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Technical Committee on Fundamentals of Fire Control within a Structure Utilizing Fire Dynamics NFPA 1700 FIRST DRAFT MEETING Savannah, GA – March 27‐29, 2018

AGENDA

Adobe Connect Meeting Information: http://nfpa.adobeconnect.com/rfash/

Connection Information: Telephone Connection: 1‐866‐398‐2885 Participant Passcode: 237983#

1. Call to order at 8:00am, Eastern 2. Introductions 3. Opening remarks ‐ Chair 4. Review and approval of minutes from previous meeting (December 5‐6 , 2017) 5. NFPA Staff Liaison report 6. NFPA 1700 First Draft a. Task Group Reports b. Act on Public Inputs 7. New business 8. Old business 9. Other items 10. Next meeting 11. Adjourn Address List No Phone 03/05/2018 Robert Fash Fundamentals of Fire Control Within a Structure Utilizing Fire FCO-AAA Dynamics

Joseph M. Jardin E 08/17/2015 Derek M. Alkonis L 08/17/2015 Chair FCO-AAA Principal FCO-AAA Fire Department City of New York Los Angeles County Fire Department 16 Dexter Court 1320 North Eastern Avenue Hauppauge, NY 11788 Los Angeles, CA 90063-3244 Fire Department City of New York International Association of Fire Fighters Alternate: George Healy Alternate: Sean DeCrane

Ian Bolton U 08/17/2015 Cornelis Kees Both RT 12/08/2015 Principal FCO-AAA Principal FCO-AAA District of North Vancouver Fire & Rescue Services PRTC Fire Laboratory 900 St. Denis Ave Bormstraat 24 North Vancouver, BC V7J 2G4 Canada Antwerp, Tisselt, 2830 Belgium Alternate: Michael Nixon

John Brunacini SE 04/05/2016 W. Edward Buchanan, Jr. E 08/17/2015 Principal FCO-AAA Principal FCO-AAA Blue Card Hanover Fire EMS Department 5830 N. 24th Street Hanover Courthouse Phoenix, AZ 85016 13326 Hanover Courthouse Road Alternate: Timm Schabbel PO Box 470 Hanover, VA 23069

Rusty Dunham L 12/08/2015 Richard A. Dyer E 08/17/2015 Principal FCO-AAA Principal FCO-AAA Laramie County Fire District #2 Dyer Fire Consulting 4302 Sullivan Street 118 North Conistor, Cheyenne, WY 82009-5552 Suite B-283 National Volunteer Fire Council Liberty, MO 64068-1909 Alternate: Kenn Fontenot International Association of Fire Chiefs

Andrew D. Ellison SE 12/8/2015 Gerard Fontana E 04/05/2016 Principal FCO-AAA Principal FCO-AAA Unified Investigations and Science Boston Fire Department 46 Moynihan Road Chief of Operations South Hamilton, MA 01982 115 Southampton Street Boston, MA 02118

Brad French U 12/08/2015 Gavin P. Horn RT 08/17/2015 Principal FCO-AAA Principal FCO-AAA Dayton Fire Department University of Illinois Fire Service Institute 4410 Hardwood Trail 11 Gerty Drive Dayton, OH 45424-5190 Champaign, IL 61820-7404

Stephen Kerber RT 08/17/2015 Kevin P. Kuntz I 12/08/2015 Principal FCO-AAA Principal FCO-AAA Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. Verisk Analytics/Insurance Services Office, Inc. 6200 Old Dobbin Lane, Suite 150 545 Washington Boulevard Columbia, MD 21045 Jersey City, NJ 07310-1686 Alternate: Daniel Madrzykowski Alternate: Xianxu (Sherri) Hu

1 Address List No Phone 03/05/2018 Robert Fash Fundamentals of Fire Control Within a Structure Utilizing Fire FCO-AAA Dynamics

Nicolas J. Ledin C 12/08/2015 Peter J. McBride E 12/08/2015 Principal FCO-AAA Principal FCO-AAA Eau Claire Fire Department Ottawa Fire Service 1903 Sloan Street 1445 Carling Avenue Eau Claire, WI 54703 Ottawa, ON K1Z 7L9 Canada Alternate: Brian Joseph Toonen Alternate: Bradley Bignucolo

Timothy R. Merinar E 04/05/2016 Ryan O'Donnell SE 8/17/2015 Principal FCO-AAA Principal FCO-AAA National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health Whitehat Development, LLC 1095 Willowdale Road 68 Second Street, Suite 1 Morgantown, WV 26505 Troy, NY 12180 National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health

John R. Schutt U 08/17/2015 Josh Matthew Stefancic M 08/03/2016 Principal FCO-AAA Principal FCO-AAA Mesa Fire Medical Department Largo Fire Rescue 2714 South Joplin 201 Highland Avenue Mesa, AZ 85209-2505 Largo, FL 33770 Alternate: Sergio Romo International Fire Service Training Association Alternate: Richard L. Merrell

Jens Stiegel E 12/08/2015 Jason A. Sutula SE 04/05/2016 Principal FCO-AAA Principal FCO-AAA Frankfurt Fire Department JENSEN HUGHES Feuerwehrstrasse 1 3610 Commerce Drive, Suite 817 Frankfurt Am Main Baltimore, MD 20715-4427 He, 60435 Germany Alternate: James M. Lord

Devon J. Wells SE 08/17/2015 Richard White SE 12/08/2015 Principal FCO-AAA Principal FCO-AAA Hood River Fire & EMS Justice Institute of British Columbia Fire & Safety 1785 Meyer Parkway 13500 256 Street Hood River, OR 97031-1316 Maple Ridge, BC V4R 1C9 Canada International Society of Fire Service Instructors Alternate: James Tyler Johnson

Steven Edward White E 11/30/2016 Steve Young I 08/17/2015 Principal FCO-AAA Principal FCO-AAA Prince George’s County Fire Department (Retired) Wolf Creek Fire Department/Travelers Insurance 14242 Ridenour Road 626 Walter Street Smithsburg, MD 21783 Farmington, MO 63640-2720 Alternate: Jonathan W. Bender

Francesco Colella SE 12/08/2015 Jonathan W. Bender E 12/06/2017 Voting Alternate FCO-AAA Alternate FCO-AAA Exponent, Inc. Prince George's County Fire/EMS Department 9 Strathmore Road 2027 Whiteford Road Natick, MA 01760-2418 Whiteford, MD 21160 Principal: Steven Edward White

2 Address List No Phone 03/05/2018 Robert Fash Fundamentals of Fire Control Within a Structure Utilizing Fire FCO-AAA Dynamics

Bradley Bignucolo E 08/17/2017 Sean DeCrane L 8/17/2015 Alternate FCO-AAA Alternate FCO-AAA Ottawa Fire Services Underwriters' Laboratories 29121 Danbury Way 17209 Bradgate Avenue North Gower, ON K0A2T0 Canada Cleveland, OH 44111-4125 Principal: Peter J. McBride International Association of Fire Fighters Principal: Derek M. Alkonis

Kenn Fontenot L 12/08/2015 George Healy E 08/17/2015 Alternate FCO-AAA Alternate FCO-AAA LSU Fire & Emergency Training Fire Department City of New York 2525 Reno Drive 27 St. Thomas Place Abbeville, LA 70510-2639 Malverne, NY 11565 National Volunteer Fire Council Fire Department City of New York Principal: Rusty Dunham Principal: Joseph M. Jardin

Xianxu (Sherri) Hu I 08/17/2017 James Tyler Johnson U 12/06/2017 Alternate FCO-AAA Alternate FCO-AAA Verisk Analytics/Insurance Services Office, Inc. Justice Institute of British Columbia 545 Washington Boulevard, 18-9 20078 Fraser Highway, 406 Jersey City, NJ 07310-1607 Langley, BC V3A 0J2 Canada Principal: Kevin P. Kuntz Principal: Richard White

James M. Lord SE 04/04/2017 Daniel Madrzykowski RT 8/17/2015 Alternate FCO-AAA Alternate FCO-AAA JENSEN HUGHES UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute 3610 Commerce Drive, Suite 817 6200 Dobbin Baltimore, MD 21227 Gaithersburg, MD 20882 Principal: Jason A. Sutula Principal: Stephen Kerber

Richard L. Merrell M 08/17/2017 Michael Nixon U 04/05/2016 Alternate FCO-AAA Alternate FCO-AAA Fairfax County Fire & Rescue Department Strathcona County Emergency Services Uniformed Aide to the Assistant Chief 38 49 Colwill Blvd. 15703 Beacon Court Sherwood Park, AB T8A 6C3 Canada Montclair, VA 22025 Principal: Ian Bolton International Fire Service Training Association Principal: Josh Matthew Stefancic

Sergio Romo U 04/05/2016 Timm Schabbel SE 12/06/2017 Alternate FCO-AAA Alternate FCO-AAA Mesa Fire Department Clay Fire Territory 21167 Creekside Drive 19101 Stone Ridge Drive Queen Creek, AZ 85142 South Bend, IN 46637 Principal: John R. Schutt Blue Card Principal: John Brunacini

3 Address List No Phone 03/05/2018 Robert Fash Fundamentals of Fire Control Within a Structure Utilizing Fire FCO-AAA Dynamics

Brian Joseph Toonen C 04/04/2017 Robert Fash 9/15/2017 Alternate FCO-AAA Staff Liaison FCO-AAA Eau Claire Fire Department National Fire Protection Association 216 South Dewey Street One Batterymarch Park Eau Claire, WI 54701 Quincy, MA 02169-7471 Principal: Nicolas J. Ledin

Technical Committee on Fundamentals of Fire Control within a Structure Utilizing Fire Dynamics NFPA 1700 Pre-First Draft Meeting Kansas City, MO - December 5-6, 2017

Meeting Minutes

Attendees:

Joseph Jardin (Chair) Steve Young Ian Bolton George Healy John Brunacini Daniel Madrzykowski Rusty Dunham Richard Merrill Richard Dyer Todd Nixon Brad French Gavin Horn Jeff Grote – Guest Stephen Kerber Richard Carrizzo – Guest Kevin Kuntz Bill Larkin - Guest Ryan O’Donnell John Schutt Bob Fash – NFPA Staff Josh Stefancic Dan Gorham – NFPA Staff Richard White Shawn Mahoney – NFPA Staff

Chair Jardin called the meeting to order at approximately 8:01 AM Central time.

Introduction of members and guests.

Chair Opening Statement Chair thanked all the members and guests attending. Chair gave an overview of the pre- draft meeting focusing on areas for improvement for the document with Public Inputs developed by the Technical Committee.

Meeting Minutes

Technical Committee reviewed and approved minutes from previous meeting (February 9- 10, 2017, Draft Development Meeting – San Diego, CA)

Liaison Report

Overview given on the NFPA document process and action dates for the document discussed

Task Group Reports

Although no formal task groups carried over from the draft development meeting in San Diego, certain chapters were spearheaded by TC members.

A chapter by chapter walk through of the document was performed and chapters assigned to specific individuals or groups for follow-up to submit public inputs.

Editorial suggestions discussed.

Request by the TC for color graphics similar to the NFPA 921 guideline for flame pictures and line chart interpretation.

References incorporated with the Guideline to be reflected in Chapter 2. Discussion on a PPE FPRF report for inclusion.

Strategy and Tactics chapters to be reviewed with public inputs at the first draft meeting.

Chapter assignments during the meeting were assigned as:

Chapter 3 – John Brunacini (lead) and others Chapter 4 - Dan Madrzykowski Chapter 5 – Review by Steve Kerber, Rusty Dunham & Ryan O’Donnell Chapter 6 – Ian Bolton with Todd Nixon and John Schutt Chapter 7 – Josh Stefancic & Kevin Kuntz Chapter 11 – Gavin Horn & George Healy Chapter 12 – Smokey Dyer, Kevin Kuntz, and Jeff Grote Chapter 13 – Brad French and Joe Jardin

Lunch Break

Work continued by the various work groups and public inputs submitted.

Break for the day at 1700 hours

DAY 2 – 12/6/17 0800 hours

Task groups continued work on assigned chapters.

Next Steps

Task groups to continue public input submittals up to the January 4, 2018 Public Input deadline.

Next meeting date and location to be announced. First draft meeting to be held before June 14, 2018.

Meeting adjourned at 1500 hours.

National Fire Protection Association Report https://submittals.nfpa.org/TerraViewWeb/ContentFetcher?commentPar...

Public Input No. 136-NFPA 1700-2018 [ Global Input ]

(Suggest the TC review the NFPA document, NFPA 13E, Recommended Practice for Fire Department Operations in Properties Protected by Sprinkler and Standpipe Systems to determine issues that need to be correlated and referenced between the two documents. As of January 2, 2018, NFPA 1700 does not have a reference to NFPA 13E or any discussion of the practices recommended in NFPA 13E. The NFPA 1700 TC may want to submit Public Inputs to NFPA 13E, extract some text or coorelate langauge between the two documents.)

Statement of Problem and Substantiation for Public Input

The scopes of NFPA 1700 and NFPA 13E, Fire Department Operations in Properties Protected by Sprinkler and Standpipe Systems, have extensive overlap as it applies to fire fighting operations in fire sprinkler protected buildings. With the creation of NFPA 1700, it is important that NFPA 13E and NFPA 1700 do not move forward within the code development process without consideration of the text in both the documents by both of the TC's. The NFPA 1700 TC should review NFPA 13E and the NFPA 13E TC should review NFPA 1700 to determine what language needs to be extracted from one document into the other, what PI's may be necessary to correlate the two documents, what references are appropriate between documents and, perhaps, if scope changes need to occur. As of January 2nd, 2018, the draft NFPA 1700 has no reference to NFPA 13E so it does not appear there has been coordination between the two documents.

Submitter Information Verification

Submitter Full Name: Anthony Apfelbeck Organization: Altamonte Springs Building/Fire Safety Division Street Address: City: State: Zip: Submittal Date: Tue Jan 02 15:27:54 EST 2018

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Public Input No. 56-NFPA 1700-2017 [ Global Input ]

Within chapter 11, change "rehab" to "rehabilitation" and "decon" to "decontamination".

Statement of Problem and Substantiation for Public Input

Using the full word will provide consistency and common terminology throughout the chapter.

Submitter Information Verification

Submitter Full Name: Gavin Horn Organization: University of Illinois Fire Service Insitute Street Address: City: State: Zip: Submittal Date: Wed Dec 06 16:00:52 EST 2017

2 of 162 3/5/2018, 7:10 PM National Fire Protection Association Report https://submittals.nfpa.org/TerraViewWeb/ContentFetcher?commentPar...

Public Input No. 79-NFPA 1700-2017 [ Global Input ]

In Chapter 3, definitions should be organized in groups to allow for easier understanding and clarity of the term. For example, the Hazard Contol Zone definition should be followed by the definition of Hot, Warm and Cold and exclusion zones. Another example would be to group all ventilation terms together, as well as search terms, if any.

Statement of Problem and Substantiation for Public Input

Currently the chapter is only organized alphabetically, however, it would allow the reader to comprehend like terms in better context for greater understanding of future chapters.

Submitter Information Verification

Submitter Full Name: Josh Stefancic Organization: Largo Fire Rescue Street Address: City: State: Zip: Submittal Date: Thu Dec 07 10:09:53 EST 2017

3 of 162 3/5/2018, 7:10 PM National Fire Protection Association Report https://submittals.nfpa.org/TerraViewWeb/ContentFetcher?commentPar...

Public Input No. 83-NFPA 1700-2017 [ Global Input ]

The attached document of terms should be considered to be added to Chapter 3.

