ON GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CHEMICAL NA TURE OF RIVER W A TER AND DEATH-RATE FROM APOPLEXY (Preliminary (Preliminary Report)

Jun KOBAYASHl

INTRODUCTION

According to Watanabe (1953) ， Statistic Investigation De partment ， Welfare Minister's Office ， may be called an apoplexy country. He shows that the death-rat p. from apoplexy in Japan ，compared with those in

U.S.A. ， Britain and Germany ，is 回 traordinary high; it is 4-8 times and 3-- 6 times as high for forty- agers and fifty- agers ，respectively. And ，it has now become the bigg l' st 巴ause of death in our country after the World War II ， as the death-rate from tuberculosis has rapidly decreased while the death- rate rate from apoplexy has rather increased. It is noted also that there is a marked difference in different parts of Japan: the highest is Prefecture where it is 2.29 times the average rate for fifty-agers in Japan ，which is fol- lowed by Iwate and Yamagata Prefectures. Prefecture ，on the other hand ， is the lowest and is only 0.66 times the average. It is 0.32 times in Oki- nawa and 0.28 times in Formosa ，although they are not Japanese territory now. Thus ， the geo~raphical difference is very marked ，and the death-rate even in Fukui Prefecture is higher than those in Eu l" ope and America ，but those in Okinawa and Formosa are about the same as those in Europe and America.

The notable geographical differen 巴e in the death-rate from this disease appears appears to be due to the environmental difference rather than the racial 0 1" heritable heritable one. So me inv 倒 tiga tO l"8 tried to a ttri bu te this 加 the 巴limatic influ- ence ，effect of such staple food as the polished rice 0 1" vitamin deficiency with- out out sta t. istical evidence. It has never 加 en known as yet about the cause of the the geographical difference. The writer has been enga~ed in the study of the nature of irrigation water from the agricultural standpoint since 1942 and has made clear the chemical chemical nature of more than 600 important riv 日rs in Japan_ In this study the the writer found out the fact that there is a close relationship between the chemical chemical compositions of river water and the death-rate fl" om apoplexy.

RIVER WATER OF ABNORMAL-TYPE IN JAPAN

River water ， as the result of weathering of rocks and soils of the basin ， contains contains various kinds of inorganic matter. The substances dissolved are 1957) 1957) 区ob 町田hi : Relationship Between River Water and Apoplexy. 13

different different according to the geo1ogica1 nature of the 巴atchment area. However ， inorganic substances mostly found in river water are composed of of four cations ，i. e. Ca1cium (Ca) ，Magnesium (Mg) ，So dium (Na) and Potas-

sium (K) and three anions ，i. e. Carbonate (CO H )， Su1fate (S04) and Ch1o-

ride ride (C 1)， and Silica (Si0 2 ). Besides those components ， Iron (Fe) ，Ammonium (NH 4)， Nitrate (NO a) and Phosphate (P0 4) and others ，though by far smaller in in quantity ， are found in it. Be10w is shown a tab1e indicating average • composition of the inorganic substances disso1ved in the river water of the world ca1cu1ated by C1arke. TABLE 1. The average composition of solid dissoJved in river water of of the world. (F. W. Clarke ， 1924)

Ca++ ……...・ H ・H ・H ・.... .・ H ・..…..，・ H ・，， 20.39%

Mg+ 令………...・ H ・.....・ H ・....… ...・ H ・... 3.41

Na+ …… H ・H ・....._・ H ・...…...... ・ H ・... 5.79

K + ……... ・H ・..…."・ H ・.....・ H ・H ・H ・.. 2.12

COa- - ... .・ H ・...... ・ H ・-….... .・ H ・....・ H ・.35.15

SOr- …・・・...・ H ・.....・ H ・...・ H ・...・...…… 12.14

Cl- ……….....・ H ・...・ H ・...... ・ H ・-…っ・ 5.68

N03 司 ・・ ...... ・H ・.....・ H ・H ・H ・...・ H ・...... 0.90

Si U2 ……… ・H ・H ・. .… H ・H ・...…… ・・・・・・11.67

(Fe ，A l)的 3・・・ H ・H ・..…… H ・H ・-…・… H ・H ・ 2.75 Total Total 1∞ .00

According to this tab1 p.， the percentages of the important 巴ations ，Ca ， Mg ，Na and K of the solids tota1 are 20.39 ，3.4 1， 5.79 and 2.12 ，r四 pective1y.

