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Available Online at http://www.recentscientific.com International Journal of CODEN: IJRSFP (USA) Recent Scientific International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Research Vol. 11, Issue, 07 (C), pp. 39305-39329, July, 2020 ISSN: 0976-3031 DOI: 10.24327/IJRSR Research Article DOES HIV/AID/ SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME (SARS), EBOLA, LASSA FEVER, CORONA VIRUS (COVID-19) PANDEMIC ETC RESPECTIVELY CURABLE OR SUPPRESS ABLE? Silas David Emmanuel1*, Barminas Jeffrey Tsware2, I.M.Bugaje, 3R, A .Damau and 4E.N. OPARA5 1,2Kaduna Polytechnic Tudun Wada Kaduna State, Nigeria 3,4National Research Institute of Chemical and Technology (NARICT), Basawa Zaria, Nigeria 5Nigerian Institute of Leather and Science Technology (NILEST), Samaru Zaria DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24327/ijrsr.2020.1107.5477 ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History: The unprecedented corona virus disease (COVID-19) has been duly identified as the cause of outbreaks of respiratory illness in Wuhan, Hubei province China at the beginning of December 2019 Received 6th April, 2020 th and up to date. In our case study, the general over view of the confirm cases, recovered, and death Received in revised form 15 toll were in these orders3,037605, 82959,210,842 respectively. The world Health Organization May, 2020 (WHO) has duly declared it a public Health emergency of international repute or concern. The Accepted 12th June, 2020 th method employed was primarilybased on the literaturereview approach, which was largely and Published online 28 July, 2020 qualitatively in nature and guided by scheme emerging infectious diseases by viral pandemic (Covid-19, SARS-Cov2) etc respectively. In view of our findings it was recorded USA has the Key Words: highest Covid-19 confirm cases, recovered and death toll with 987467, 111197, Coronavirus; COVID-19; SARS-CoV- 56,164respectively, followed by Spain with 209465, 232,128, 23,822respectively, Germany, Italy, 2;severe acute respiratory syndrome china have their own set back with 158,768, 117,400 ,6,136 / Italy with 192, 414, 66,624, 26977,82,862, 27610, 4,633 respectively. Nigeria in Africa has the least of all with 1,182, 222, and 35 on the27th-28thAppril2020 respectively. The studies related to preventive and control measures have been accentuated through symptom include the following; Fever, cough, Fatigue, pneumonia, headage, diarrhea, hemoptysis, dyspnea etc. respectively. Physical preventive measures were as follow: Masks, hand hygiene, practices avoidance of public contact Case detention contact tracing and quarantine etc. respectively. Other important issues have been discussed in-situ as a way to reduce transmission. Up to date no specific antiviral treatment has proven so effective; hence, infected persons are primarily relied on symptomatic treatment, suppressive and supportive care. Copyright © Silas David Emmanuel et al, 2020, this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. INTRODUCTION data of 2019nCoV showed that the 2019-nCoV is most closely related to two severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like In sequential to virological studies which had priorly begun CoV sequences that were isolated in bats from 2015 to 2017, ever since in 1892, the first coronavirus, avian infectious [1] suggesting that the bats’ coronaviruses and the human 2019- bronchitis virus, was isolated by Fred Beaudette in 1937 , nCoV share a common ancestor. Therefore, the 2019-nCoV can followed by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus be considered as a SARS-like virus hence, the name SARS- (SARS- CoV) in 2002 and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV-2 as designated by the Coronavirus Study Group of the coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012. There are currently about International Committeeon Taxonomy of Viruses. The two bat 21, 000 deaths out of over 470,000 cases with about 82,000 viruses were collected in Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province, China, reported by china and total of over 380 000 confirmed from from 2015 to 2017. 194 countries till the 25 March 2020[2,3]. This article summarized records of index cases in Africa, the difference The new coronavirus was first isolated from stallholders who between SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses in addition to worked at theSouth China Seafood Market in Wuhan. This the preventive strategies Sarbecovirus earlier reported by market also sells wild animals or mammals, which were likely Benvenuto et al.[4] and Xu et al.[5]. According to Zhang et intermediate hosts of 2019-nCoV. It hasbeen speculatedthat the al.[6], phylogenomic analysis of the recently. released genomic intermediate hosts (wild mammals) may have been sold to the *Corresponding author: Silas David Emmanuel Kaduna Polytechnic Tudun Wada Kaduna State, Nigeria International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Vol. 11, Issue, 07 (C), pp. 39305-39329, July, 2020 seafood market in Wuhan. A study by Tang et al. [7] on (ORF3b) different from that of SARS-CoVs and a secreted. populationgenetic analysesof 103 SARS-CoV-2 genomes protein that is ORF8 encoded [17]. Tang et al.