Additional Proposed Changes

File Name Description Approved List_of_Terms_to_Add_to_Chapter_3_and_Define.docx List of terms to add to Chp 3 NFPA 1700

Statement of Problem and Substantiation for Public Input

These terms are utilized through the guide and should be defined in chapter three to allow for better understanding and intent of the guide.

Submitter Information Verification

Submitter Full Name: Josh Stefancic Organization: Largo Fire Rescue Street Address: City: State: Zip: Submittal Date: Thu Dec 07 10:21:49 EST 2017

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 Abandoned  Active protection  Basement  Bunsen burner  Buoyant or Buoyant flows  Cold bending  Cold Conditioning  Collapse zone  Compartmentation  Concealed space or void space  Conductive and Compressive Heat Resistance (CCHR) Test  Construction types  Cross Laminated Timber (CLT)  Different temperatures – Fahrenheit – Celsius  Different truss types defined  Dynamic flow path  Elevated Temperature Rope Test  Emergency Voice Communication System  Endothermic  Energy Storage Systems  Engineered/Lightweight Construction  Finish or finishes  Fire alarm/system  Fire command center  Fire Department Communication Systems  Fire department connection – FDC  Fire restive construction  Fire tetrahedron  Flame restive test  Flammable gas  Flexibility test  Fluid or Fluid flows  Fully developed  Fully involved  Function test  Green Construction  Heat Transfer  Hot Conditioning  Hygiene  Incident Commander (IC)  Insulation  Interface layer  ISP – Independent Service Provider (see NFPA 1851)  Knockdown  Large space (sq ft defined)  LEL/LFL  Liquid  Manufactured Structures  Mega mansion  New Growth Lumber:  Old Growth Dimensional Lumber:  Oven aging test  Oxidation – Oxidation agent  Oxidizing Agent  PASS  Passive protection  Phase changes  Photovoltaic (PV) solar panels  PV module (array)  Reverse stack effect  Search and Rescue terms: primary search, secondary search, protect in place, search, rescue  Smoke  Sprinkler system  Stairwell pressurization  State of change – solid, liquid, gas  State of matter or Matter  Surfactants  Survivability profile  Tactical non-ventilation  Tactical Ventilation  Thermal decomposition  TPP  Travel distance  Turnout components  UEL/UFL  UL-19 Hot Block Test  Under control  Uninhibited chemical chain reaction  Vacant  Vaporization  Variable grade buildings  Vegetative Roof  Ventilation control  Ventilation for extinguishment  Ventilation for property conservation  Ventilation for search/rescue  Ventilation induced flashover  Ventilation profile  Virgin fuels National Fire Protection Association Report https://submittals.nfpa.org/TerraViewWeb/ContentFetcher?commentPar...

Public Input No. 86-NFPA 1700-2017 [ Global Input ]

The attached list of terms and definitions should be added to chapter three.

Additional Proposed Changes

File Name Description Approved 1700_Chapter_3_Definitions_-_Dec_2017_1_.docx Terms and definitions to add to chapter three.

Statement of Problem and Substantiation for Public Input

The attached list of terms and definitions should be added to chapter three to allow for greater understanding of the guide.

Submitter Information Verification

Submitter Full Name: Josh Stefancic Organization: Largo Fire Rescue Street Address: City: State: Zip: Submittal Date: Thu Dec 07 10:26:45 EST 2017

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3.3 General Definitions

Absolute Temperature. A temperature measured in Kelvins (K) or Rankines (R). NOT FOUND

Accelerant. A fuel or oxidizer, often an ignitable liquid, intentionally used to initiate a fire or increase the rate of growth or spread of fire. NOT FOUND

Accident. An unplanned event that interrupts an activity and sometimes causes injury or damage or a chance occurrence arising from unknown causes; an unexpected happening due to carelessness, ignorance, and the like. NOT FOUND

Ambient. Someone's or something's surroundings, especially as they pertain to the local environment; for example, ambient air and ambient temperature.

Atmospheric Pressure. The pressure of the weight of air on the surface of the earth, approximately 14.7 pounds per square inch (psia) (101 kPa absolute) at sea level.

Backdraft. A deflagration resulting from the sudden introduction of air into a confined space containing oxygen-deficient products of incomplete combustion and pyrolysis gases.

Basic Spray Nozzle An adjustable-pattern spray nozzle in which the rated discharge is delivered at a designated nozzle pressure and nozzle setting.

Bi-directional vent. A building opening that serves as both as an intake and exhaust vent of a flow path at the same time.

Blast Pressure Front. The expanding leading edge of an explosion reaction that separates a major difference in pressure between normal ambient pressure ahead of the front and potentially damaging high pressure at and behind the front. NOT FOUND

Blitz Attack. A coordinated fire attack from the exterior with a master stream (300+gpm).

Blowers. Powered fans that are used to push air into a structure to increase the pressure of the gases inside a structure to move the gases to an area of lower pressure, usually the exterior. NOT FOUND – include term in fan

BLEVE. Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion.

British Thermal Unit (Btu). The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water 1°F at the pressure of 1 atmosphere and temperature of 60°F; a British thermal unit is equal to 1055 joules, 1.055 kilojoules, and 252.15 calories.

Broken Stream. A stream of water that has been broken into coarsely divided drops.

Calorie. The amount of heat necessary to raise 1 gram of water 1°C at the pressure of 1 atmosphere and temperature of 15°C; a calorie is 4.184 joules, and there are 252.15 calories in a British thermal unit (Btu).

Ceiling Jet. A relatively thin layer of flowing hot gases that develops under a horizontal surface (e.g., ceiling) as a result of plume impingement and the flowing gas being forced to move horizontally.

Ceiling Layer. A buoyant layer of hot gases and smoke produced by a fire in a compartment.

Char. Carbonaceous material that has been burned or pyrolyzed and has a blackened appearance.

Combustible. Capable of undergoing combustion

Combustible Liquid. Any liquid that has a closed-cup flash point at or above 37.8°C (100°F). (See also 3.3.79, Flammable Liquid.)

Combustion. A chemical process of oxidation that occurs at a rate fast enough to produce heat and usually light in the form of either a glow or flame.

Combustion Products. The heat, gases, volatilized liquids and solids, particulate matter, and ash generated by combustion.

Command post. The physical site where the incident commander is located.

Conduction. Heat transfer to another body or within a body by direct contact.

Convection. Heat transfer by circulation within a medium such as a gas or a liquid.

Deflagration. Propagation of a combustion zone at a velocity that is less than the speed of sound in the unreacted medium. [68, 2013]

Density. The mass of a substance per unit volume, usually specified at standard temperature and pressure. The density of water is approximately 1000 kilograms per cubic meter. The density of air is approximately 1.2 kilograms per cubic meter.

Detection. (1) Sensing the existence of a fire, especially by a detector from one or more products of the fire, such as smoke, heat, infrared radiation, and the like. (2) The act or process of discovering and locating a fire.

Detonation. Propagation of a combustion zone at a velocity greater than the speed of sound in the unreacted medium.

Differential Pressure. The difference between pressures at different points along a flow path. The pressure difference creates the flow of gases or fluids from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower.

Diffuse Fuel. A gas, vapor, dust, particulate, aerosol, mist, fog, or hybrid mixture of these, suspended in the atmosphere, which is capable of being ignited and propagating a flame front.

Diffusion Flame. A flame in which fuel and air mix or diffuse together at the region of combustion.

Door Control. Using a door to limit the amount of air available to the fire. Also using a door to isolate a part of the building from the flow path.

Drop Down. The spread of fire by the dropping or falling of burning materials. Synonymous with “fall down.”

Engine Company. A piece of fire apparatus along with fire fighters that have the primary responsibility to deliver a fire stream or streams to extinguish the fire in coordination with ventilation (ladder company) and rescue operations

Entrainment. The process of air or gases being drawn into a fire, plume, or jet.

Exhaust Vent. The outlet of a flow path that allows the gases to move out of the structure.

Explosion. The sudden conversion of potential energy (chemical or mechanical) into kinetic energy with the production and release of gases under pressure, or the release of gas under pressure. These high-pressure gases then do mechanical work such as moving, changing, or shattering nearby materials.

Explosive. Any chemical compound, mixture, or device that functions by explosion.

Exposure. The side of a structural assembly or separate part of the fire ground that is directly exposed to the fire to which the fire could spread.

Exposure Protection. Using an extinguishing agent to coat the exposure, and/or remove the fuel(s), to prevent fire spread.

Extinguish. To completely stop the combustion process.

Failure. Distortion, breakage, deterioration, or other fault in an item, component, system, assembly, or structure that results in unsatisfactory performance of the function for which it was designed.

Fire. A rapid oxidation process, which is a gas phase chemical reaction resulting in the evolution of light and heat in varying intensities.

Fire control. The coordinated tasks of delivering an extinguishing agent (water) to fire and heat and managing the flow of air, smoke, heat, and fuel(s).

Fire Dynamics. The detailed study of how chemistry, fire science, and the engineering disciplines of fluid mechanics and heat transfer interact to influence fire behavior.

Fire propagation. See Fire Spread. USE ONE OR THE OTHER

Fire Science. The body of knowledge concerning the study of fire and related subjects (such as combustion, flame, products of combustion, heat release, heat transfer, fire and explosion chemistry, fire and explosion dynamics, thermodynamics, kinetics, fluid mechanics, fire safety) and their interaction with people, structures, and the environment.

Fire Spread. The movement of fire from one place to another.

Flame. A body or stream of gaseous material involved in the combustion process and emitting radiant energy at specific wavelength bands determined by the combustion chemistry of the fuel. In most cases, some portion of the emitted radiant energy is visible to the human eye.

Flame Front. The flaming leading edge of a propagating combustion reaction zone.

Flame-over. The condition where unburned fuel from a fire has accumulated in the ceiling layer to a sufficient concentration (i.e., at or above the lower flammable limit) that it ignites and burns; can occur without ignition of, or prior to, the ignition of other fuels separate from the origin.

Flammable. Capable of burning with a flame.

Flammable Limit. The upper or lower concentration limit at a specified temperature and pressure of a flammable gas or a vapor of an ignitable liquid and air, expressed as a percentage of fuel by volume that can be ignited.

Flammable Range. The range of concentrations between the lower and upper flammable limits. [68, 2013]

Flash Fire. A fire that spreads by means of a flame front rapidly through a diffuse fuel, such as dust, gas, or the vapors of an ignitable liquid, without the production of damaging pressure.

Flash Point of a Liquid. The lowest temperature of a liquid, as determined by specific laboratory tests, at which the liquid gives off vapors at a sufficient rate to support a momentary flame across its surface.

Flashover. A transition phase in the development of a compartment fire in which surfaces exposed to thermal radiation reach ignition temperature more or less simultaneously and fire spreads rapidly throughout the space, resulting in near full involvement .

Flow Path. The area(s) within a structure where heat, smoke and air flows from an area of higher pressure to lower pressure. It composed of at least one intake vent, one exhaust vent and the connecting volume between the vents.

Fog Stream. A stream of water that is flowed in the form of small water droplets.

Fuel. A material that will maintain combustion under specified environmental conditions.

Fuel Gas. Natural gas, manufactured gas, LP-Gas, and similar gases commonly used for commercial or residential purposes such as heating, cooling, or cooking.

Fuel-Limited Fire. A fire in which the heat release rate and growth rate are controlled by the characteristics of the fuel, such as quantity and geometry, and in which adequate air for combustion is available.

Fuel Load. The total quantity of combustible contents of a building, space, or fire area, including interior finish and trim, prior to ignition.

Gas. The physical state of a substance that has no shape or volume of its own and will expand to take the shape and volume of the container or enclosure it occupies.

Glowing Combustion. Luminous burning of solid material without a visible flame.

GPM. Gallons per minute.

Gross Decon

Hazard. Any arrangement of materials that presents the potential for harm.

Heat. A form of energy characterized by vibration of molecules and capable of initiating and supporting chemical changes and changes of state.

Heat and Flame Vector. An arrow used in a fire scene drawing to show the direction of heat, smoke, or flame flow.

Heat Flux. The measure of the rate of heat transfer to a surface, expressed in kilowatts/m2, kilojoules/m2 · sec, or Btu/ft2 · sec.

Heat of Combustion. Total amount of thermal energy that could be generated by a fuel if it were to burn completely. The heat of combustion is typically measured in kilojoules per gram, kJ/g or mega joules per kilogram, MJ/kg.

Heat of Ignition. The heat energy that brings about ignition.

Heat Release Rate (HRR). The rate at which heat energy is generated by burning.

High Pressure Side or upwind side. The side of the building that the wind is impacting on.

High-Rise Building. A building over 75 feet in height from grade level.

Horizontal Ventilation. A method of utilizing natural ventilation currents to manage the flow of heat and smoke from the interior to the exterior on the same level of the structure.

Hoseline. A hose extended from fire apparatus or a standpipe system designed to flow between 90 and 300 GPM.

Hot zone - the primary incident hazard area deemed immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH), and where personnel shall wear PPE suitable for the hazards encountered. *Note: For a structure fire, the structure is the hot zone, regardless of what you can see from the outside. Added to chapter 3

Hydraulic Ventilation. Use of a water stream to remove gases from a compartment through an exhaust vent while entraining fresh air from an intake.

Ignitable Liquid. Any liquid or the liquid phase of any material that is capable of fueling a fire, including a flammable liquid, combustible liquid, or any other material that can be liquefied and burned.

Ignition. The process of initiating self-sustained combustion.

Ignition Energy. The quantity of heat energy that should be absorbed by a substance to ignite and burn.

Ignition Temperature. Minimum temperature a substance should attain in order to ignite under specific test conditions.

Ignition Time. The time between the application of an ignition source to a material and the onset of self-sustained combustion.

IMS. See ICS

Incendiary Fire. A fire that is deliberately set with the intent to cause the fire to occur in an area where the fire should not be.

Incident Action Plan. A plan that lists the action tasks in the order that should be taken at an incident.

ICS - Incident Command System. Is a management system that is utilized to develop a strategy for fire incidents and to manager the various tactics and tasks that are implemented during fire operations.

Intake Vent. An inlet of a flow path that allows fresh air to move into the structure.

Joule. The preferred SI unit of heat, energy, or work. A joule is the heat produced when one ampere is passed through a resistance of one ohm for one second, or it is the work required to move a distance of one meter against a force of one newton. There are 4.184 joules in a calorie, and 1055 joules in a British thermal unit (Btu). A watt is a joule/second. [See also 3.3.21, British Thermal Unit (Btu), and 3.3.24, Calorie.]

Kilowatt. A measurement of energy release rate. A kilowatt is 1000 watts. A watt is a joule/second.

Ladder Company. A piece of fire apparatus along with firefighters that usually has an aerial ladder and a compliment of ground ladders and firefighting personnel that commonly perform rescue and ventilation operations in coordination with engine company operations.

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Layering. The systematic process of removing debris from the top down and observing the relative location of artifacts at the fire scene.

Life Safety. The protection of human life including all persons within a structure, civilians and firefighting personnel.

Low Explosive. An explosive that has a reaction velocity of less than 1000 m/sec (3000 ft/sec).

Low pressure side or downwind side. The side of the building opposite the side of the building that the wind is impacting on.

Master Stream. A ground or aerial device designed to flow in excess of 300 GPM.

Material First Ignited. The fuel that is first set on fire by the heat of ignition; to be meaningful, both a type of material and a form of material should be identified.

Mechanical Ventilation. The use of powered blowers, fans, smoke ejectors, or hydraulic ventilation to exchange gases inside the structure with fresh air.

Natural Ventilation. The use of convection currents and winds to ventilate a structure without the use of powered blowers, fans, smoke ejectors, or hose streams.

Negative-Pressure Ventilation. The use of powered blowers, fans, or smoke ejectors to remove gases from a compartment through an exhaust vent while entraining fresh air from an intake.