The content of calcium is the highest of them. As for anions ，C0 3 is 35.15 %， %， S04 12.14% and C1 5.68%. The percentage of carbonate is remarkab1y higher higher than that of su1fate or ch1oride. Naturally 、ea1cium carbonate oc- cupies cupies the major part of solids disso1ved in river water ，and it is considered as as norma1 when its content is far more than those of any other 8a1t8. As

巴a1cium ca l' bonate is an a1ka1ine su 加 tance ， the river water in i也 norma1

state state has some neutra1izing power against 卸 idity. When boi1ed to expe1 carbon dioxide gas ， river water indicate8 a strong a1ka1ine reaction. As the present writer has often reported (1 951 ，54 ，55) ， the rivers in our

巴ountry are characterized by scantiness of ca1cium carbonate ，i. e. a1kalinity. 宇都And in some districts of eastern Japan ，there are many rivers containing 1arger quantity quantity of su 日ate or 8u1furic acid (acid substanco) than carbonate (a1ka1ine

substan 巴e). Such a river may be callod abnormal one in the sense that it is l図 markedly different from the ri vers most prevalent in the world. According to to my investigation ， in western Japan inc1uding Kinki ，Chugoku ， and Kyushu districts ， there are 24 sulfate-type rivers and 261 carbonate-typo 曽 I or normal-type rivers; in Kanto district ，18 sulfate-type rivers and 46 carbo- nate-type nate-type rivers; in Tohoku district 37 8ulfate-type rivers and 38 carbonate- 14 14 Berichte d. Ohara InstituIII. (Bd. 11 ， Ht. 1

TABLE 2. Co mparative table of nature of water and

ca ca Na No. Name ol river Plaae 01 I& mpt ina' M96 E 修 SIS 1 Iwakigawa Gosyogawara Ci ty ， Aomori Pref. 8.56 2.78 12.00

2 Kitakamigaw lI Esashi District ，Iwate Pref. 10.17 2.33 5.92

3 Yoneshirogaw lI Takanosu Town ，Akita Pref. 9.83 2.31 8.15

4 Omonogawa NiHhi 回lI boku Town ，Akita Pref. 9.05 2.73 11. 32 5 Tamagawa Shiraiwa Village ，Akita Pref. 9.97 2.57 9. 似} • 6 Mogamigawa Kamigo Village ，Yamagata Pref. 8.66 2.4 8 11. 55 7 Abukumaga WII Marumori Town ，Miyagi Pref. 11. 46 2.42 8.46 8 Nakagawa Kuroiso Town ， Tochigi Pref. 12.39 3.34 5.26 9 Tonegawa Sawarll City ，Chiha Pref. 14 .2 1 3.03 8.33 10 10 Arakawa Kumagaya City ，Saitama Pref. 22.34 2.71 5.23 11 11 Tamagawa Haijima Village ，T 邑kyo Metropolis 21. 66 2.35 5.00 12 12 Sagamigawa Sagamibara Town ，Kanagawa Pref. 13 .4 5 3.60 5.75 13 13 Shinanoga wa Ojiya Town ，Nigata Pref. 11. 57 3.4 7 9.22 14 14 Kurobegawa Aimoto Village ，Toyama Pref. 17.45 2.08 9. 85

