 147, 156, 159, 166, 120, 164, 176, 222, 234 171, 189, 192–3, 206–7, 209, 219, Scottish independence, 1, 22, 27, 34, 221, 223, 226–7, 237–8 41, 43, 56, 131, 142, 162, 218, 235 transculturalism, 177–8, 181–3, 186 Scottish nationalism, 42, 126, 142 transnationalism, 16–19, 25, 132–3, 219 Scottish First Minister, 1, 162 trauma, 10, 147–8, 150–2, 158, 160, Scottish (Literary) Renaissance, 5, 209, 163, 167 213 Scottish National Party (SNP), 4, 26, 235 UK Independence Party (UKIP), 20, 27 Scottish parliament, 4, 56, 230 Union Flag or Union Jack, 40, 118, 178, scrub typhus, 83–4 235, 238 Scruton, Roger, 48, 53 unionism, 5, 11, 20, 26–7, 39–40, 42–4, secession, 6, 16, 20, 22–7 74, 94, 116, 125–6, 135–6, 219, Second World War, 36, 134, 143, 178, 222–5, 228, 231 235 United Kingdom (UK), 2–3, 8, 11, 15–25, self-determination, 1, 8–9, 11, 15, 31, 27, 31–6, 38–44, 47, 51–6, 124, 33–4, 41–3, 52, 165, 173, 210, 213 130–2, 135, 140, 142, 162, 165–8, septicaemic plague, 84 172, 176–7, 196, 198, 203, 210–12, Shakespeare, William, 3, 7, 47–8, 50, 64, 219, 227–31, 234–5, 237 73–4, 107, 111, 117, 213, 223 see also Britain Siddiqi, Yumna, 79–80, 84, 89 university English, 8, 207–8, 210, 218 Sidhe, Wren, 103–4, 114 Smith, Edgar W., 77–8 victimhood nationalism, 9, 16, 19, Smyth, Ethel, 106 21, 26–7 socialism, 92–3, 117, 119, 122, 124–6, 141, 188, 191, 197 Wales, 3, 20, 24–5, 32, 35, 38, 43, 47, 51, sociality, 72 56, 63–4, 77–8, 94–5, 103, 114, 120, Spectator, The, 41, 43 126, 155, 162, 164, 169, 176, 188–9, statehood, 16–17, 34 192–3, 195–9, 212, 230–1, 234, 238 Stephen, Leslie, 112 Welsh Assembly, 56, 230 Sturt, George, 106 Welsh identity, 120, 164, 176, 234 Sumatra, War in, 85 Welsh independence, 24–5 Swift, Graham, 10, 193–4, 196, 198 Wellings, Ben, 15, 20, 238 Wells, H.G., 89, 105, 109, 114 Tate, Catherine, 3–4, 7 West Lothian Question, the, 4, 46, 55–6 Tennant, David, 3–4 Westminster, 1, 4, 6, 9, 20–2, 24, 26, Thatcher, Margaret, 41, 158, 171, 181, 34–5, 46–7, 52, 54–6, 68, 142, 219, 234, 237–8 212–13, 222, 230–2 Thatcherism, 33, 38–9, 42, 142, 158, see also parliament 170–2, 179 Whiggishness, 18, 32, 52, 64–5, 67–9, Thompson, Denys, 111 207–8, 213–14, 237 Index 253

Willetts, David, 47–8, 50 Worboys, Michael, 82 Williams, Raymond, 10, 92–4, 98, 100, Wordsworth, William, 64–6, 69, 73–4, 120, 122, 124, 126, 188–9, 197–8, 206–8 209, 234–5, 239 world literature, 7, 211, 220, 227–8, 231 Wilson, Robert McLiam, 10, 189–91, ‘writing back’, 192–3, 195–6 196, 198 Woolf, Virginia, 10, 103–14, 194–5, 208 Young, Robert, 110