[18] reported that proved that based on 2 different single nucleotide spike structure of SARS-CoV-2 has functional site variations polymorphisms that showed early complete linkage across the in the receptor-binding domain compared to viruses from viral strains submitted to the Genbank, these viruses evolved pangolin SARSr- CoVs, which could be the resultant effects into 2 major genotypes designated as L and S with the L of mutations and natural selection, enhancing viral type (~70%) found to be more prevalent than the ancestral S transmission and observable host debility In fact, Angeletti et type (~30%). al.[19] reported that it is the mutational change at positions 723 and 1010 involving the replacement of glycine amino acid In view of the current records of index cases of corona virus with serine and isoleucine by proline respectively in the in Nigeria, Germany, Spain, Italy, Iran, USA, etc respectively. ORF1ab encoded 2 (nsp2) and nsp3. Which cannot beunderestimated by any other means. For this reason, the populace of human beinghasdrastically reduced tonegativism or nothingness. Other preventive measures were taken in to recognition in situ. Chapter two literature review Aetiology and origin of sars-cov-2 Coronaviruses (CoVs) are positively sensed single-stranded RNA viruses that belong to the order Nidovirales, family Coronaviridae, subfamily Orthocoronavirinae with 4 genera: alpha, beta, delta, and gamma coronaviruses [8]. Alpha CoVs and beta CoVs originated from bats and rodents while delta CoVs andgamma CoVs have their origins from avian species[9]. The beta CoVs including SARS- CoV-1 was isolated from bats in 1992 with civet cats being the intermediary host; MERS-CoV was isolated from dome try camels in 2003; and of course, the currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 formally referred to as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) causing COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 has a pleomorphic and circular structure with a Fig 1 posted protein syntheses diameter of about 60-140 nm. It can be transmitted from Diagonosis of Covid-19 human-to-human by respiratory droplets from sneezing coughing, and aerosols, with symptomatic people being the Coronaviruses have been reported to cause 5% to 10% of acute major source of transmission. It has a dynamic incubation respiratory infections with more than 2% of the population as period of about 7 to 14 days[10] The novel virus whole- healthy carriers of HCoV[20]. The clinical diagnoses are similar genome sequence showed 96.2% similarity to a bat SARS- to those of other human coronaviruses. The WHO gave a case related coronavirus isolated in China against <80% to the definition as a patient with fever and at least a symptom of genomes of SARS-CoV and <50% to MERS-CoV according cough or shortness of breath, and with no other cause that to Lu et al.[11]; Zhou et al.[12] which further confirmed the explains the symptom and history of journey to or residence similarity between the novel virus and bat betacoronavirus in of any location reporting local transmission of COVID-19 the sub-genu during the 14 days prior to symptom onset, or a patient with acute respiratory illness and having been in contact with a Sars -cov– 2 different from other coronaviruses? confirmed or probable COVID-19 case in the last 14 days SARS-COV-2, like the MERS and SARS coronaviruses, was prior to the onset ofsymptoms, or a patient case in the last 14 likely evolved from a virus previously found in animals. It days prior to the onset of symptoms, or a patient with severe infects people of all ages with evidence that older people and acute respiratory infection [fever and at least one sign/ those with underlying medical conditions are at a higher risk of symptom of respiratory disease (e.g., cough, shortness of getting severe COVID-19. unlike other coronaviruses that breath)] and requiring hospitalization and with no other a cause a significant percentage of colds in adults and children etiology that fully explains the clinical presentation. A that are not a serious threat for healthy adults[13,14]. A good probable case is a suspect case with an inconclusive testing reason could be due to high viral loads of SARS-CoV-2 that for COVID-19 while a confirmed case is a person with have been reported in the upper and lower respiratory tracts of laboratory confirmation of COVID-19 infection irrespective of patients comparing with SARS-CoV-1 hence the rate of clinical signs and symptoms[21] Laboratory diagnoses require transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is higher than that of SARS- the collection of respiratory specimens including CoV-1[15]. Also, due to the fact that no one has immunity to oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal aspirates or washes, COVID-19, it means thousands to millions of people are likely oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal swabs, sputum, to be more susceptible to viral infection and severe disease.

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