15 15 Kuzuryugaw lI Shimoshihi Village ，Fukui Pref. 17.83 3.59 8.4 6 16 16 Fujigawa Iwamatsu Village ，Shizuoka Pref. 16.06 2.51 6.69 17 17 Yahagigawa Koromo City ，Aichi Pref. 11. 07 1. 42 8.80 18 18 Tenryllgawa Futamata Town ，Shizuoka Pref. 19.95 3.55 5.71 19 19 Kisogawa Kaneyama Town ，Gifu Pref. 12.56 1. 72 7.59 20 20 Nagaragawa Kaisai Village ，Gifu Pref. 18.85 3.90 6. 65 21 21 Yodogawa Hirakata Ci ty ，Osaka Pref. 15.67 4.4 3 13.74 22 22 Kinokawa Iwaide Town ，Wakayama Pref. 17.59 3.67 10.26 23 23 Kumanogawa Shingn City ，Wakayama Pref. 12.26 4.94 1 1. 77 24 24 Sendaigawa Kawahara Town ， Tottori Pref. 19.68 4.16 5.31

25 25 Takahashigaw lI Kurashiki City ，Okayama Pref. 17.59 2.33 6.85 26 26 Go gawa Kawamoto Town ，Shimane Pre f. 8.85 3.64 16.84 27 27 Otagawa Yagi Village ，Hiroshima Pref. 10.96 3.05 14.09

28 28 Nishikigaw lI lwakuni City ，Yamaguchi Pref. 16.40 4.52 9.76

29 29 Yoshinogaw lI Hayashi Town ，Tokushima Pref. 19.88 4.79 7.23 30 30 Niyodoga wa Kanotani Village ，Kochi Pref. 21.75 4.69 7.42 31 31 Chikugoga wa 。zeki Village ，Fukuoka Pref. 8.93 2.22 7.57 32 32 Oitagawa Hazama Village ，Oita Pref . 9.23 1. 88 7.83 33 33 Kumagawa Yashiro Ci ty ，Kumamoto Pref. 17.33 3.12 6.84 34 34 Oyodoga wa Miyazaki City ，Miyazaki Pref. 9.12 3.82 6.53 35 35 Sendaigawa SendaI City ，Kagoshima Pref. 8.78 2.60 6.62 General a verage of 75 rivers in the Tohoku districts 10 .4 5 2.11 8.4 8 General average of 64 rivers in the Kllnto districts 13.48 2.93 6.32 Gellerlll Gellerlll average of 70 rivers in the Kyiishu districts 10.50 3.20 9.01 St. St. Lawrence river Ogdensburg ， U. S. A . 23.66 5.4 9 Amllzon river Obidos ，South Americ lI 14.69 1. 40 4.24 Nile Nile Cairo ， Africa 13.31 7.39 13.14 Rhine Cologne ，Germany 26.48 6.15 2.73 Thames 'f hames Ditton ，England 30.10 1. 95 2.26 Clarke's Clarke's general average of the world (Ta llle 1) 195 7) Kobayashi : Relationohip Between River Water and Apoplexy. 15

ratio ratio of S04/CO a in chief rivers in ]apan and abroad.

E NH.α )s飢). cl N Oa ro. 8筑)J F句o:! Total Balinity 80. .% .% % ~彰第 % % % . % % % mg/l /OOS 噌 aooqdoanOF006004azAUAnaaZ04Eυpond-A唱 ， a"tndaaz'bρoaaznwυaaz 唱 37596575nonucoρononua唱 唱 a 74537114a 04'A1A1AU0406a， AUAUAununun nuhununun 句。‘ oaoaauaaazcOOOR608nanunwupORυ唱 nu00 唱 AUAUnunununUAUAAUAUAUnunvnunvAU99965782 629571976077345103715214oeaazρonwυZυ04n POAudn E4 リ噌 EA'EADnua品 D ∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞ ••宝 ------••••••••zauauqOA •..•••••AZ1UFOqGoanonunoEA宝 ------宮守・胃 •••••••• ------A••••••••EA------•••••••••••••••• 唱 n 句。。。唱 RυORUPOW606popoマ 唱 円 内 唱 EAリ唱 リ AAUA aQUQυ"49iaa宝 AnanununununU006n'nuoeaOρ EA

