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Wildland Fire Management Handbook for Trainers

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Wildland Fire Management Handbook for Trainers Wildland Fire Management Handbook for Trainers Forest Management Team Timo V. Heikkilä Forestry Department Food and Agricultural Organization Roy Grönqvist of the United Nations Mike Jurvélius Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 1, 00153, Rome, Italy Tel: +39 06 57054392 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.fao.org/forestry/firemanagement Wildland Fire Management Handbook for Trainers Rome 2010 Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Forest Management Team Forestry Department Wildland Fire Management Handbook for Trainers TIMO V. HEIKKILÄ, ROY GRÖNQVIST, MIKE JURVÉLIUS Rome 2010 Cover picture Mike Jurvélius Photographs Mike Jurvélius Roy Grönqvist Timo V. Heikkilä TABLE OF CONTENTS Page: 4.3 Contents of a Wildfire Prevention Plan 64 FOREWORD ......................................................... 6 4.4 Wildfire Causes and Risk ...................... 65 THE SAN DIEGO DECLARATION ........................ 8 4.4.1 Land owners, farmers, and the ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................... 14 rural population ............................ 65 4.4.2 Cigarette smoking ........................ 67 1. BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION 4.4.3 Campfires ...................................... 68 FOR INTENSIFIED FOREST FIRE 4.4.4 Logging and other forestry CONTROL ACTIVITIES .............................. 16 operations ..................................... 69 1.1 General .................................................... 16 4.4.5 Arsonists ........................................ 69 1.2 Environmental Impact of Forest Fires ... 12 4.4.6 Children ......................................... 70 1.2.1 Nutrient stability ............................ 16 4.4.7 Lightning ....................................... 70 1.2.2 Flora and fauna .............................. 16 4.4.8 Railroads ........................................ 70 1.2.3 Soil texture ..................................... 17 4.4.9 Secondary causes of wildfires ....... 71 1.2.4 Ecological stability ........................ 17 4.5 Prevention Methods ................................ 71 1.2.5 Global temperature ........................ 17 4.5.1 Personal contact ............................. 71 1.3 Social and Traditional Beliefs and 4.5.2 Associations and groups ................ 72 Practices.................................................. 17 4.5.3 Mass media .................................... 72 1.3.1 Rains .............................................. 17 4.5.4 Schools........................................... 72 1.3.2 Rangemanagement ........................ 17 4.5.5 Signs and warning notice boards . 73 1.3.3 Prestige .......................................... 18 4.5.6 Posters ............................................ 73 1.3.4 Agriculture .................................... 18 4.5.7 Other methods of fire preven ttion 73 1.3.5 Beekeeping ................................... 18 4.6 Laws and Regulations ............................ 76 1.4 Fire Prevention Background ................. 18 4.7 Fire Investigation .................................... 76 2. BASELINE DATA FOR FOREST FIRE 4.8 Fire Hazard and Hazard Reduction ........ 77 CONTROL .................................................... 22 4.9 Controlled Burning of 2.1 Management Policies for Forest Fire Fire Hazard Areas ................................... 78 Control .................................................... 22 5. FOREST FIRE BEHAVIOUR ...................... 82 2.2 The Objectives for Fire Control in 5.1 General- Forest Fire Behaviour .............. 82 Different Types of Forest ....................... 23 5.2 Principles of Combustion ....................... 83 2.3 Forest Fire Management Plan ................ 24 5.2.1 Fire triangle ................................... 83 2.4 Losses Caused by Forest Fires and 5.2.2 Ignition temperature ...................... 84 Economic Aspects of Fire Manage ment 26 5.2.3 Phases of combustion .................... 84 2.5 Climate and Fire Seasons ...................... 27 5.2.4 Heat transfer .................................. 86 2.6 Climatic Regions and Ground Vegeta tion 29 5.3 Main Factors Influencing 3. RESPONSIBLE ORGANISATION FOR Fire Behav iour ........................................ 87 FOREST FIRE CONTROL AND 5.3.1 Fuel ................................................ 88 BASIC LAW ENFORCEMENT ................... 34 5.3.2 Basic weather factors .................... 92 3.1 Responsible Organisation for Forest 5.3.3 The changing influences of Fire Control ............................................. 34 Weather .......................................... 96 3.2 Cooperation and Collaboration ............. 