Noncombustible Material. A material that, in the form in which it is used and under the condition anticipated, will not ignite, burn, support combustion, or release flammable vapors when subjected to fire or heat.

Nonflammable. (1) Not readily capable of burning with a flame. (2) Not liable to ignite and burn when exposed to flame. Its antonym is flammable.

Nozzle pressure. The pressure at the point where water flows from a nozzle and is described in pounds per square inch (psi).

Origin. The general location where a fire or explosion began. (See Point of Origin, or Area of Origin.)

Overhaul. The process of final extinguishment following the control of the main body of the fire. All traces of the fire should be fully extinguished during this phase of the firefighting operations.

Overload. Operation of equipment in excess of normal, full-load rating or of a conductor in excess of rated ampacity that when it persists for a sufficient length of time would cause damage or dangerous overheating. An overload current is usually but might not always be confined to the normal intended conductive paths provided by conductors and other electrical components of an electrical circuit. Operation of the equipment or wiring under current flow conditions leading to temperatures in excess of the temperature rating of the equipment or wiring.

Oxygen Deficiency. Insufficiency of oxygen to support combustion. (See also Ventilation-Controlled Fire.)

Penetrating nozzle – a nozzle that is designed to penetrate a building membrane such as a roof, wall or floor in order to deliver a water stream from one area to another area.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) – protective equipment tested and approved for firefighting such as a including but not limited to: coat, pants, gloves, boots, hood, helmet and self-contained breathing apparatus.

Plastic. Any of a wide range of natural or synthetic organic materials of high molecular weight that can be formed by pressure, heat, extrusion, and other methods into desired shapes.

Plume. The column of hot gases, flames, and smoke rising above a fire; also called convection column, thermal updraft, or thermal column.

Positive Pressure Attack. The utilization of powered blowers or fans, prior to fire control, as a means to control and reduce the heat in the intake portion of the flow path and exhaust heat and smoke from the fire area.

Positive Pressure Isolation. The utilization of powered blowers or fans to pressurize sections of buildings or exposures adjacent to the fire area with the intent to prevent smoke and fire spread into the pressurized sections. Different definition in Chapter 10. Need to use the best one.

Positive Pressure Ventilation. The utilization of powered blowers or fans, post-fire control, to exhaust heat and smoke from the fire area.

Preservation. Application or use of measures to prevent damage, change or alteration, or deterioration.

Pressure. A measure of force per unit area exerted on a surface at 90 degrees to that surface. Values for pressure may be given in pounds per square inch (psi) or Pascals (Pa).

Products of Combustion. See Combustion Products.

Pyrolysis. A process in which material is decomposed, or broken down, into simpler molecular compounds by the effects of heat alone; pyrolysis often precedes combustion.

Radiant Heat. Heat energy carried by electromagnetic waves that are longer than light waves and shorter than radio waves; radiant heat (electromagnetic radiation) increases the sensible temperature of any substance capable of absorbing the radiation, especially solid and opaque objects.

Radiation. Heat transfer by way of electromagnetic energy.

Rapid Intervention Crew/Company (RIC). A crew of firefighters that are reserved at a fire incident to locate and rescue firefighters who are lost or entrapped within a building fire.

Rate of Heat Release. See Heat Release Rate (HRR).

Recirculation. Ineffective ventilation where smoke continues to circulate within the structure instead of being exhausted from the structure

Rekindle. A return to flaming combustion after apparent but incomplete extinguishment.

Rescue. The process of searching, evacuating and removing occupants from the fire building and providing emergency medical care.

Rescue Company. A piece of fire apparatus along with firefighters that are generally utilized for search and rescue at fire incidents.

Risk. The degree of peril; the possible harm that might occur that is represented by the statistical probability or quantitative estimate of the frequency or severity of injury or loss.

Rollover. See Flameover. No definition on site

Salvage. The process of protecting the contents within a building during and following the fires incident.

Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) – protective equipment that consists of an air supply, a face piece, and a regulator.

Smoke Condensate. The condensed residue of suspended vapors and liquid products of incomplete combustion.

Smoke Ejectors. A powered fan that is designed to remove gases from the interior of a structure using negative pressure.

Smoke Explosion. A term that is sometimes utilized incorrectly for the term backdraft.

Smoldering. Combustion without flame, usually with incandescence and smoke.

Soot. Black particles of carbon produced in a flame.

Spalling. Chipping or pitting of concrete or masonry surfaces.

Specific Gravity (air) (vapor density). The ratio of the average molecular weight of a gas or vapor to the average molecular weight of air.

Specific Gravity (of a liquid or solid). The ratio of the mass of a given volume of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of water at a temperature of 4°C.

Spontaneous Heating. Process whereby a material increases in temperature without drawing heat from its surroundings.

Spontaneous Ignition. Initiation of combustion of a material by an internal chemical or biological reaction that has produced sufficient heat to ignite the material.

Standard Operating Guideline (SOG). 1) A written directive that establishes recommended strategies/concepts of emergency response to an incident. 2) Fire department documents that provide guidance to firefighters that permits situational decision making based upon the assessment of the incident with respect established incident priorities.

Standard Operating Procedure (SOP). A written directive that established specific operation or administrative methods to be followed routinely for the performance of a task or for the use of equipment [NFPA 475].

Straight Tip Nozzle A smooth-bore nozzle for producing a solid stream. 1963 (2014)

Straight Stream – a water stream that flows from a solid bore nozzle or a stream that flows from a combination nozzle with the stream setting placed in the most narrow stream setting that is available.

Strategy. The general direction selected to accomplish incident objective set by the incident commander. Strategy - The plan or direction selected to accomplish incident objectives. (NFPA 1026, 1035, 1051, 1561)

Steam conversion – the physical event where water is delivered to the heat of a fire and the water is converted from a liquid to a vapor in the form of steam.

Suppression. The sum of all the work done to extinguish a fire, beginning at the time of its discovery.

Target Fuel. A fuel that is subject to ignition by thermal radiation such as from a flame or a hot gas layer.

Temperature. The degree of sensible heat of a body as measured by a thermometer or similar instrument.

Thermal Column. See Plume

Thermal Expansion. The increase in length, volume, or surface area of a body with rise in temperature.

Thermal Inertia. The properties of a material that characterize its rate of surface temperature rise when exposed to heat; related to the product of the material's thermal conductivity (k), its density (ρ), and its heat capacity (c).

Thermometry. The study of the science, methodology, and practice of temperature measurement.

Thermoplastic. Plastic materials that soften and melt under exposure to heat and can reach a flowable state.

Thermoset Plastics. Plastic materials that are hardened into a permanent shape in the manufacturing process and are not commonly subject to softening when heated; typically form char in a fire.

Time Line. Graphic representation of the events in a fire incident displayed in chronological order.

Total Burn. A fire scene where a fire continued to burn until most combustibles were consumed and the fire self-extinguished due to a lack of fuel or was extinguished when the fuel load was reduced by burning and there was sufficient suppression agent application to extinguish the fire.

Transitional Attack. The application of a fire stream from the exterior of a structure to improve interior conditions prior to an offensive fire attack. Also known as: reset the fire, quick hit, exterior water application, exterior fire control, hit it hard from the yard, softening the target, etc. Term was in chapter 3 with no definition

Upper Layer. See Ceiling layer.

Uni-directional vent. A building opening that serves as either an intake and exhaust vent of a flow path at a given time.

Vapor. The gas phase of a substance, particularly of those that are normally liquids or solids at ordinary temperatures. (See also Gas.)

Vapor Density. See Specific Gravity (air) (vapor density).

Vent. An opening for the passage of, or dissipation of, fluids, such as gases, fumes, smoke, and the like.

Ventilation. Circulation of air in any space by natural wind or convection or by fans blowing air into or exhausting air out of a building; a fire-fighting operation of removing smoke and heat from the structure by opening windows and doors or making holes in the roof.

Ventilation Control Device. Using an object to limit the amount of air available to the fire.

Ventilation-Limited Fire. A fire in which the heat release rate or growth is controlled by the amount of air (oxygen) available to the fire.

Venting. The escape of smoke and heat through openings in a building.

Vertical Ventilation. A method of using buoyancy to permit smoke and convected heat to flow upward in order to be exhausted from the building through vents above the fire while being replaced with intake air through other vents at the same level of the fire or lower.

Walk-out. A building that has an entrance/exit door situated below the main level of the structure.

Water additives – chemical additives to water that have the intent to make water delivered to a fire a more effective extinguishing agent.

Wind Control Device-

Water Supply. The amount of water described in the terms of GPM that is available at a fire incident for fire attack.

END OF CHAPTER 3 ------

Additions added by various committee members:

Knockdown

Basement

Under control

State of matter or Matter

Solid

Liquid

Oxidation – Oxidation agent

Vaporization

Phase changes

Thermal decomposition

Fluid or Fluid flows

Buoyant or Buoyant flows

Heat transfer

Virgin fuels

Endothermic

State of change – solid, liquid, gas

Uninhibited chemical chain reaction

Thermal decomposition

Flammable range is defined – does not include Flammable/Explosive term

Flammable gas

Survivability profile

Search and Rescue terms: primary search, secondary search, protect in place, search, rescue

Collapse zone

Construction types

Finish or finishes

Active protection

Passive protection

Fire alarm/system

Fire command center

Emergency Voice Communication System

Fire Department Communication Systems

Standpipe

Fire department connection – FDC

Fire restive construction

Reverse stack effect

Insulation

Travel distance

Sprinkler system

Cross Laminated Timber (CLT)

Old Growth Dimensional Lumber:

New Growth Lumber:

Engineered/Lightweight Construction

Different truss types defined

Green Construction

Photovoltaic (PV) solar panels

PV module (array)

Energy Storage Systems

Vegetative Roof

Flame restive test

Bunsen burner

TPP

Different temperatures – Fahrenheit – Celsius

Elevated Temperature Rope Test

UL-19 Hot Block Test

Oven aging test

Cold bending

Flexibility test

Hot Conditioning

Function test

Cold Conditioning

Turnout components

Conductive and Compressive Heat Resistance (CCHR) Test

PASS

Ventilation profile

Vent profile

Dynamic flow path

Tactical Ventilation

Tactical non-ventilation

Ventilation control

Ventilation for extinguishment

Ventilation for search/rescue

Ventilation for property conservation

Hygiene

“Building” exposure is in chapter 3. “Physical” exposure is not – chapter 10

Decontamination

Gross decontamination

Carcinogens

Doffing

Donning

Apparatus

Support personnel

Soot

Contaminants – contamination - contaminated

Wet decon

Dry decon

Surfactants

Concealed space or void space

Mega mansion

Manufactured Structures

Vacant

Abandoned

Large space (sq ft defined)

Variable grade buildings

Fully developed – enough O2

Fully involved

Ventilation induced flashover

Fire tetrahedron

Fuel

Pyrolysis

Vaporization

Heat of Combustion

Oxidizing Agent

Heat

Heat Release rate

Heat Flux

Temperature

Combustion

LEL/LFL

UEL/UFL

Smoke

Heat Transfer

Conduction

Convection

Radiation

Fuel Load

Interface layer

Incident Commander (IC)

Compartmentation

Stairwell pressurization

Exposure pressurization of strip mall

Pressurization of single family during attic fire

Compartment – A three-dimensional space enclosed by walls, floor, and a ceiling. Each wall and ceiling may contain various openings.

Enclosure - A confined or partially confined volume.

Knee wall – a short wall, typically under three feet (one meter) in height, used to create a room such as a living space within an attic. The creation of a knee wall results in a void space behind the knee wall and the underside of the roof.

Vent Profile – Appearance of a fire building’s ventilation points showing the flow path of heat and smoke out of the structure as well as any air movement into the structure.

Fuel package – a single item of fuel.

HVAC Ventilation – air flows due to fixed building heating ventilation and air conditioning systems.

Pressure Appendix Material *The earth is surrounded by an atmosphere made up of approximately 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and 1% of other gases. The weight of these gases on the earth creates a force of 14.7 pounds per square inch (psi) at sea level. This is referred to as Atmospheric pressure. Pressure in the fire service is typically referenced in the units of pounds per square inch or PSI, as this is the standard pressure unit for many of the pump panel gauges on an engine. The pressure shown on the pump panel gauge is actually measured relative to the atmospheric pressure. In other words, 50 psi is really 50 psi over the atmospheric pressure. This type of pressure measurement is referred to as psi gauge or psig. The pressure developed by the fire or by a fan is the measured pressure over and above the atmospheric pressure. Fires create pressure that push smoke and gases throughout a room or structure. The pressures are very small, on the order of one thousandth of a psi. Therefore, it is best to use a different unit for measuring pressure. This unit is called a Pascal. When it is written, it is abbreviated as Pa. 101,325 Pa equals 14.7 psi. Or 1 Pa equals 0.00015 psi.

National Fire Protection Association Report https://submittals.nfpa.org/TerraViewWeb/ContentFetcher?commentPar...

Public Input No. 92-NFPA 1700-2017 [ Global Input ]

Througout the document; replace the word ATTACK with CONTROL.

Statement of Problem and Substantiation for Public Input

This was discussed at previous committee meetings and CONTROL is a better description of what is being done, as opposed to ATTACK which could be perceived as an aggressive action.

Submitter Information Verification

Submitter Full Name: Josh Stefancic Organization: Largo Fire Rescue Street Address: City: State: Zip: Submittal Date: Thu Dec 07 11:39:44 EST 2017

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Public Input No. 94-NFPA 1700-2017 [ Global Input ]

Throughout the docment, the word "firefighter" is formatted as "firefighter", "fire-fighter", and "fire fighter". This should be standardized.

Statement of Problem and Substantiation for Public Input

Standardization of terminology for a more user-friendly reading experience

Submitter Information Verification

Submitter Full Name: Brad French Organization: Dayton Fire Department Street Address: City: State: Zip: Submittal Date: Thu Dec 07 15:34:19 EST 2017

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Public Input No. 95-NFPA 1700-2017 [ Global Input ]

Througout the document, Thermal Imaging Cameras are referred to in multiple ways, including "Thermal Imagers" and "Thermal Imaging Cameras". This should be consistent throughout.

Statement of Problem and Substantiation for Public Input

Consistent terminology for a more user-friendly experience for the reader.

Submitter Information Verification

Submitter Full Name: Brad French Organization: Dayton Fire Department Street Address: City: State: Zip: Submittal Date: Thu Dec 07 15:41:54 EST 2017

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Public Input No. 24-NFPA 1700-2017 [ Section No. 2.3.5 ]

2.3.5 UL Publications. Underwriters Laboratories Inc., 333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062-2096. UL 19, Standard for Lined Fire Hose and Hose Assemblies, xxxx. Understanding and Fighting Basement Fires: Report of Experiments

Statement of Problem and Substantiation for Public Input

Including reference to basement fire information in Chapter 6.

Submitter Information Verification

Submitter Full Name: Brad French Organization: Dayton Fire Department Street Address: City: State: Zip: Submittal Date: Wed Dec 06 11:31:24 EST 2017

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Public Input No. 144-NFPA 1700-2018 [ Section No. 2.3.8 ]

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2.3.8 Other Publications.