唱 AUAUAUAUAUAU 内 auaunda旬止の 唱 EA••Aqooanmua 宝凸 AoonU 40aO4040404 。 EA 臼

唱 唱 唱 900UOO噌 nundnwuρUFD EA り EA iO4040 EA 峰三 304EU EA ua 品

唱EA AU 守・のびのびの 唱 1a1A140vAU00080G 噌 •••. 宝凸 EA EA

唱 噌 唱 唱 胃 唱 噌 EA A EA EA リ iaaz14 EA uqund Anund “ 幽zaund

唱 唱 ， 唱 a nunu 唱 唱 噌 EA晶 bnmuEA EA znu AAU 亙 宝句。 宮 リハリ A00 宝iwa 汐

唱E4 nd a nu 噌 唱- aaz 3 宝 E4リ

000400574196200309462431AHVAHvqMndodqondaunuAUOOAU0UAUAOA23187128127831331OG噌 n306nUP006poon4 0unvnphonunaaaznUqO nunununUA953384141312349123134173136986736964870385960747728981 1. 65 0.16 20.39 20.16 •••.••••.••.•.••••------i••宮内。。••••••••• 100.00 94.9 --

区 唱 唱 0.85 0.85 0.02 34.29 19.75 unud&ECO iAnaaazaaznU唱A ]00.00 95.8

旬。。 曹 噌 1. 20 0 . 05 34.93 12.58 Aau AmO06040406aaZ. G り 100.00 82.8 ------噌 。 唱 n 可 1. 14 0.18 26.89 10. ∞ GR608POA-ihM りのりのりのり .••••••••AEOAUomuaazonり白リ eqO000000aunU100. 飢) 89.1 々・胃 のりのりのりの 2.60 2.60 0 . 13 21. 28 17.58 ------ARdnununυa 100.00 70.0 りのりのり 唱A0006zuoG噌i19 nunununununυnunununununun 1. 45 0 . 13 26.63 12.29 心開凋宝 100.00 47.8 iomUOGnVAudaaniupoaaznU唱 唱iRυ06poqd 1. 18 0.10 32.91 6.22 晶噌 “ 100.00 52.8 句。 9 nunuAUAUAηonupoaaZ nunununununun 1. 33 0.06 27.45 12.50 A “ υnunUAUA 100 .00 99.9

η0η0η0ηon唱 owu 2.39 2.39 0.22 24.86 3.56 i1 “ 100 .00 34.3

， 噌 pondpozaaazpoqoomupo D009h-qdvaυaunvhU宮司 indaa 1. 1. 78 0 . 10 31. 89 11.98 ゐ 1∞ .00 65.6 唱 0404 唱 2.45 2.45 0.10 25.59 4.28 A AOoqu •.iQOQOFU03100 .00 41. 0 区 1. 60 0.07 33.88 6.76 UOGA りのりのり 噌Aa-zpokυPOPO噌ioO 100 .00 54.6