35 5.3.4 Topography ................................... 97 3.3 Law Enforcement and Regulations 5.4 Rate of Spread ........................................ 98 Affecting Fire Protection ....................... 35 5.5 Torching ................................................. 98 3.4 Plantation or Project Fire Organisations 36 5.6 Large Fire Behaviour............................. 98 3.5 Duties of the Responsible Authority 5.7 Parts of a Forest Fire............................... 99 in Fire Organisations ............................. 37 5.8 Form of Forest Fires ............................. 100 3.5.1 Fire protection manager ............... 37 5.9 Types of Fire ......................................... 101 3.5.2 Fire chief ........................................ 37 5.10 Classification of Fires ........................... 102 3.5.3 Storekeeper .................................... 37 5.11 Fire Behaviour Rules of Thumb.......... .103 3.6 Fire Protection Plans ............................. 38 6 PRE-SUPPRESSION ACTIVITIES............ 106 3.6.1 Purpose .......................................... 38 6.1 Introduction ......................................... .106 3.6.2 Format ........................................... 39 6.2 Planning ................................................ 106 3.6.3 Content........................................... 39 6.3 Lists and Records ................................. 107 3.6.4 Protection maps ............................. 41 6.3.1 A list of senior management ....... 107 3.6.5 Protection plans - additional notes .. 42 6.3.2 A list of fire crews ....................... 108 3.6.6 Example of a fire protection plan . 44 6.3.3 Lists of tools, equipment, 4. PREVENTION .............................................. 62 machines, and transport ............... 108 4.1 Wildfire Prevention Activities ............... 62 6.3.4 Cooperation with other 4.2 Fire Prevention Planning ....................... 63 author ities .................................... 109 6.4 Supply Service for Personnel and 7.2.3 Centrifugal pump......................... 149 Equipment ............................................. 109 7.2.4 Use of fire pumps and hose lines 151 6.5 Forest Fire Detection ............................ 110 7.2.5 Main categories of pumps ........... 153 6.5.1 General......................................... 110 7.2.6 The main pump hook-ups, 6.5.2Detection planning ....................... 110 booster pumps and tanks ............. 153 6.5.3 Ground patrolling ........................ 113 7.2.7 Fire pumps used in forest fires .... 155 6.5.4 Fixed lookout stations ................. 113 7.3 Fire Armature ....................................... 160 6.5.5 Air patrols .................................... 115 7.3.1 Fire hoses ..................................... 160 6.6 Communication .................................... 115 7.3.2 Nozzles ........................................ 164 6.6.1 General......................................... 115 7.3.3 Couplings ..................................... 166 6.6.2 Communication equipment 7.3.4 Firing devices .............................. 167 and methods ................................. 116 7.4 Fire Apparatus ...................................... 168 6.6.3 General directives for organising 7.4.1 Patrol or pick-up units ................. 168 communication systems .............. 117 7.4.2 Fire trailer units ........................... 168 6.7 Fire Reporting and Alarm Systems ...... 118 7.4.3 Pumper units ................................ 169 6.7.1 Reporting and analysis of 7.4.4 Slip-on units ................................. 169 smoke and fire ............................. 118 7.4.5 Tanker units ................................. 169 6.7.2 Regional fire alarm centre system 119 7.4.6 Fire buckets and portable 6.7.3 Methods to alert fire crews and wa ter bags .................................... 171 other units .................................... 120 7.5 Coordination of forest fire equipment .. 172 6.8 Location and Maps ............................... 120 8 SUPPRESSION TACTICS AND 6.8.1 Location ....................................... 120 TECHNIQUES ............................................. 174 6.8.2 Maps ............................................ 122 8.1 General - Definition of Terms .............. 174 6.9 Fire Weather Service ............................ 123 8.2 Phases of Wildfire Suppression ............ 176 6.9.1 General ........................................ 123 8.3 Tactics ................................................... 177 6.9.2 Fire weather index ....................... 124 8.3.1 Rule of thumb tactics................... 177 6.9.3 Measuring fire danger ................. 125 8.3.2 Basic rules of fire suppression 6.9.4 A practical example ..................... 125 tactics ........................................... 177 6.9.5 To compute fire hazard index
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