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Colburn, D, et al., “A Comparison of Cooling Techniques in Firefighters After a Live Burn Evolution,” Prehosp Emerg Care, 15(2), 2011. Dickinson, E. T., and M. A. Wieder, Emergency Incident Rehabilitation, 2nd edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ, Pearson Education, 2004. Espinoza M., Contreras M. “Safety and Performance Implications of Hydration, Core Body Temperature and Post Incident Rehabilitation.” Orange County Fire Authority (CA) December 2007. Horn, G.P., Blevins, S., Fernhall, B., and Smith, D.L. (2013) “Core temperature and heart rate response to repeated bouts of firefighting activities” Ergonomics. 56(9):1465-73. doi: 10.1080/00140139.2013.818719. Epub 2013 Jul 22. Horn, G.P., DeBlois, J., Shalmyeva, I., Smith, D.L., (2012) “Quantifying dehydration in the Fire Service using field methods and novel devices”, Prehospital Emergency Care 16(3), 347-355. DOI: 10.3109/10903127.2012.664243. Horn, G.P., Gutzmer, S., Fahs, C.A., Petruzzello, S.J., Goldstein, E., Fahey, G.C., Fernhall, B., Smith, D.L., (2011) “Physiological recovery from firefighting activities in rehabilitation and beyond”, Prehospital Emergency Care 15(2), 214-225. Hostler, D., et al., “Comparison of Active Cooling Devices with Passive Cooling for Rehabilitation of Firefighters Performing Exercise in Thermal Protective Clothing: A Report from the Fireground Rehab Evaluation (FIRE) Trial,” Prehosp Emerg Care, 14(3), 2010. McLellan, T. M., and G. A. Selkirk, “The Management of Heat Stress for the Firefighter,″ Defence Research and Development Canada, 2005. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service Wind Chill–Temperature (WCT) Index. Sawka, M. N., and K. B. Pandolf, “Effects of Body Water Loss on Physiological Function and Exercise Performance.” C. V. Gisolfi and D. R. Lamb (eds.), Fluid Homeostasis During Exercise. Benchmark Press, Indianapolis, IN, 1-38 (1990). Sawka, M. N., and K. B. Pandolf, “Physical Exercise in Hot Climates: Physiology, Performance, and Biomedical Issues,” Medical Aspects of Harsh Environments, Vol. 1, C. B. Wenger and R. S. Pozos. Washington, DC: Borden Institute, 2002. Smith, D. L., and S. J. Petruzzello, “Selected Physiological and Psychological Responses to Live-Fire Drills in Different Configurations of Firefighting Gear,” Ergonomics, 41(8), 1141- 1154 (1998). Smith, D. L., S. J. Petruzzello, M. A. Chludzinski, J. J. Reed, and J. A. Woods, “Effects of Strenuous Live- Fire Firefighting Drills on Hematological, Blood Chemistry, and Psychological Measures,” Journal of Thermal Biology, 26(4-5):375-380 (2001). Smith, D. L., S. J. Petruzzello, and T. S. Manning, “The Effect of Strenuous Live-Fire Drills on Cardiovascular and Psychological Responses of Recruit Firefighters,” Ergonomics, 44(3):244-254 (2001). U.S. Fire Administration (USFA). FA-114, Emergency Incident Rehabilitation. Emmitsburg, MD: USFA July 1992. vfdb (German Fire Protection Association); Recommendations for operational hygiene in the course of fire fighting, March 2014. 1. Madrzykowski, D., Fire Fighter Equipment Operaonal Environment (FFEOE): Evaluaon of Thermal Condions. UL Fireﬁghter Safety Research Instute, Columbia, Maryland, August 2017.

2. America Burning, The Report of The Naonal Commission on Fire Prevenon and Control. Washington, D.C., May 1973.

3. Gross,D., Fire Research at NBS: The First 75 Years. In Fire Safety Science – Proceedings of

the Third Internaonal Symposium, pages 119–133. Internaonal Associaon for Fire Safety Science, 1991.

4. Hurley, M.J., ed., SFPE Handbook of Fire Protecon Engineering. Springer, NY. NY., 5th edion, 2016.

5. Fire Protecon Handbook. Naonal Fire Protecon Associaon, Quincy, Massachuses,20th ed., 2008.

6. Drysdale, D., An Introducon to Fire Dynamics. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 2nd edion, 2002.

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7. Madrzykowski, D., Fire Dynamics: The Science of Fire Fighng, Internaonal Fire Service Journal of Leadership and Management, FPP/IFSTA, Sllwater, OK., Vol 7, 2013.

8. Kerber, S., Analysis of Changing Residenal Fire Dynamics and Its Implicaons on Fireﬁghter Operaonal Timeframes. Fire Technology, 48:865–891, October 2012.

8. Stroup, D.W., Madrzykowski, D., Walton, W.D., and Twilley, W., Structural Collapse Fire Tests: Single Story, Ordinary Construcon Warehouse, Naonal Instute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD., NISTIR 6959, May 2003.

10. Stroup, D,W., Bryner, N.P., Lee, J., McElroy, J., Roadarmel, G., and Twilley, W.H., Structural Collapse Fire Tests: Single Story, Wood Frame Structures, Naonal Instute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD., NISTIR 7094, March 2004.

11. Izydorek, M.S., Zeeveld, P. A ., Samuels, M.D., Smyser, J.P., Report on Structural Stability of Engineered Lumber in Fire Condions. Underwriters Laboratories, Northbrook, Illinois, September 2008.

12. Kerber, S., Madrzykowski, D., Dalton, J., and Backstrom, R., Improving Fire Safety by Understanding the Fire Performance of Engineered Floor Systems and Providing the Fire Service with Informaon for Taccal Decision Making. Underwriters Laboratories, Northbrook, Illinois, March 2012.

13. Madrzykowski, D. and Kent, J., Examinaon of the Thermal Condions of a Wood Floor Assembly above a Compartment Fire, Naonal Instute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD., NISTTN 1709, July 2011.

14. Madrzykowski, D. and Kerber, S., Fire Fighng Taccs Under Wind Driven Condions: Laboratory Experiments, Naonal Instute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD., NISTTN 1618, January 2009.

15. Kerber, S. and Madrzykowski, D., Fire Fighng Taccs Under Wind Driven Condions: 7 Story Building Experiments, Naonal Instute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD., NISTTN 1629, April 2009.

16. Kerber, S., Impact of venlaon on ﬁre behavior in legacy and contemporary residenal construcon. Underwriters Laboratories, Northbrook, Illinois, December 2010.

17. Kerber, S., Study of the eﬀecveness of ﬁre service vercal venlaon and suppression taccs in single family homes. Underwriters Laboratories, Northbrook, Illinois, June 2013.

18. Kerber, S. and Walton, W.D., Eﬀect of Posive Pressure Venlaon on a Room Fire, Naonal Instute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD., NISTIR 7213, March 2005.

19. Kerber, S. and Walton, W.D., Full‐Scale Evaluaon of Posive Pressure Venlaon In a Fire Fighter Training Building. Naonal Instute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD., NISTIR 7342, July 2006.

20. Kerber, S., Madrzykowski, D., and Stroup, D.W., Evaluang Posive Pressure Venlaon In Large Structures: High‐ Rise Pressure Experiments. Naonal Instute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD., NISTIR 7412, March 2007.

21. Kerber, S., and Madrzykowski, D., Evaluang Posive Pressure Venlaon In Large Structures: High‐Rise Fire Experiments, Naonal Instute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD., NISTIR 7468, November 2007.

22. Kerber, S., and Madrzykowski, D., Evaluang Posive Pressure Venlaon In Large Structures: School Pressure and Fire Experiments. Naonal Instute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD., NISTTN 1498, July 2008.

23. Zevotek, R. and Kerber, S., Study of the effecveness of fire service posive pressure venlaon during fire aack in single family homes incorporang modern construcon pracces. UL Firefighter Safety Research Instute, Columbia, Maryland, May 2016.

24. Madrzykowski, D., Kerber, S., and Zipperer, J., Scienfic Research for the Development of More Effecve Taccs ‐ Governors Island Experiments Training: Governors Island Experiments, July 2012. Accessed January 3 2018, from hp://ulfirefightersafety.org/resources .

25. ISFSI, The Principles of Modern Fire Aack Course Accessed January 3 2018, from hp://www.isfsi.org/p/cl/et /cid=1000

26. Weinschenk, C., Stakes, K., and Zevotek, R Impact of ﬁre aack ulizing interior and exterior streams on

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firefighter safety and occupant survival: air entrainment. UL Firefighter Safety Research Instute, Columbia, Maryland, December 2017.

27. Knapp, J., Pillsworth, T., and White, S., Nozzle Tests Prove Fireground Realies, Part 1. Fire Engineering, February 2003.

28. Knapp, J., Pillsworth, T., and White, S., Nozzle Tests Prove Fireground Realies, Part 2. Fire Engineering, September 2003.

29. Knapp, J., Pillsworth, T., and White, S., Nozzle Tests Prove Fireground Realies, Part 3. Fire Engineering, September 2003.

30. Willi, J., Weinschenk, C., and Madrzykowski, D., Impact of Hose Streams on Air Flows Inside a Structure. NISTTN 1938, Naonal Instutes of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 2016.

31. Weinschenk, C., Stakes, K., and Zevotek, R Impact of fire aack ulizing interior and exterior streams on firefighter safety and occupant survival: water mapping. UL Firefighter Safety Research Instute, Columbia, Maryland, December 2017.

32. Zevotek, R., Stakes, K., and Willi, J., Impact of fire aack ulizing interior and exterior streams on firefighter safety and occupant survival: full scale experiments. UL Firefighter Safety Research Instute, Columbia, Maryland, December 2017.

33. Horn, G.P., Kerber, S., Fent, K.W., Fernhall, B., and Smith, D.L.. Cardiovascular and Chemical Exposure Risks in Modern Fireﬁghng, Interim Technical report, Illinois Fire Service Instute, University of Illinois‐Urbana/Champaign, 2016.

34. Horn, G.P., Kesler, R.M., Kerber, S., Fent, K.W., Schroeder, T.J., Sco, W.S., Fehling, P.C., Fernhall, B. and Smith, D.L., Thermal response to firefighng acvies in residenal structure fires: Impact of Job Assignment and Suppression Tacc. Ergonomics, 0(0):1–16, 0. PMID:28737481.

35. CDC, NIOSH, FIRE FIGHTER FATALITY INVESTIGATION AND PREVENTION. Accessed January 4, 2018 from hps://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ﬁre/default.html

Statement of Problem and Substantiation for Public Input

Adding references that are being used in other chapters of the guide.

Submitter Information Verification

Submitter Full Name: Daniel Madrzykowski Organization: UL Firefighter Safety Research Street Address: City: State: Zip: Submittal Date: Thu Jan 04 19:11:10 EST 2018

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Public Input No. 145-NFPA 1700-2018 [ Section No. 2.3.9 ]

2.3.9 Internet References. http https ://www. fsi.illinois.edu/content/research/ https://ulfirefightersafety.org/ https://www. nist.gov/el/fire _ - research /firetech/project_tactics.cfm -division-73300/firegov-fire-service hps://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ﬁre/default.html hp://www. rauchverschluss isfsi . de/index_e.htm org/p/cl/et/cid=1000 hp://www. firemarshalsarchives isfsi .org/ pdf/FireSafetyGreenBuildingHiResFINALv3sec.pdf p/cl/et/cid=1000

Statement of Problem and Substantiation for Public Input

Added websites references for UL FSRI, IFSI, CDC_NIOSH. Replaced NIST web reference with a more useful one. However many of the links on the NIST website are not functional. Removed a reference to a product advertisement and deleted a link that was not functioning at all.

Submitter Information Verification

Submitter Full Name: Daniel Madrzykowski Organization: UL Firefighter Safety Research Street Address: City: State: Zip: Submittal Date: Thu Jan 04 19:13:48 EST 2018

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Public Input No. 76-NFPA 1700-2017 [ Section No. 3.3.2 ]

3.3.2* Decontamination. The process of removing contaminants such as soot, particulate, and fireground chemicals to clean fireground tools and equipment and prevent the spread of contamination to other persons or equipment. A.3.3.2 Decontamination is sometimes abbreviated as “decon.” "Decon” to appendix

Statement of Problem and Substantiation for Public Input

Per manual of style

Submitter Information Verification

Submitter Full Name: John Brunacini Organization: Blue Card Street Address: City: State: Zip: Submittal Date: Thu Dec 07 09:57:13 EST 2017

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Public Input No. 52-NFPA 1700-2017 [ Section No. 3.3.5 ]

3.3.5 Exclusion Zone. An area where no personnel may enter due to imminent hazard(s) or the need to protect potential evidence. Revise Exclusion Zone to: An area where no personnel may enter, due to imminent hazard(s), issued PPE will not protect against the hazard or the need to protect potential evidence.

Additional Proposed Changes

File Name Description Approved OFS_SOP_SA_03.02_Hazard_Control_Zones.pdf

Statement of Problem and Substantiation for Public Input

The Exclusion Zone as written speaks only to imminent hazards and needs for continuity of evidence and does not link the inability of PPE (control) to protect against the hazard as a test for demarcating the hazard control zone. The revision aligns the Exclusion Zone definition with the Hazard Control Zone definition.

Related Public Inputs for This Document

Related Input Relationship Public Input No. 38-NFPA 1700-2017 [Section No. 3.3.8] Similar but distinguishable by scope of control

Submitter Information Verification

Submitter Full Name: Peter McBride Organization: Ottawa Fire Service Street Address: City: State: Zip: Submittal Date: Wed Dec 06 15:41:07 EST 2017

17 of 162 3/5/2018, 7:10 PM Ottawa Fire Services Standard Operating Procedure

CLASSIFICATION # SOP SA 03.02 Safety- Incident Safety SUBJECT Hazard Control Zones – Revised LAST REVISED November 3, 2017 AUTHORITY Fire Chief

Policy Hazard Control Zones shall be established, and physically separate the emergency scene according to levels of risk and appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) usage. Purpose To protect the public and reduce the risks to Ottawa Fire Services (OFS) personnel attending emergency incidents. Scope All OFS Personnel at an emergency scene. Procedure RULES

The physical or conceptual demarcation of an emergency scene according to levels of risk and the associated personal protective equipment (PPE) usage shall be implemented at all incidents. The establishment of Hazard Control Zones with scene tape may not be practical or possible, given the nature or location of the incident. In cases where it is impossible or impractical to physically mark the Hazard Control Zones, they shall be identified and communicated by Command to Sector Officers. Command shall ensure appropriate PPE selection and usage for the emergency in accordance with Hazard Control Zone concepts. Situations that may require the establishment of Hazard Control Zones include, but are not limited to, the following examples: Fires Hazardous materials (CBRNE) Hazardous energy (electric, pneumatic, hydraulic) Specialized Rescue Mass Casualty Collapse potential Hostile Events

Issue Date: Last Reviewed: Next Review: Page 1 of 5 August 23, 2001 November 3, 2017 November 3, 2019 SOP SA 03.02 Hazard Control Zones – Revised

Ottawa Fire Services Standard Operating Procedure

ACTIONS 1.0 Hazard Control Zones 1.1 Green scene tape shall be used to establish a public exclusion zone and mark the beginning of “Cold Zone” where PPE is not required. This area is suitable for locating the command post and other support functions for the control of the incident. This Hazard Control Zone is typically used at a Hazmat Incident. 1.2 Yellow scene tape shall be used to establish the “Warm Zone”, a limited access area for personnel directly aiding or in support of operations in the hot zone where personnel shall wear PPE suitable for the hazards present. * Note: Back- up team members (RIT, HazMat, etc.) must be in the same level of PPE as hot zone personnel. 1.3 Red scene tape shall be used to establish the “Hot Zone”. This is the primary incident hazard area where mitigation is executed and is deemed to be immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH), and where personnel shall wear PPE suitable for the hazards encountered. 1.4 Red and White Chevron scene tape shall be used to establish an “Exclusion Zone” where no personnel may enter, due to imminent hazard(s), issued PPE will not protect against the hazard or the need to protect evidence.