唱 噌 2.71 2.71 0.17 28.83 9.47 汐 A リ i •• •••••100 .00 53.6 nskunORυomU噌 凋を今 Aunununυnu噌 の 1. 1. 72 0.04 28.71 12.39 リ inHV iO4qM0404 AMAUnunG 100.00 75.2 リ nUC006nu AUAUnunu n 1. 86 0.09 19.86 18.87 e •••• 100.00 46.4 りのり 噌 凋 1. 02 0 . 05 37.40 7.04 lay--zau 100.00 70.8 唱 唱 nuAUAUAUAUA 1. 45 0.08 33 . 75 8.94 iFD loo 100.00 67.9 唱- 唱 唱唱 町。 1. 85 0.07 18 .4 9 5.49 i 44 リ 100.00 57.2 2.26 2.26 0.06 21.07 3.68 11.06 1.57 0.02 31.97 0.21 100.00 36.7 ---- 1. 97 0.03 26 .38 8.86 5.92 1.08 0.01 25.00 0.07 100.00 50.0 1. 49 0.05 30 .10 14.12 4.39 1.06 0 16.80 0.09 100.00 53.3 0.90 0.04 35.71 6 . 17 4.57 1.26 0 .02 17.39 0.08 100.00 52.7 り nunUAVA 2.48 0.07 16 . 25 11.66 6.83 0.83 0 .06 42.62 0.48 100. ∞ 102.8 ----- 2.23 0.04 22 . 01 8.28 4.55 1. 02 0.05 42.73 0.15 100.00 124.4 1. 5] 0.09 31.21 6.08 3.69 0.69 0.03 29.40 0.01 100.00 58 .6 2.22 2.22 0 . 03 22.10 8.46 4.36 1.01 0.02 42.25 0.08 100.00 94.2 リハリ 2 . 18 0.05 17.89 11.00 5.22 0.64 0.02 44.85 0.15 100.00 84.9

1.23 1.23 0.09 14.52 24.37 8.57 1. 22 0.02 28.26 0.68 100.00 76 .7 1. 68 1.43 1.43 0.10 20.73 20.53 8.05 1.25 0.07 24.76 0.35 100. 佃 97 .4 0.99 -U 20.0721.1013 .94 5.90 1. 04 0 . 06 32.97 0.19 100.00 94.0 0 . 66 4.81 4.81 -- 45.70 9.15 5.87 0.23 -- 5.03 0 .06 100.00 134 0.20 4.76 4.76 -- 24.15 2 . 26 6.94 -- -- 28.59 12.97* 100. ∞ 37 0.09 3.26 3.26 -- 36.02 3.93 2.83 -- 0.59 16.88 2 . 65 1∞ .00 119 0.11 ().02 ().02 -- 46.96 12 . 95 4.22 -- 0.24 0.15 0.10* 100.00 190 0.28 2 . 25 41.86 11 . 82 5.20 0.84 3.26 0.46* 100.00 272 0 .28 0 .35 事…...二二(Fe， Al lsOa 16 16 Berichte d. Ohara Institut 回. (Bd. 11 ， Ht. 1 type type rivers. Thus ， the rate of sulfate-type rivers increases as we go to eas- tern tern part of Japan. A detai1Ad study revea1s that ，which has has 26 sulfate-type rivers but on1y 5 carbonate-type ones ， is top ranked of a11 a11 prefectures in Japan as to the number of abnorma1-type river. As the examp1es of rivers containing extremely 1arge quantity of su1furic acid ，町 nong abnorma1 type rivers ，can be cited such inorganic acid rivers as the the Tamagawa and the Takamatsugawa in Akita Prefecture ， the Sukawa and the Matsukawa in ， the Arakawa in Aomori Prefec- ture ， the Agatsumagawa in Gumma Prefecture ， etc. In some cases they indicate indicate so strong acid reaction as pH 3-4 and give fata1 injuries to crops and fishes. They are genera11y ca11ed natura1 poisonous water; they taste strong1y strong1y bitter and are apparently injurious to health. Such acid rivers are pecu1iar pecu1iar to Japan ，especia11y to her north-eastern part of the main 1and; and two acid rivers ， the Yukawa originating from Yatsugatake volcano in Naga- no Prefecture and the Agatsumagawa originating from Kusatsu ・Shirane vo1- cano in Gumma Prefecture are on the western border of the part. With respect to the nature of water ， especia11y the ratio of su1fate to to carbonate ，some typica1 rivers in Japan are compared with those of foreign countries ，and the re 飢 llts are shown in Tab1e 2. As evident in Tab1e 2， the ratio of su1fate to carbonate is very sma11 in in genera1 in the rivers of foreign countries listed ，name1y ， it is 0.20 in the the St. Lawrence river at Ogdensburg ，U. S. A. ， 0.09 in the Amazon river ， 0.11 in the Ni1e ，and 0.28 in the Rhine and the Thames. In Japan ，on the contrary ， the ratio is 7.69 in the Yoneshirogawa (at Taka- nosu Town ，Akita Pref.); 5.53 in the Tamagawa (at Shiraiwa Village ，Akita Pref.); Pref.); 4.4 5 in the Nakagawa (at Kuroiso Town ， Tochigi Pref.); 3.4 9 in the the Kitakamigawa (at Kitakami City ，Iwate ， Pref.); 2.29 in the Mogami- gawa (at KamigδVillage ，Yamagata Pref.); 1. 96 in the Abukumagawa (at (at Marumori Town ，Miyagi Pref.) and 1. 90 in the Omonogawa (at Nishi- semboku Town ，Akita Pref.). The average of the ratios of 75 rivers in Tohoku district (north-eastern part of the main1and of Japan) is as high as 1. 68 ， in Kanto district ( and its neighborhood) 0.99 and in Kyushu district district 0.66. In the Tonegawa ， the biggest river in Japan ， it is 0.99 at Sawara City (lower stream) and in the Shinanogawa it is 0.83 at Ojiya Town (midd1e (midd1e stream). These big rivors aro a1so considered to be su1fate-surp1us.

However ，we 巴an find out some rivers with 10w sulfate 巴on ten t in the regions west of Tδkyo. For e玄amp1e ， in the Tamagawa tho ratio is 0.36 at Haijima Village Village near Tokyo ， in the Kuzuryugawa 0.19 lat Shimoshihi Village ，Fukui Pref.) ， in the Kisogawa 0.17 (at Kaneyama Town ，Gifu Pref.) ， in the Taka- hashigawa 0.26 (at Kurashiki City ，Okayama Pref.) ， in the Otagawa 0.16 (at (at Yagi Village near Hiroshima City) ， in the Niyodogawa 0.17 (at Konotani Village ，Kochi Pref.). In these rivers ，running down Chichibu Pa1aeozoic stratum which is composed of sedimen 回 ry rock ， the ra tios are 10w and com- 195 7) Kobaya8hi : Relationohip Between River Water and Apoplexy. 17 parable parable with those in the foreign rivers. Generally Generally speaking ，Japan has many rivers which contain remarkably large large quantity o:f sulfuric radical as compared with carbonic .one ， the alkaline suatance. suatance. This is apparently due 旬 the volcanic su l:f ur-rich nature o:f the ground in our country. Sul :f ur 巴ontained in su l:f ur-springs ，sul :f ide ores and in in the soil is 0玄idized 句 sulfuric acid ，which cause8 the sulfate-rich bu も 巴arbonate-p ∞r character of the river water.

RELA TIONS Hl P BETWEEN RIVER WA TER OF ABNORMA L- TYPE AND DEATH-RATE FROM APOPLEXY As stated above ，Japan ， especially her north-eBstern part o:f the main- land ， has 80me “ inorganic acid rivers" wbich contain sulfuri 巴 acid 80 mudh as as to give apparent injuries to plants and animals ， be8ides manyabnormal- type type rivers 巴ontaining more sulfate than carbonate ，む hough the reaction is

More thaD 170 -圏 150-170 一醐悶130-150 120-130 一山一凶一凶口110-120 100-110

90-100 Iwate Pref.

80-90

Les8 Les8 than 80

。。

Fig . 1. Death-rate froro apoplexy in 1950 in each pre fec ture per 100 ， 000 of population. (Figure8 (Figure8 are readjusted ，takin g into cODsideratioD the age composition .) 18 18 Beriohte d. Ohara Instituts. 【副. 11 ， Ht. 1 not not acid. Comparing もhe geographical dis 仕 ibution of rivers of abnormal- type type in Japan with that of death-rate from apoplexy ， the writer is aware of the the fact that there exists a close relationship between the bo 出巴邸側. The death-rate from apoplexy in 1950 published by Analysis Se ction ， Statistic Statistic De partment ，Welfare Minister's Office ， is shown in Fig. 1. Akita Prefecture occupies もhe top rank ，and next comes Iwate Prefec- ture. ture. Aomori ，Miyagi ，Yamaga 同， Fukushima ，Nigata ，Tochigi ， Ibaragi and Prefectures are also very high ， while in distric ぬ west of Tokyo ， it is is low in general. As shown in Fig. 2 and Table 3，Aki 同 Prefecture ranks atop with respect respect to the ratio of sulfa もe to carbonate ，and nex も come 1wate ，Aomori ，