RESPONSIBILITIES Command shall: Ensure Hazard Control Zones are established when required. All Incident Personnel shall: Wear appropriate PPE for the Hazard Control Zone they enter. The Safety Officer shall: Monitor that PPE selected for each Hazard Control Zone is appropriate.

References and Related Areas of Interest

SOP FI 03.1-2001 Incident Management System SOP SA 02.1-2001 Accountability-Entry Control NFPA 1500, Standard on Fire Department Occupation Safety and Health Program. NFPA 1521, Standard on Fire Department Incident Safety Officer

Issue Date: Last Reviewed: Next Review: Page 2 of 5 August 23, 2001 November 3, 2017 November 3, 2019 SOP SA 03.02 Hazard Control Zones – Revised

Ottawa Fire Services Standard Operating Procedure

Attachments Hazard Control Zone Diagram Hazmat Hazard Control Zone Diagram

(Original signed by A/Fire Chief Ayotte) ______K. Ayotte A/Fire Chief Ottawa Fire Services Emergency & Protective Services

Note: Station Officers shall review SOP with all assigned personnel.

Originating Section/Division: Safety Division

Issue Date: Last Reviewed: Next Review: Page 3 of 5 August 23, 2001 November 3, 2017 November 3, 2019 SOP SA 03.02 Hazard Control Zones – Revised

National Fire Protection Association Report https://submittals.nfpa.org/TerraViewWeb/ContentFetcher?commentPar...

Public Input No. 77-NFPA 1700-2017 [ Section No. 3.3.6 ]

3.3.6 Flameover. (Reserved) No definition is provided . A similar term is rollover. Do we need both terms

Statement of Problem and Substantiation for Public Input

No definition provided. Similar to roll over. Do we need both terms

Submitter Information Verification

Submitter Full Name: John Brunacini Organization: Blue Card Street Address: City: State: Zip: Submittal Date: Thu Dec 07 10:03:08 EST 2017

18 of 162 3/5/2018, 7:10 PM National Fire Protection Association Report https://submittals.nfpa.org/TerraViewWeb/ContentFetcher?commentPar...

Public Input No. 78-NFPA 1700-2017 [ Section No. 3.3.7 ]

3.3.7 Gross Decontamination. The initial phase of the decontamination process during which the amount of surface contaminant is significantly reduced by removing bulk contaminants and substances from the surface of the equipment or tools using some form of brushing, wetting agent, and/or detergents. Often gross decontamination is conducted on-scene as an initial step of the decon process.

Statement of Problem and Substantiation for Public Input

Remove last sentence, too descriptive

Submitter Information Verification

Submitter Full Name: John Brunacini Organization: Blue Card Street Address: City: State: Zip: Submittal Date: Thu Dec 07 10:09:19 EST 2017

19 of 162 3/5/2018, 7:10 PM National Fire Protection Association Report https://submittals.nfpa.org/TerraViewWeb/ContentFetcher?commentPar...

Public Input No. 38-NFPA 1700-2017 [ Section No. 3.3.8 ]

3.3.8 Hazard Zone. The physical or conceptual demarcation of an emergency scene according to levels of risk and the associated personal protective equipment (PPE) usage. The hot, warm, and cold zones are all zones within the “hazard zone” classification. Revise to defined Hazard Zone term to: Hazard Control Zones The second sentence should be revised to include the exclusion zone to read: The exclusion, hot, warm, and cold zones are all zones within the " hazard control zone " classification.

Additional Proposed Changes

File Name Description Approved OFS_SOP_SA_03.02_Hazard_Control_Zones.pdf

Statement of Problem and Substantiation for Public Input

The term Hazard Zone is intended to convey and demarcate different levels of risk and guide the level of control (e.g. PPE usage or area avoidance) and the term does not link the concept of controls for the hazard in the mind of response personnel. The proposed term change to Hazard Control Zones links hazards to the need for controls which was the intent of the inclusion of the term in the definition file. Additionally, the change in the second sentence is to support the concept of a no go area, again reflecting the need to convey a control when PPE will not protect response personnel and corrects the omission of exclusion zone as the term Exclusion Zone is already included within the Chapter 3 Definitions file under 3.3.5.

Related Public Inputs for This Document

Related Input Relationship Public Input No. 52-NFPA 1700-2017 [Section No. 3.3.5]

Submitter Information Verification

Submitter Full Name: Peter McBride Organization: Ottawa Fire Service Street Address: City: State: Zip: Submittal Date: Wed Dec 06 14:58:45 EST 2017

20 of 162 3/5/2018, 7:10 PM Ottawa Fire Services Standard Operating Procedure

CLASSIFICATION # SOP SA 03.02 Safety- Incident Safety SUBJECT Hazard Control Zones – Revised LAST REVISED November 3, 2017 AUTHORITY Fire Chief

Issue Date: Last Reviewed: Next Review: Page 1 of 5 August 23, 2001 November 3, 2017 November 3, 2019 SOP SA 03.02 Hazard Control Zones – Revised

Ottawa Fire Services Standard Operating Procedure

References and Related Areas of Interest

Issue Date: Last Reviewed: Next Review: Page 2 of 5 August 23, 2001 November 3, 2017 November 3, 2019 SOP SA 03.02 Hazard Control Zones – Revised

Ottawa Fire Services Standard Operating Procedure

Attachments Hazard Control Zone Diagram Hazmat Hazard Control Zone Diagram

(Original signed by A/Fire Chief Ayotte) ______K. Ayotte A/Fire Chief Ottawa Fire Services Emergency & Protective Services

Note: Station Officers shall review SOP with all assigned personnel.

Originating Section/Division: Safety Division

Issue Date: Last Reviewed: Next Review: Page 3 of 5 August 23, 2001 November 3, 2017 November 3, 2019 SOP SA 03.02 Hazard Control Zones – Revised

National Fire Protection Association Report https://submittals.nfpa.org/TerraViewWeb/ContentFetcher?commentPar...

Public Input No. 80-NFPA 1700-2017 [ Section No. 3.3.9 ]

3.3.9 Indirect WATER Application. Fire-fighting operations involving the application of extinguishing agents to reduce the buildup of heat released from a fire with the intention of suppressing the fire without applying the agent directly onto the burning surface. Term should include water - "Indirect water application"

Statement of Problem and Substantiation for Public Input

The term is vague without "water" in it

Submitter Information Verification

Submitter Full Name: John Brunacini Organization: Blue Card Street Address: City: State: Zip: Submittal Date: Thu Dec 07 10:12:38 EST 2017

21 of 162 3/5/2018, 7:10 PM National Fire Protection Association Report https://submittals.nfpa.org/TerraViewWeb/ContentFetcher?commentPar...

Public Input No. 82-NFPA 1700-2017 [ Section No. 3.3.10 ]

3.3.10 Neutral Plane. (Reserved) Suggested definition: A plane (line) that separates a bi-directional vent from high pressure (exhaust) and low pressure (intake)

Statement of Problem and Substantiation for Public Input

No definition provided

Submitter Information Verification

Submitter Full Name: John Brunacini Organization: Blue Card Street Address: City: State: Zip: Submittal Date: Thu Dec 07 10:20:57 EST 2017

22 of 162 3/5/2018, 7:10 PM National Fire Protection Association Report https://submittals.nfpa.org/TerraViewWeb/ContentFetcher?commentPar...

Public Input No. 84-NFPA 1700-2017 [ Section No. 3.3.12 ]

3.3.12 Positive/Over-pressure. (Reserved) Remove from document

Statement of Problem and Substantiation for Public Input

This term is not referred to in the document.

Submitter Information Verification

Submitter Full Name: John Brunacini Organization: Blue Card Street Address: City: State: Zip: Submittal Date: Thu Dec 07 10:22:53 EST 2017

23 of 162 3/5/2018, 7:10 PM National Fire Protection Association Report https://submittals.nfpa.org/TerraViewWeb/ContentFetcher?commentPar...

Public Input No. 85-NFPA 1700-2017 [ Section No. 3.3.13 ]

3.3.13 Pyrolyzates. (Reserved) Misspelled - Pyrolysates - product of pyrolysis or a product of decomposition due to head, a product of a chemical change caused by heat – NFPA 921

Statement of Problem and Substantiation for Public Input

Misspelled and no definition provided

Submitter Information Verification

Submitter Full Name: John Brunacini Organization: Blue Card Street Address: City: State: Zip: Submittal Date: Thu Dec 07 10:24:15 EST 2017

24 of 162 3/5/2018, 7:10 PM National Fire Protection Association Report https://submittals.nfpa.org/TerraViewWeb/ContentFetcher?commentPar...

Public Input No. 28-NFPA 1700-2017 [ New Section after 3.3.14 ]

Rapid Fire Development - New Definitions and Taxonomy of Definition

A wide variety of terms have been noted and defined by various sources to define transition situations in which the fire environment rapidly deteriorates. In many cases there is little quantitative – or even distinct qualitative – distinguishing characteristics between the various terms. It is proposed that fire behaviour related to these transient situations be grouped into a category called Rapid Fire Development (RFD), defined here as: Rapid Fire Development: A transient phase in fire behaviour accompanied by a rapid increase in heat release rate of the fire & temperature in the environment, sometimes accompanied by the generation of over-pressure.

RFDs are subdivided into two main categories of phenomena:

Flashover with its existing deinition and Smoke Ignition as a new deinition along with taxonomy. Smoke Ignition: The ignition of the products of pyrolysis and incomplete combustion interior or exterior to the fire compartment due to the accumulated smoke layer falling within its flammability range and either auto-igniting or igniting due to an ignition source.

Smoke ignition is then further subdivided into three separate developments Smoke Explosion; Backdraft; and Flash Fire (propagating lame fronts including rollovers) : Smoke Explosion: A rapid fire development that occurs when a smoke-air mixture falls within its flammable range, either external or internal to the room of origin and is ignited, resulting in a significant pressure front. Backdraft: A deflagration resulting from the sudden introduction of air into a confined space containing oxygen-deficient products of incomplete combustion. [i] Flash Fire: A fire that spreads by means of a flame front rapidly through a diffuse fuel, such as a dust, gas, or the vapours of an ignitable liquid, without the production of damaging pressure. [i]

[i] NFPA 921, 3.3.87 2017

[i] NFPA 921, 3.3.17 2017

Additional Proposed Changes

File Name Description Approved FKTP_Rapid_Fire_Development_Final_Draft_Support_to_NFPA_1700_Submission.docx

Statement of Problem and Substantiation for Public Input

A wide variety of terms have been noted and defined by various sources to define transition situations in which the fire environment rapidly deteriorates. In many cases there is little quantitative – or even distinct qualitative – distinguishing characteristics between the various terms. The proposed definitions and taxonomy provide clarity on operational definition of these terms thereby highlighting their similarities and differences in terms of the means of identify and measuring these definitions. Chapter 6 - 6.10 and 6.11 should be informed by these definitions.

Submitter Information Verification

25 of 162 3/5/2018, 7:10 PM National Fire Protection Association Report https://submittals.nfpa.org/TerraViewWeb/ContentFetcher?commentPar...

Submitter Full Name: Peter McBride Organization: Ottawa Fire Service Street Address: City: State: Zip: Submittal Date: Wed Dec 06 13:35:14 EST 2017

26 of 162 3/5/2018, 7:10 PM Rapid Fire Development A wide variety of terms have been noted and defined by various sources to define transition situations in which the fire environment rapidly deteriorates. In many cases there is little quantitative – or even distinct qualitative – distinguishing characteristics between the various terms. In this section, the fire behaviour related to these transient situations is grouped into a category called Rapid Fire Development (RFD), defined here as: Rapid Fire Development: A transient phase in fire behaviour accompanied by a rapid increase in heat release rate of the fire & temperature in the environment, sometimes accompanied by the generation of over‐pressure. These RFDs are subdivided into two main categories of phenomena: flashover and smoke ignition. Smoke ignition is then further subdivided into three separate developments: smoke explosion; backdraft; and flash fire (propagating flame fronts including rollovers) as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Rapid Fire Developments

Flashover is considered separately as it involves a thermal feedback, which leads to the transition to a fully developed fire, while smoke ignitions involve the ignition – either auto or piloted – of smoke. Smoke ignitions are distinguished by the temperature of the mixture prior to ignition as well as the amount of pressure generated following ignition. These developments will be described by how they are likely to develop, how they are likely to be recognized, and the hazards they pose to firefighters. Flashover The most common of the RFDs is flashover, which is identified as a transition stage of fire growth. Flashover is a thermally driven event stemming from the situation in which a fire generates sufficient heat to overcome heat losses – to the ceiling, walls and floor as well as the energy lost through any openings – creating an imbalance and energy feedback loop that results in the heat release rate increasing to its maximum value for that situation. Flashover: A transition phase in the development of a compartment fire in which surfaces exposed to thermal radiation reach ignition temperature more or less simultaneously and fire spreads rapidly throughout the space, resulting in full room involvement or total involvement of the compartment or enclosed space.i The actual values of temperature and HRR will depend on many factors such as: room size; lining materials; fuel types & loading; as well as ventilation. The enhanced HRR is accompanied by a combination of one or all of: ‐ A sharp (often termed exponential) temperature increase in the smoke; ‐ Preheating of adjacent fuel surfaces to the point of piloted ignition; and ‐ Remote (non‐piloted) ignition of other surrounding fuels. The end effect is a transition to a fully developed fire, and flaming combustion might occur external to the enclosure where there is sufficient availability of oxygen. A flashover may also occur following another RFD or as the end result of a change in ventilation conditions in the fire enclosure such as breaking of a window or the opening of a door. It is extremely important that firefighters understand that flashovers can occur following a change in the ventilation profile. This can occur, for example, following under‐ventilation of a fire, following a smoke ignition, as well as during the normal development of a fire. Whether a fire proceeds to flashover is dependent on whether the fire releases sufficient heat to start this feedback loop, as well as whether sufficient fuel and air are available to sustain combustion until the tipping point for flashover is reached. The other rapid fire developments discussed are distinct from flashover since they are not driven by a thermal imbalance in the compartment. They involve accumulation of smoke, which mixes with additional air and ignites and therefore are considered together under the category of smoke ignition. Smoke Ignition The smoke ignition category includes a spectrum of possible developments and outcomes related to the accumulation, movement and mixing of smoke with additional air to create a flammable mixture, which subsequently ignites and burns. To explain these RFDs, and discuss how they are related to conditions within the fire environment, it is best to review two concepts previously examined: smoke and flammability. One of the primary reasons for the wide range of terms and lack of quantitative, or even distinct qualitative definitions can be understood through a review of the definition of smoke. Smoke: The airborne solid and liquid particulates and gases evolved when a material undergoes pyrolysis or combustion, together with a quantity of air that is entrained or otherwise mixed into the mass.ii Smoke is produced during the heating, smouldering, or flaming combustion of solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels. The composition of smoke varies widely, depending on: the type of fuel; the conditions of heating; the combustion or pyrolysis reactions; as well as the ambient conditions of the compartment such as: concentration of oxygen; ventilation conditions; and temperature. Due to the tremendous variability in conditions encountered during a fire, it is important to consider all of the products of combustion, pyrolysis, and vaporization as smoke. Of critical importance to the firefighter is the understanding that smoke is fuel. Smoke ignition and the ensuing developments present potential risks due to further fire extension or deterioration of existing fire conditions. Also related to the risk posed by smoke ignition is the concept of a fuel’s flammable range. As was described previously, for flaming combustion to occur, the mixture of fuel and air must be within the flammability limits for that fuel. Because smoke is composed of many different constituents, its flammability limits are not very well defined when we consider it as fuel. The concept of an auto‐ignition temperature for a smoke‐air mixture will therefore not be a single temperature, but will occur across a range of temperatures due to the different auto‐ignition temperatures of the components of the mixture. Nonetheless, as with any gaseous mixture of fuel and air, there will be a range of concentrations of smoke in air that can sustain propagation of flames (the flammability range). The energy released during combustion will also vary depending on how well mixed the mixture is, and also how close the concentration of fuel in the mixture is to its ideal concentration in air. The better mixed and the closer the mixture is to ideal, the greater the possible HRRs and temperatures. If confined, when the mixture is close to ideal and well mixed, higher over‐pressures may be generated. With these concepts in mind, we can return to a discussion of the RFDs that are grouped together in the category of smoke ignition, defined as follows: Smoke Ignition: The ignition of the products of pyrolysis and incomplete combustion interior or exterior to the fire compartment due to the accumulated smoke layer falling within its flammability range and either auto‐igniting or igniting due to an ignition source. Events related to smoke ignition usually occur after a compartment fire has become under‐ventilated and a volume of smoke has accumulated. For a smoke ignition to occur, the fuel/air mixture in this volume must be within its flammability range, or sufficient mixing must occur between air and a fuel rich mixture that is initially above the upper flammability limit. If the mixture is within its flammable range and the volume encounters an ignition source of sufficient energy, or is above its auto‐ignition temperature, it will ignite. If the initial mixture is above its flammable range, it must first mix with sufficient additional air to be within the flammable range, following which it too can ignite. RFDs under the category of smoke ignition are further broken into smoke explosions, backdrafts, and flash fires, depending on: the sequence of events that culminate in ignition; how the flame propagates through the mixture; and on the potential consequences of that event. In general, there are no consistent quantitative definitions for these events; instead, they relate to a spectrum of different phenomena that are described below. Smoke Explosion A smoke explosion can occur either inside, or outside the fire compartment when an accumulation of fuel‐rich smoke mixes with additional air and falls within its flammable range. Smoke Explosion: A rapid fire development that occurs when a smoke‐air mixture falls within its flammable range, either external or internal to the room of origin and is ignited, resulting in a significant pressure front.