0 --- ・ J.. 個師同11 0.8 ① ・ーーーー 0.8-0.9 。.- -・- 0.6-1.0 ⑮ー ーー・- l.u-l.~ @ ーーーーー 1.4-1.8 . ーーー悼 More than 1.8

官~D Chogoku Districts 〆~

ぜ14

Miyagi and Yamagata Prefectures. On the other hand ， the ratios are gene- rally rally low in the Prefectures of western Japan. This sugges もs us that a high 1957) 1957) Kobayasbi: Relatiomibip Between River Water and Apoplexy. 19

correlation correlation exists between the death-rate indices from apople 玄y and the ratio ratio of sulf a. te to carbonate in river water.

wtaphMER- Jm句、。 町‘ 『旬、，ι maJ a Miy ・li Pr ・ f，.‘

。 。 ロ Districts Districts .，

A similar situation is a180 observable within a Prefecture. In ， for example ，we can find a striking contr 舗 t reg a. rding death- ra.旬帥 such th a. t people who live in the Kitakamigawa basin show high death-

rate rate from apopl 偲 y while in the eastern Pacific coastal region the rate is very low. low. In this connectio n， it is noted from Fig. 2 that a number of rivers of

abnormal-type run through the Kitakamigawa basin ，where 嗣 the ri vers in 20 Berichte d . Ohllr8 Inoti 知旬. 【Bd. 11 ， Ht. 1

TABLE 3. Di stribution table of ratio of S041C03 in prefectures of of ]apan in number of rivers.

ー--ー一 間話扇 M 白句re f. 忌百 1. 4 1. 0 0.6 Le 闘 District District than I I I I than Total Prefecture Prefecture 、___ 1. 8 1 .4 1. 0 0.6 0.3 0 .3 (門 A仙h 仰叩叩m帥- r iver wa ωert ~ ~\ rher w 畠t旬er J AAIYMRITGSTCKNNYSTIFGASMNWKOHTOESYKELTm npl・ 'loonGaaZ T凸hoku 2 2 5 5 ・山 唱且唱 Mmm 18 7 1 5 4 1 2 1 13 AaazoGOG h 21332176153634222唱 i 幅削岡山5 1 1 5 i 門的 唱A 」 出.昭一耶 5 3 2 1 ubouaL-IBE 唱且 224 1 M nsaeqO03ρoa Kanto Kanto ぬ 。 2 2 AuqO 1 3 mmM-owumm 唱 加・町加 1 3 4 1 A 唱i 凸 1 ha Mmvpmmmk.muM1 2 zna値 - 2 -暗 唱 46586586421 ChUbu ChUbu 1 4 6 i aaMmv 唱 2 6 2 iku 山旧聞za 04 2 1 1 唱i 出昨日 3 唱A 1 1 ρ000 u ・問 -晶唱 ooG'b。

hiahyMYOk--haah:O・明 唱 oa Kinki Kinki ii 19 emM 唱 噌 A 5 i

mim制 nskuqo06qooo唱iaaZ目。 蜘同相伽 3 3 ooqdnaβ008n3FOβUaaZFO

唱 3 7 12 4 自由 。。唱 1 1 4 i ρhuρhuβ006zo ChUgoku ChUgoku mmaMldM 。，“。吊 h- uno-- ・mmpm削 pmei.