One common example occurs when smoke migrates and accumulates in hidden areas – such as other rooms, or void spaces including: cocklofts; attics; or voids within walls – then mixes with air to fall within its flammable range and encounters an ignition source, resulting in a flame front propagating through the mixture. If the ignition occurs in a relatively confined volume, or if obstacles promote turbulence, the flame front may accelerate, leading to an over‐pressure situation that may result in structural damage. Smoke explosions can occur in areas remote to active fire suppression and can project flames, hot gases and pressure waves some distance from their point of origin. If this occurs it poses an additional hazard since firefighters in the vicinity of the explosion may not be wearing full protective equipment. A smoke explosion can also occur within a compartment without any change in ventilation and catch firefighters unaware.iii In this case, the smoke explosion occurs following decay of a fire in a closed compartment due to under‐ventilation. Despite a reduction in HRR and temperature, smouldering combustion and/or pyrolysis will continue to generate smoke that accumulates in the compartment. Small amounts of leakage that naturally occur will introduce fresh air into the compartment, and as this air mixes with the smoke, the mixture may fall within the flammable range. If and when the mixture local to an ignition source – such as remaining flames, embers, smouldering combustion or heated surfaces – falls in the flammable range it will ignite and a flame front will propagate. As this process can take significant time, the resultant mixture may be well mixed when it eventually ignites and the flame front may propagate quickly. When confined in the compartment, this series of events can lead to the build up of a significant over‐pressure. The resulting smoke explosion can cause significant damage to the structure and/or result in injury or death of nearby fire fighters. Backdraft Backdrafts are widely studied and referenced events, caused when the ventilation of an under‐ventilated fire compartment is suddenly changed and fresh air enters the compartment.iv Like a smoke explosion, backdrafts are accompanied by significant over‐pressure. Backdraft: A deflagration resulting from the sudden introduction of air into a confined space containing oxygen‐deficient products of incomplete combustion.v Backdrafts begin with the fire entering an under‐ventilated state resulting in the accumulation of flammable smoke in the compartment. During this phase of fire development, a change in the ventilation occurs, such as a window breaking or a firefighter opening the door to the compartment. As hot smoke exits above, fresh, cooler air enters below fed by a gravity current, mixing with the compartment gases. Ignition can occur along the smoke/air interface through auto‐ignition or when a pocket of flammable mixture reaches an ignition source within the compartment. The resulting flame front will propagate through any regions of flammable mixture, promoting turbulence and additional mixing of smoke and air. The flammability of the mixture that is ignited will depend on many variables. If the ignition source is more remote – allowing more time for the smoke and air to mix – or if more turbulent mixing takes place – due to obstructions in the air tract – the smoke and air are more likely to be closer to an ideal mixture, resulting in faster flame propagation and higher flame temperatures. Regardless of the mixture ratio, the ignition pushes unburned fuel rich gases ahead of the burning smoke/air mixture as it expands. A large fireball results as the burning flammable smoke/air mixture is forced (under pressure) from the enclosure. The over‐pressures and dramatic fireballs produced during backdraft can result in damage to the structure, extension of the fire beyond the fire compartment, as well as pose severe risks to firefighters who are in its path. The risk of a backdraft is highest shortly after a change in ventilation conditions. Despite developing in similar ways to a smoke explosion, there are key characteristics that differentiate backdrafts from smoke explosions: ‐ A backdraft occurs because of a change in ventilation, which produces a gravity current. ‐ Backdrafts emanate as smoke is pushed ahead of the flame front resulting in the characteristic fireball emanating from the opening. Flash Fires (Propagating Flame Fronts) This category of smoke ignition comprises a series of RFDs that are characterized by several differing modes of flame propagation through smoke air mixtures. In contrast to backdrafts and smoke explosions, the flame propagation in these situations does not result in the generation of any significant over‐pressure. Two manifestations of flame propagation that fall into this category: ‐ Flash fires, where a flame moves through a flammable mixture with considerable speed, but does not develop a significant over‐pressure. ‐ Rollovers, where a flame front or pockets of smoke‐air mixture ignite and move slowly through a mixture. Rollovers are also considered as an early and important indication of impending flashover. We will use a definition for flash fire while not specifying heat flux or duration as is specified for the flame‐resistant garments.vi Flash Fire: A fire that spreads by means of a flame front rapidly through a diffuse fuel, such as a dust, gas, or the vapours of an ignitable liquid, without the production of damaging pressure.vii Another process that involves flame propagation through a smoke layer is commonly referred to as rollover. Rollover: The condition in which unburned fuel (pyrolysate) from the originating fire has accumulated in the ceiling layer to a sufficient concentration (i.e., at or above the lower flammable limit) that it ignites and burns. Rollover can occur without ignition of or prior to the ignition of other fuels separate from the origin.viii In either case, an under‐ventilated or smouldering fire produces fuel‐rich smoke, the smoke mixes with air to fall within the flammable range and then is ignited, either by auto‐ignition or when exposed to an ignition source. These RFD events can happen within a compartment – such as during overhaul, when embers or sparks might act as an ignition source – or external to the room of origin in any remote location where a combustible mixture has collected. Depending on the details of the situation, combustion may occur rapidly throughout a volume of diffuse smoke‐air mixture (flash fire), along the boundary between the smoke and air layers (rollover) or within the smoke volume in pockets where smoke and air have mixed to within the flammable range. If the combusting mixture is far from its ideal mixture, as would likely be the case for the diffusion flame propagating along a smoke‐air interface, the flame temperatures and propagation speeds will be lower than would be the case for more premixed or near ideal mixtures. Independent of the exact nature of flame propagation, if sufficient heat is released in the burning regions, these situations can result in significant damage due to thermal radiation, direct flame impingement, remote ignition of fuels at some distance from the fire origin and can also potentially trip the transition required to initiate a flashover. Distinguishing between Smoke Ignitions We will further distinguish between the different types of smoke ignition in two ways: the amount of over‐pressure generated, and the temperature of the initial mixture. A graphical representation of how these RFDs are related is shown in Figure 2. It is not useful to argue exactly which term should be used to describe a particular observed event given the lack of consistent quantitative definitions. Rather, the terms applied describe extremes over a wide variation of possible manifestations of RFDs. While Figure 2 only notes four different rapid fire developments, it allows us to understand how different developments may be perceived by firefighters, as well as how they relate to each other in the following ways: ‐ Flash fires are developments that can evolve from mixtures with a wide variety of starting temperatures, but they generate low over‐pressure. ‐ Smoke Explosions can occur in mixtures when they are at lower temperatures; the over‐pressure generated tends to be the highest of all the RFDs. ‐ Backdrafts are more likely to involve mixtures of smoke and air that are initially at higher temperatures. They evolve from gravity current induced ventilation of a fire compartment and produce a characteristic fireball emanating from an opening. ‐ As the temperature of a mixture increases, a change in ventilation that might result in a backdraft is more likely to involve rollover as the mixture falls within its flammability limits, and less over‐pressure will likely be generated. ‐ Rollovers are examples of flash fire developments that typically occur in smoke‐air mixtures that are within the flammability limits and above their auto‐ignition temperature.

Figure 2: Smoke Ignitions

Most importantly, Figure 2 shows that RFDs can occur over a spectrum of initial mixture temperatures and can generate a range of over‐pressure situations. While extreme examples might be easily observed and distinguished, a range of developments are possible between the extremes as well. These may be described using several of the definitions provided here. It is important that firefighters understand the underlying fire dynamics (smoke is fuel, ventilation is important, over‐pressure can occur) and how to best anticipate rapidly deteriorating conditions. Also, it is important to realize that any smoke ignition increases the HRR and can therefore initiate a flashover. Through this understanding, firefighters can make an informed assessment of conditions and select appropriate controls and actions to lessen the danger of rapid fire developments. Background Why change to Rapid Fire Development? While acknowledging the history of Rapid Fire Progress, it seemed grammatically difficult. You can’t call backdraft a “progress”; you would call it a “progression”. IFSTA uses development, and we felt that this change addressed the problem as listed above. If this is a point of contention, we can change back. What motivated the new taxonomy? It was evident throughout the FKTP project that there was some diversity of opinion surrounding both the nomenclature and taxonomy of the terms that should be applied to the wide range of events that are observed during fire fighting activities. There were dozens of terms that existed in fire‐service manuals, and their definitions, as well how they were organized, often differed. In an attempt to reconcile these differences, as well as to ensure consistency with the scientific literature, a survey of many notable documents – both fire‐service and scientific – was conducted. The first conclusion was that none of the terms had well‐accepted quantitative definitions. Second, our opinion was that the inclusion of too many terms was confusing, and that the included terms should be distinguished by how the developments manifested themselves rather than by the events that preceded them. It became evident that while extreme examples might be easily categorized, there was a range of smoke ignitions that might be described by more than one of the definitions that existed in the literature. A taxonomy was developed that explored these commonalities and differences. Instead of debating how to divide events into different categories, the focus was placed on understanding the underlying fire dynamics and promoting discussion of the science, the risks, and what actions firefighters could take to improve conditions. It should be noted that all the terms other than Smoke Ignition are referenced in 3D Firefighting, and that the change is in re‐organizing the taxonomy and extending the explanation of how the terms relate to each other. Why change “fire‐gas” to “smoke”? The decision has been made to change from the terminology “fire‐gas ignition” to “smoke ignition” for the definitions. The primary reasons are as follows: ‐ Fire‐gas is not an NFPA term, and its meaning isn’t well defined, at least not in the North American context. ‐ The NFPA definition for smoke is important and is defined within the curriculum. In particular, there are several discussions included in the course to reinforce the fact that smoke is flammable. ‐ The definition of smoke includes many components other than flammable gases. The use of this term allows for the RFD definitions to apply to a wide‐ range of events. The definition that is used evolved from that of fire‐gas ignition: Fire Gas Ignition: An ignition of accumulated fire gases and pyroylsates existing in, or transported into a flammable state.ix The new term and definition has the benefits listed above, as well as to explicitly acknowledge the possibility of the event occurring internal or external to the room of origin, and the possibility of either piloted or auto‐ignition. It should also be noted that this definition (Smoke Ignition) could equally be applied to backdrafts, hence the re‐organization of the taxonomy. Why separate Flashover from the other RFDs? Flashover is a term with a long history in fire science literature. The name is commonly applied to a transition in fire behaviour leading to greatly worsening fire conditions. In contrast, the other rapid fire developments discussed here involve accumulation of smoke (often fuel rich) which mixes with air and ignites. These latter are considered together under the category of ‘smoke ignitions’. Fundamentally flashover as a process is different from the other developments discussed.

There were several concerns with how flashover was defined and described. The reality is that the scientific understanding of flashover is still evolving with James Quintiere having done some significant changes to its definition in the past year. The fact is that the phenomenon is a messy and complex one that has been greatly simplified for the fire service. It is difficult to determine what level of complexity to include, and upon reflection, we have eliminated some of that complexity. While a post‐flashover fire will be ventilation‐controlled within its room of origin, as it spreads throughout a structure, the growing fire will once again be fuel‐controlled. Inclusion of this level of discussion is likely not very useful for firefighters. Why eliminate the term “Ventilation‐Induced Flashover”? While there is a potential for a flashover following a under‐ventilated period of burning, rapid fire developments after under‐ventilated burning can manifest in several different ways. The subsequent flashover, if it occurs, might well be a result of the change in ventilation, but the process is driven by the thermal imbalance. Further to this point, all flashovers could similarly be considered to be “ventilation‐ induced”. While it is important to make firefighters aware of the danger of flashover following increase in ventilation, a new term for this event is not required. Explaining the risks in a systematic and scientifically correct manner allows for teaching of the risk of RFD due to both smoke ignition and flashover, however they may occur. Why distinguish between “Smoke Ignition” and “Smoke Explosion”? Smoke ignition is being used as a generic term to categorize a number of different possible RFDs, all of which involve the accumulation of smoke, it mixing with additional air, and its subsequent ignition.

Smoke explosions are a subset of the developments described by this term that have been studied and are described in the scientific literature.x In addition to the case where smoke migrates and accumulates away from the room of origin, another set of developments exist internal to the room of origin.

It is important also to identify that smoke can ignite in a number of ways, and there are always risks involved with this situation, whether or not the event is accompanied by over‐pressure. Why keep the term Backdraft? Despite sharing several steps of evolution with a smoke explosion, there are key characteristics that differentiate backdrafts from smoke explosions: a change in ventilation; the influence of a gravity current to drive turbulent mixing; and, advancing smoke ahead of the flame front resulting in the characteristic fireball. i NFPA 921, 3.3.89 2017 ii NFPA 921, 3.3.158 2014 iii Fleischmann, Chen, Defining the difference between backdraft and smoke explosions iv Fleischmann et. al., Exploratory Backdraft Experiments v NFPA 921, 3.3.17 2017 vi NFPA 2112 vii NFPA 921, 3.3.87 2017 viii NFPA 921, 3.3.82 2017 ix 3D Fire Fighting x Fleischmann, Chen, Defining the difference between backdraft and smoke explosions National Fire Protection Association Report https://submittals.nfpa.org/TerraViewWeb/ContentFetcher?commentPar...