8hikoku 8hikoku 4 oand 柚 2 1 。。。 u山 oaadnand噌A onanaoO

oaqφ06 唱 KyUshU KyUshU Fu kuoka 1 A0606'AO Oita Oita 8aga 8aga 1 内 Nagasski Nagasski 1 唱AOAMAMaaz oqdne'A 152ω 噌 Kumamo to 1 汐内 A Miyazaki Miyazaki 噌A Oa 唱A 唱且 Kagoshima Kagoshima 1 宝

唱 Total Total 46 18 39 i 152 137 492 the the e郎 tern coastal region are so low in sulfate content as to be regarded as the the normal-type ones. The writer ，in his analytical study of the river water of Thailand ， found that the ri vers there are carbonate-rich and of normal type. The ratios ratios are 0.14 in the Mekong and 0.06 in the Menam Chao Phraya. In this country ， cases of apoplexy are scarce in spite of the fact that rice is the sta ・ 1957) 1957) Kobayashi : Relationship Betw E' en River Water and Apoplexy. 21

ple ple food of her n a. tion. In Okin a. w a. a. nd Formosa ，the 巴a. ses of a. pople 玄 y a. re a. lso sc a. rce ，and the geologi ca. l construction of these islands en a. bles us to infer that that the ra. tio of sulfate to ca. rbonate of the river waters is low. On the other hand ，l ta. ly ，a. fa. mous vol ca. nic country like Japan ， is said to be high in the dea. th.rate from a. pople 玄 y，ranking next to Japan in the world.

All All of these eviden 巴es sta. ted above seem 句 be in fa. vor of the hypothesis that that a high 巴orrelation exists between the death-rate from a. poplexy and ab. normal na. ture of river water due to the geological 巴onstruction of the ca. tch. ment area . It It is a. pparently premature to 巴onclude from this th a. t higher contents of sulfuric sulfuric acid or sulfate in river water as compared with alkaline subs ta. nce (ca. lcium carbonate) should cause apoplexy ， since physiological effeet of inor. ganic ganic a. eid or alk a. li ha. s never been 巴larified a. s yet. However ， the above-mentioned correlation found out by the writer m a. y suggest 七hat the ex 巴ess of inorganic acid induces apople 玄 y for some reason ， and calcium 巴arbonate prevents the case. The writer will be much pleased if the the above faets will give a clue to the solution of the problem of geographic difference difference in the death-rate from apopl 位 y.

The writer desires to take this opportunity to thank Dr. Masayoshi Yamaguchi ， Director of of Pu blic Hygiene Bureau ，Welfare Ministry and Dr . Sadamu Watanabe ，Statistic Investiga. tion tion Department ，Welfare Minister's Office ，who have shown much interest in this subject and supplied statistical materials. The writer also expresses his gratitude to Dr. T. Shimizu ， President President of our Okayama University for his kind counse l.

REFERENCES

Cl arke ， F. W .，1924 ，Data of Geochemistry. 119 . Kobayashi ，J. ，1951 ，Chemical investigation on the water of rivers in Japan. 1. On the quality quality of water in Akita prefecture. Ber. Ohara Inst. landw. Forsch. 9 : 329.356. Kobayashi ，J. ，1954 ，Chemical investigation on the water of rivers in Japan. 11. On the quality quality of water in the Ky lI shil districts (in Japanese). N 邑gaku Kenkyll (Rpt . of Ohara Inst.) Inst.) 42: 1.18. Kobayashi ，J. ，1955 ，Chemical investiga .t ion on the water of rivers in Japan. 11 1. The nature of of water in the Kanto distriets . Be r. Ohara Inst. landw. Bio l. 10 : 158.214. Kobayashi ， J. (Unpublished) Chemical investigati on on the water of rivers in Japan. IV. VII. VII. The nature of wat er in the Tohoku ，Chnbu ，Kinki ，Chllgoku and Shikoku districts. Wat 阻 abe ，S.，1953 ，Japan an apoplexy country (in Japan 四 e). Weekly Asahi ， April 5， 1953 issue issue : <<.45.