Public Input No. 87-NFPA 1700-2017 [ Section No. 3.3.14 ]

3.3.14 Rollover. (Reserved) Suggested definition: The condition where unburned fuel from a fire has accumulated in the ceiling layer to a sufficient concentration (i.e., at or above the lower flammable limit) that it ignites and burns; can occur without ignition of, or prior to, the ignition of other fuels separate from the origin. Also known as flameover

Statement of Problem and Substantiation for Public Input

No definition provided

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Public Input No. 88-NFPA 1700-2017 [ Section No. 3.3.17 ]

3.3.17 Smoke. (Reserved) Suggested definition: The airborne solid and liquid particulates and gases evolved when a material undergoes pyrolysis or combustion, together with the quantity of air that is entrained or otherwise mixed into the mass. NFPA 921

Statement of Problem and Substantiation for Public Input

No definition provided

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Public Input No. 89-NFPA 1700-2017 [ Section No. 3.3.19 ]

3.3.19 Stack Effect. (Reserved) Suggested definition: The airborne solid and liquid particulates and gases evolved when a material undergoes pyrolysis or combustion, together with the quantity of air that is entrained or otherwise mixed into the mass. NFPA 92

Statement of Problem and Substantiation for Public Input

No definition provided

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Public Input No. 58-NFPA 1700-2017 [ New Section after 3.3.21 ]

Ventilation Profile and Vent Profile

Ventilation Profile: The appearance of the entire fire building’s ventilation openings, showing the flow paths of any air movement into the structure as well as smoke, heat, or flame out of the structure. Vent Profile: The visual condition presented at a specific ventilation opening relating to a unidirectional, bi- directional, or dynamic flow integrated with the four fire development assessment indicators (Smoke, Air, Heat and Flame - SAHF)

Additional Proposed Changes

File Name Description Approved FKTP_Terms_and_Context_Support_to_NFPA_1700.docx

Statement of Problem and Substantiation for Public Input

The two proposed terms (one reserved and one new) are not defined within the definition file. The two proposed terms are interrelated and provide definitions for critical factors/concepts for evaluation during size-up of conditions within the whole structure and at a specific ventilation opening.

Related Public Inputs for This Document

Related Input Relationship Public Input No. 26-NFPA 1700-2017 [Section No. 6.6] Related to Flow Path and Flow Types

Submitter Information Verification

Submitter Full Name: Peter McBride Organization: Ottawa Fire Service Street Address: City: State: Zip: Submittal Date: Wed Dec 06 16:08:31 EST 2017

30 of 162 3/5/2018, 7:10 PM Terms and Context Ideally, we should always strive to remove guesswork, routine, and luck from our fire ground decision-making. The ability to read and communicate a meaningful evaluation of fire conditions within a structure is the mark of a competent firefighter. Competency, in this case, is defined as:

 A sound understanding of fire dynamics;  The ability to assess factors that move an unsafe fire condition to a dangerous one; and  The vocabulary to communicate those conditions so that a set of rules of engagement may be formulated and applied, in the interest of our safety. Complicating the sound understanding of fire dynamics – and ultimately our safety – is the increasing number and use of closely related terms used to define or describe fire conditions or phenomena. Misuse of terminology can be highly problematic in that a common understanding of the nuance or context of a concept may be compromised or lost. Within the fire service and amongst outside fire safety professionals, one regularly hears the terms ventilation profile, vent profile, burning regime and ventilation state used interchangeably along with the misapplication of the terms compartment and room. In addition, the term flow path has recently entered the lexicon (detailed below). For the purposes of this text – so as to ensure that the descriptive terminology used remains consistent, along with our communication of fire conditions remains consistent – the following terms, definitions and distinctions are provided.

VP=BE+SAHF: A mnemonic used to enable the integrated evaluation of Commented [Office1]: Editor to revise alphabetically fire conditions within a structure. This mnemonic is used to assess the Ventilation Profile by relating it to Building and Environmental Factors as well as four fire development assessment indicators: Smoke, Air, Heat, and Flame. A VP=BE+SAHF assessment assists with strategic and tactical decision-making. Ventilation Profile: The appearance of the entire fire building’s ventilation openings, showing the flow paths of any air movement into the structure as well as smoke, heat, or flame out of the structure. Vent Profile: The visual condition presented at a specific ventilation opening relating to a unidirectional, bi-directional, or dynamic flow integrated with the four fire development assessment indicators (Smoke, Air, Heat and Flame - SAHF)

• Flow path is the route followed by smoke, air, heat or flame toward or away from an opening; typically, a window, door or other leakage points. • The flow is caused by pressure differences that result from temperature differences, buoyancy, expansion, wind impact and HVAC systems. • Flow characteristics include stratification within the boundaries of a compartment or at an opening, degree of turbulence, its direction, velocity and shape. These characteristics can often be identified by evaluating the smoke/air track. • At openings, or within rooms, the smoke/air track flow(s) may be classified as unidirectional, bi-directional or dynamic. • Multiple flow paths are possible within a structure fire, there may be multiple combinations of inlets and or outlets • Flow paths can be altered by firefighting tactics.

Unidirectional Flow - A flow of smoke or air moving in a single direction. Bi-directional Flow - A smoke/air flow moving in opposing directions Dynamic Flow - A unidirectional or bi-directional flow of smoke/air that presents irregular stratification and shape or alternates in direction (pulsations). Burning Regime vs. Ventilation State: These terms are often used interchangeably. While they both relate to fire conditions, the term burning regime encompasses the whole range from a fuel controlled fire to a ventilation controlled fire, whereas the ventilation state indicates a fixed point at one of those two possible conditions. It should be noted that while the term ventilation state has also been used interchangeably with the term ventilation profile, the terms describe two separate concepts that describe two separate conditions and should not be confused. Compartment vs. Room: The term compartment refers to an enclosure that is designed to contain a fire. Building and fire codes refer to fire- resistance-rated construction, which define the boundaries of a fire compartment. In contrast, the term room refers to an enclosure that is not designed to contain a fire. For example, a single-family home of 3- storeys in height is considered to be a single compartment by code- definitions, but within that compartment there may be several rooms. The building (i.e., compartment) is separated from surrounding dwellings by open space. A similar 3-storey structure that has been subdivided into 3 separate dwelling units – all separated by fire resistant walls, floors and/or ceilings – would be considered as one having 3 compartments, each again containing multiple rooms. Context of Descriptive Terminology - The origins of the interchangeable use of the terms likely stems from our earliest models of fire wherein fire phenomena were described and characterized through a single compartment model, with a single opening having a bi-directional smoke/air flow within a laboratory setting. While this model is useful in developing a basic understanding of fire, this model does not account for:  Multiple compartments and/or rooms;  Different states of ventilation therein;  Multiple flow paths;  unidirectional, bi-directional and dynamic smoke/air flow between different compartments/rooms or the exterior; For these reasons, it is of critical importance to understand the distinctions in the concepts and arrive at a common understanding and use of these terms in our communication with other fire professionals (e.g. code officials, fire scientists). The benefits of doing so will enhance our situational awareness, support effective decision-making, and reflect operational realities when a fire has exceeded the volume of a single room.

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Public Input No. 90-NFPA 1700-2017 [ Section No. 3.3.21 ]

3.3.21 Ventilation Profile. (Reserved) Suggested definition: The appearance of the fire building's ventilation points showing the flow paths of heat and smoke out of the structure as well as any air movement into the structure. (921)

Statement of Problem and Substantiation for Public Input

No definitions provided

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Public Input No. 143-NFPA 1700-2018 [ Chapter 4 ]

Chapter 4 General 4.1 Scope. This chapter addresses the background information related to the development of this document. 4.2 Purpose. The purpose of this chapter is to provide background information relative to the scientific study of fire behavior, fire dynamics, and fire control. 4.3 Summary of Fire Dynamics Research. (Reserved) will provide a brief overview of the research conducted with the fire service that applied fire dynamics principles to structural firefighng and demonstrated the impact that changes in fuel loads and construcon methods have had on the fire environment. These changes have altered the model of fire behavior taught to the fire service for decades. In addion, firefighter protecve and safety equipment has also changed over the years. All these factors led to an assessment that firefighng taccs needed to evolve in order to improve the effecveness of firefighng strategies and taccs. The changes to strategies and taccs are based on evidence (knowledge) developed as part of research projects and as a result of line of duty death and injury aer acon reports. The overarching objecves of all of these research endeavors was to increase the effecveness of firefighters and increase the safety of the public and firefighters. 4.2 Purpose. An understanding of fire dynamics applied within the context of structure fires can provide a fire officer or a firefighter with means to assess how a fire will grow and spread within a structure and how best to control that growth. During the past two decades experimental results have been translated to taccal consideraons. NFPA 1700 is a direct result of that body of research and the evidence based results. This chapter provides a meline and a brief summary of the body of knowledge, which focused on research results that had applicaon on the fire ground, used in this guide. The data taken from each study will be noted and referenced in the appropriate secon of NFPA 1700. 4.3 The Need for Firefighting Research Technology is constantly changing the world around us as well as changing how we work and live. This is true for the fire service as well. Research that has a direct impact on the fire service comes from a wide range of disciplines – engineering, texle science, the military, and many others. For example the development of thermal imagers by the military enabled the use thermal imagers for the fire service.

4.3.1 Changes in the ﬁreﬁghters work environment.

Over the past 50 years, changes in construcon materials, construcon methods, insulaon, and furnishings have changed the means and the speed of fire growth within a structure. Both research experiments and Line of Duty Death (LODD) and Line of Duty Injury (LODI) invesgaons have demonstrated the importance of understanding of how venlaon affects fire behavior. Fires in today’s fire environment, fueled predominantly by synthec materials, commonly become venlaon‐limited. How, where, and when a fire receives oxygen greatly impacts the fire dynamics and the resulng thermal environment inside the structure.

Figure 4.1 Many factors in the construcon methods, building materials, fuel loads, and power technologies have transformed the ﬁreﬁghters working environment. Image courtesy UL FSRI.

As outlined in Figure 4.1, the construcon techniques and materials used to build a house over the past 50 years have changed. Engineered wood products have enabled long spans and open areas for improved use of living space in houses. Gypsum board interior linings been reduced in mass by 30% in recent years. In order to increase the energy eﬃciency of houses, insulaon has improved, walls are wrapped in plasc to limit incursion of air and water and mul‐ pane, low emissivity windows are now the norm. The objects and materials inside our homes have changed as well.

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4.3.1.1 Furnishings

In the 1950’s a wide range of synthec materials called polymers became available for use in clothing, furniture, interior ﬁnish and insulaon. Today, the use of polyester, polystyrene, polyethylene, nylon, and polyurethane foam has become common place in homes, vehicles and industry. Durability, comfort, and economics all play a role in the design and manufacturer of furnishings that people choose to buy. Flexible polyurethane foam is one of the most common materials used in upholstered furniture.

Figure 4.2. Comparison of the speed of ﬁre development, ﬁre size, and heat release rate between a sofa with coon cushions and a sofa with polyurethane foam cushions. Images courtesy of UL FSRI.

4.3.2 Fireﬁghng Equipment Enables Changes in Fireﬁghng Taccs.

4.3.2.1 During the same 50 year period, the taccs firefighters use on the fire ground have also changed. The reliance on indirect, or exterior aack, prior to entry changed to a focus on interior, direct aack.

4.3.2.2 This change occurred largely due to the improvements in protecve equipment and clothing that firefighters rely on to enter high temperature atmospheres considered immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH). Just as the use of synthec materials has overtaken the use of natural materials such as coon, wool, or wood in homes, the same trend is true for firefighter protecve clothing and equipment. In the past, firefighng coats were wool lined and had an outer layer of coon canvas or a layer of rubber. Firefighters protected their feet and legs with long rubber boots. Hoses used to be coon jacketed with rubber liners. Starng in the 1960’s new materials, such as aramid fibers (Nomex® and Kevlar®) and polybenzimidazole (PBI), were introduced. These materials did not melt and had a high resistance to ignion. These materials are now in common use as part of fire fighters’ protecve clothing and equipment.

4.3.2.3 The use of self‐contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) has improved condions for fire fighters. The connued development of SCBAs with lighter materials, increased air supply, electronic monitoring and warning devices also have made working in a smoke filled building safer. Connued developments in the fields of electronics and sensing have produced improvements in situaonal awareness for fire fighters in the form of thermal imaging and fire fighter tracking and accountability systems.

4.3.2.4 Currently the firefighter has the most advanced protecve ensemble and a wider range of tools and equipment for fighng fire than ever before. The synthec materials currently used in the firefighng gear have improved performance over the natural materials in many ways.

Figure 4.3 Firefighter protecve equipment changed significantly. Early versions of respiratory protecve equipment have been around for more than 100 years, however roune use of SCBA did not begin for many fire departments unl the 1980’s. Images courtesy of UL FSRI.

Figure 4.4 Fireﬁghng equipment, such as these two apparatus have also changed over the years. Images courtesy of UL FSRI.

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4.3.3 Thermal Exposure Capabilies of Fireﬁghng Gear

Understanding the measured thermal exposures from research fire experiments and considering the thermal exposures in the aermath of firefighter LODDs and Line of Duty Injuries (LODIs) we understand that fire condions can over take the protecve capabilies of the firefighter protecve clothing and safety equipment. Therefore the protecve capabilies of firefighter protecve clothing and safety equipment must be understood in terms of taccal assignments to ensure that level of protecon matches the potenal hazards in the firefighters’ work place.

4.3.3.1 The Fire Protecon Research Foundaon report, Fire Fighter Equipment Operaonal Environment (FFEOE): Evaluaon of Thermal Condions, is a summary of the thermal exposure research to date and studies from the 1970’s to present that supported the development of the structural ﬁreﬁghter protecve clothing [1].

4.4 Fire Research

The fire research has been conducted for many reasons such as improved fire safety, understanding fire dynamics within a compartment, the development of firefighter protecve equipment, and the study of firefighng taccs.

4.4.1 America Burning

The release of America Burning [2] in 1973 generated funding and programs that resulted in studies focused on fire dynamics in a compartment, toxicity of fire gases, flammability of furniture (available at the me), plascs, fire detecon, suppression and firefighng PPE. In addion to federal, industrial research and top‐ranked engineering schools across the U.S. [3], there were also significant fire research efforts underway in Canada, Japan, Sweden, and the United Kingdom, to name a few. The collecve findings of these efforts were incorporated into the development of the SFPE Handbook of the Fire Protecon Engineering [4] and addions to the Naonal Fire Protecon Associaon (NFPA) Fire Protecon Handbook [5]. These major gains in fire knowledge in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s led to improvements in fire measurements and the development of quantave methods of predicng or simulang fire behavior. The first text book on fire dynamics was authored by Dougal Drysdale and published in 1985 [6]. Needless to say the scope of the informaon contained in these books is beyond the scope of this guide, but it is important to note that the fundamentals of fire behavior and analycal methods for the interacon between fire, buildings, and people are presented in these books.

4.5 Summary of Structural Fire Dynamics Research

Research topics covered by firefighng taccs have a broad range, but for purposes of this guide the focus is on the operaonal environment for firefighng. Recent firefighng studies address the concepts of fuel‐limited fires and venlaon‐limited fires within a compartment or structure, based on fuel load, venlaon and building construcon. Madrzykowski provides an overview in the paper, " Fire Dynamics: The Science of Fire Fighng" [7]. One of the factors regarding the thermal environment firefighters may work in is me. It makes sense that the longer a firefighter is exposed to a hazard, the less me the firefighter may have to connue to operate. However, there are other me consideraons, such as, how long has the fire been burning and what stage is the fire in?

4.5.1 Time to Flashover

The paper, "Analysis of Changing Residenal Fire Dynamics and Its Implicaons on Firefighter Operaonal Timeframes", by Kerber, discusses many of the changes that have occurred on the fire ground [8]. These changes include home size, geometry, contents, construcon materials, and construcon methods. As a result, the fire development in structures and the fire’s response to tradional firefighng taccs has also changed.

Kerber conducted a series of compartment fire experiments to examine the difference in me to flashover between a room furnished with legacy fuels and a room furnished with modern fuels. Legacy fuels meant furnishings made from wood, steel and coon. Modern fuels are characterized by polyurethane foam, polyester fiber and fabric, engineered wood, and plascs in many different forms. Each room was ignited by a small open flame from a candle on the sofa. The flashover mes for the modern room averaged 235 seconds aer ignion. Only two of the three legacy room fires resulted in flashover. The average flashover mes for the two legacy rooms was 1,912 seconds aer ignion. It took eight mes longer for the coon sofa to generate enough heat release rate to spread fire throughout the room [7]. The driving difference in these experiments was the sofa with cushions made from polyurethane foam and polyester bang. These synthec fuels can significantly change the thermal environment firefighters respond to.

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4.5.2 Structural Collapse Studies

4.5.2.1 Phoenix FD and NIST Roof Collapse Studies

4.5.2.1.1 Ordinary Construcon Warehouse

In 2001, the Phoenix Fire Department obtained a 135 . (41 m) by 50 . (15 m) warehouse that was scheduled for demolion. The building was a single story with a peaked roof. The peak of the roof was 18 (5.5 m) above the floor. The main chords of the wood roof trusses were full‐ dimension 2 in (50 mm) by 12 in (305 mm) lumber. The warehouse was separated into two secons with a fire rated wall constructed for these experiments. One fire experiment was conducted in each secon. Stacks of wood pallets were used as the primary fuel source and were ignited using paper and an electric match. Some combusble debris and the building structural elements provided the remainder of the fuel load. Peak temperatures obtained at different elevaons ranged from approximately 570 °F (300 °C) to 1470 °F (800 °C). Peak carbon monoxide volume fracons, measured at a height of (1 in) 25 mm and 3 (0.9 m) above the floor. reached 4 % in the first test and 5 % during the second test. The roof of the front half of the structure collapsed approximately 18 min aer ignion of the fire for the first test. The roof of the back half of the structure collapsed about 15 min aer the start of the second test [9]. Assuming a 6 to 10 minute fire department response me, these collapses would have occurred within 5 to 12 minutes of the start of fire ground operaons.

4.5.2.1.2 Single Story, Residenal

The Phoenix Fire Department built four similar sized structures with overall dimensions of approximately 24 (7.3 m) by 18 (5.5 m). Each structure had a diﬀerent roof construcon: asphalt shingles over plywood, asphalt shingles over oriented strand board (OSB), cement les over plywood and cement les over OSB. The roof trusses were built from nominal dimension 2 x 4 s. Furniture items were placed in the front and back of each structure to simulate living room and bedroom areas. The living room and bedroom areas of each structure were ignited simultaneously using electric matches. Peak temperatures obtained during the tests ranged from approximately 1500 °F (800 °C) to 1800 °F (1000 °C). The roof of each structure collapsed approximately 17 minutes aer ignion [10].

4.5.2.2 UL and NIST Floor Collapse Studies

4.5.2.2.1 Floor Furnace Comparisons

UL published their research findings on the structural stability of engineered lumber in fire condions in 2008 [11]. The experiments were conducted on a floor furnace. The research demonstrated that “modern” engineered wood floor assemblies failed faster than wood floor assemblies with “legacy” designs. This study also pointed out that modern tools like thermal imagers had limited use in determining the condion of the floor assembly or the fire condions under the floor. Further the study quesoned the use of me honored means of “sounding the floor”, as a way to determine if the floor was safe to operate on.

4.5.2.2.2 Townhouse Floor Comparisons

In 2012, UL & NIST released a study that examined four types of flooring systems in a townhouse type arrangement, with a 720 sq (67 sq m) floor area and a 20 (6.1 m) span. These experiments were conducted to examine the me to collapse for residenal floor systems constructed with dimensional lumber, wood I‐joists, parallel chord wood trusses, and lightweight steel C‐channel. The results from this study proved that any of the unprotected floor assemblies could collapse within the operaonal me frame of the fire department. The report again indicates that current fire ground pracces of entering on the floor above the fire and working down to fire the basement will not provide the firefighter with the appropriate informaon to make decisions to enable a safe operang environment [12].

4.5.2.2.3 Two Level Structure, Comparison of Thermal Imagers

NIST conducted experiments in two level wood structures with a 16 (4.8 m) span that supported the findings of the UL study on the value of gypsum board to protect the floor assembly and the challenges for the thermal imagers. Three firefighng thermal imagers (TIs), each with a different type of sensor, were used to view and record the thermal

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condions of the top of the floor assembly from the open doorway in the upper compartment. Times to collapse of each floor were also noted. Given the insulang effects of the OSB and the floor coverings, the temperature increase or thermal signatures viewed by the TIs were small given the fact that the ceiling temperatures below the OSB were in excess of 1110 ° F (600 ° C). These experiments demonstrated that TIs alone cannot be relied upon to determine the structural integrity of a wood floor system. Therefore, it is crical for the fire service to review their pracce of size‐up and other fire ground taccs needed to enable the locaon of the fire prior to conducng fire operaons inside a building. The study also highlighted the interacon of venlaon to the fire area in order to generate the energy needed to fail the floor assemblies [13].

4.5.3 Wind Driven Fires in Structures

Two studies were conducted to measure the impact of wind on the thermal environment within a ﬁre apartment and public access areas connected to the apartment.

4.5.3.1 Laboratory Study

The first study, started in 2007 was sponsored by the NFPA FPRF and the USFA was conducted within a laboratory at NIST to gain insight into the heat release rate of the apartment [14]. In this study, a three room apartment was aached to approximately 48 feet of public corridor. The condions in the corridor were of crical importance because that is the poron of the building that firefighters would use to approach the fire apartment or that occupants from an adjoining apartment would use to exit the building. The fires were ignited in the bedroom of a three room apartment. Prior to the failure or venng of the bedroom window, which was on the upwind side of the experimental apartment, the heat release rate from the fire was on the order of 1 MW. Prior to implemenng any migang taccs, the heat release rates from the post‐flashover structure fire were typically between 15 MW and 20 MW. When the door from the apartment to the corridor was open, temperatures in the corridor area near the open doorway, 5.0 (1.52 m) below the ceiling, were in excess of 1112 °F (600 °C) for each of the experiments. The heat fluxes measured in the same locaon, during the same experiments, were in excess of 70 kW/m². These thermal condions are not tenable, even for a firefighter in fully protecve gear. These condions were aained within 30 s of the window failure. The study showed that wind speeds as low as 9 miles per hour could create the unidireconal fire exhaust flows, floor to ceiling within the structure’s flow path. These experiments demonstrated the thermal condions that can be generated by a “simple room and contents” fire and how these condions can be extended along a flow path within a structure when a wind condion is present. Two potenal taccs which could be implemented from either the floor above the fire in the case of a Wind Control Device (WCD) or from the floor below the fire in the case of the external water applicaon were demonstrated to be effecve in reducing the thermal hazard in the corridor. Other data and observaons, such as the fire pulsing out of the window opening against the wind, can provide valuable informaon to the fire service for hazard recognion purposes [14].

4.5.3.2 High‐rise Study

The second study was supported by and conducted by the Fire Department of New York City (FDNY) in a high‐rise apartment building on Governors Island in 2008. 14 experiments were conducted to evaluate the ability of posive pressure venlaon fans, wind control devices and external water applicaon to migate the hazards of a wind driven fire in a structure. NIST instrumented components of the flow path throughout the building which included the fire apartment, public corridor, and a stairwell. The results of the experiments provided a baseline for the hazards associated with a wind driven fire and the impact of pressure, venlaon and flow paths within a structure. Wind created condions that rapidly caused the fire hazard in the structure to increase by forcing hot fire gases through the apartment of origin and into the public corridor and stairwell. These condions would be untenable for advancing fire fighters. Door control taccs, coupled with the taccal use of PPV fans, WCDs and external water applicaon were able to reduce the thermal hazard created by the wind driven fire. Mulple taccs used in conjuncon with each other were very effecve at improving condions for fire fighter operaons and occupant egress[15].

4.5.4 Firefighng Venlaon Studies A wide range of venlaon studies has been conducted in both purpose built structures inside of laboratories and in acquired structures. Some of the studies focused on natural venlaon [16,17] and other considered posive pressure venlaon (PPV) [18‐23] All of the studies show that providing addional oxygen to a venlaon limited compartment fire, resulted in an increase of heat release rate, temperature, and pressure in the structure and along the exhaust porons of the flow path.

4.5.4.1 The UL Fireﬁghter Safety Research Instute team conducted several research studies in their laboratory, in

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structures built to resemble a 1200 sq. . (112 sq m) single story home and a 3200 sq. . (297 sq. m.) two story home [16,17,23]. The results of the experiments demonstrated that a upholstered furniture fire resulted in venlaon limited fire condions prior to fire department arrival and connued in the structures aer venng, either horizontal or vercal, unl suppression acons reduced the heat release rate of the fire. As the buildings were vented, oxygen entered the hot, fuel‐rich, (venlaon limited) environment within the structure, which resulted in rapid (30 to 120 s) increases in heat and gas velocies within exhaust poron of the flow path. In other words, between the locaon of the fire and the exhaust vent. In these experiments, the temperature condions ranged between ambient and those consistent with flames, as have been shown in previous studies. In these experiments the fire aack was started from the exterior of the structure.

4.5.5 Fireﬁghng Suppression Studies

4.5.5.1 Governors Island, 2012

The Fire Department of the City of New York, along with NIST and UL conducted a series experiments in abandoned townhouses with approximately 600 square foot area per floor and unprotected dimensional lumber floor systems between the 1 st level and the basement level. The live burn tests are aimed at quanfying emerging theories about how fires are different today. Taccs examined included vent enter Isolate and search (VEIS), horizontal and vercal venlaon, and interior and exterior fire aack. Fires aacked and controlled from exterior openings from the front and or rear back of the structure resulted in improved condions throughout the structures [24]. In addion, fire professionals and experts will closely analyze how the introducon of oxygen into these scenarios impacts fire behavior and how this required consideraon of new procedures on venlaon strategies during firefighng operaons.

4.5.5.2 Spartanburg 2013 and 2014

The Internaonal Society of Fire Service Instructors (ISFSI) in co‐operaon with NIST, the South Carolina State Fire Academy and the Spartanburg Fire Department conducted two series of firefighng experiments in acquired structures were conducted as part of the AFG funded “Translang Fire Fighng Research Results into Fire Fighter Training Project”. The experiments demonstrated the value of size‐up, coordinated venlaon and offensive fire aacks which began on the exterior. These experiments and previous firefighng research, such as the Governors Island studies provided the basis for the ISFSI’s Principles of Modern Fire Aack course [25].

4.5.5.3 UL FSRI Fire Aack study

Between 2015 and 2017 UL FSRI, with the support of the DHS/FEMA Assistance to Firefighters Grant Research program, conducted three different series of experiments to develop knowledge of firefighng hose streams applied during an interior and transional fire aack and their impact on vicm survivability and firefighter safety. Objecves of the studies included: 1) developing an understanding where the water goes and how air flows during interior and transional fire aack and what that means to the fire dynamics within a structure, and advancing the understanding of vicm survivability in the modern fire environment.

4.5.5.3.1 Water Distribuon

The experiments conducted were intended to develop a fundamental knowledge of water distribuon in compartments from fire service hose streams, without the presence of furniture. The stream locaons were chosen to simulate an aack from a hallway into a room and an aack through a window into a room. Fundamental knowledge of water dispersion and distribuon was gained from these experiments. The results of the water distribuon made it clear that the hose streams effecveness was limited to ’line of sight’. The ability to apply water to all surfaces in a room is limited when the nozzle is located outside the compartment. Once inside the compartment a firefighter can put water anywhere in the room by moving the nozzle. This is completely within the control of the firefighter. When outside the room this is not possible. However understanding the dynamics of water hing a surface at different angles provides the ability to extrapolate this knowledge to other locaons [26].

4.5.5.3.2 Air Entrainment

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methods, hose stream types, nozzle movements, pressures/flowrates, manufacturers, and venlaon configuraons. These experiments looked to quanfy air entrainment by hand‐held fire hose streams, expanding on work already done looking at hydraulic venlaon [27‐30]. The results show that to increase entrainment, a firefighter should have the water interact with as much air as possible. This can be done by using a fog paern, moving the nozzle rapidly (any paern), and providing the largest stream length. If the intent is to limit air entrainment, the nozzle firefighter should limit nozzle movement, use a smooth bore or straight stream and minimize the stream length where possible. No difference was seen between air entrainment in a smooth bore stream versus a straight stream. Understanding these key concepts of air entrainment can aid firefighters in being more effecve. Applying these concepts to structural firefighng allows for beer control of air entrainment during both interior and exterior operaons [31].

4.5.5.3.3 Full‐Scale Residenal Fire Experiments

UL FSRI conducted twenty‐six full‐scale structure fire experiments in a single‐story 1,600 2 (149 sq. m) ranch home style test structure. Two of those structures were built inside UL’s large fire lab in Northbrook, IL. The objecve of the study was analyzing how firefighng taccs, specifically suppression methods, affect the thermal exposure and survivability of both building occupants and firefighters in residenal structures. This was accomplished by measuring the impact of different fire aacks on a fire in a bedroom(s), at the end of a hallway and understand the effect it would have on the fire environment and any persons in the structure [32]. Most of the experiments involved firefighters flowing water either before or shortly aer they entered the structure. Two fire aack methods, interior and transional were used with three different structure venlaon configuraons. To determine the thermal exposure within the test structure it was instrumented for temperature, pressure, gas velocity, heat flux, gas concentraon, and moisture content. Addionally, to provide informaon on occupant burn injuries, five sets of instrumented pig skin were located in pre‐determined locaons in the structure. The results were evaluated by a fire service based, project technical panel and 18 taccal consideraons were developed. Common threads for the results: 1) rapid and effecve water applicaon into the fire compartment, either from the interior or exterior, reduced the thermal hazard throughout the structure and 2) suppression operaons, either from the interior or exterior, did not increase potenal burn injuries to occupants[32].

4.5.5.4 IFSI

A series of experiments was conducted by research teams from the Illinois Fire Service Instute (IFSI), UL FSRI, NIOSH, and Skidmore College. The goal of this study was to invesgate the effects of modern fire environments on the two most pressing concerns in the fire service today, cardiovascular and carcinogenic risks [33,34]. As part of the study, 12‐ person teams performed realisc firefighng taccs in residenal fire environments that contained common building materials and furnishings.

Specific to the thermal environment one of the key areas of the IFSI study was the measurement of the producon and transfer of heat through modern PPE and onto or into firefighters’ bodies. The variables that impacted that heat transfer included taccal decisions (interior only vs. transional aack) and operang locaon (interior fire suppression/search vs. exterior operaons vs. interior overhaul). The overall results showed that: 1) temperatures inside the fire structure decreased aer water was applied; 2) transional aack resulted in faster water applicaon; 3) local temperatures were higher for firefighters operang inside versus other posions (neck skin temperatures for inside aack firefighters were lower when exterior aack was used); and 4) higher body core temperatures were measured for the outside vent and overhaul posions.

4.6 Naonal Instute for Occupaonal Safety and Health (NIOSH)

The Naonal Instute for Occupaonal Safety and Health is a part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevenon (CDC) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The mission of the NIOSH Fire Fighter Fatality Invesgaon and Prevenon Program (FFFIPP) is to conduct invesgaons of fire fighter line‐of‐duty deaths to develop recommendaons for prevenng future deaths and injuries. The program does not seek to determine fault or place blame on fire departments or individual fire fighters, but to learn from these tragic events and prevent future similar events. These reports and recommendaon have been the catalyst for most of the fire service research studies listed in this chapter.

4.6.1 The FFFIPP program, which started in 1998, is divided into two main areas of study; traumac injury deaths and Cardiovascular Disease Deaths (CVD). The traumac injury deaths are invesgated per the Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluaon (FACE) model. Incidents invesgated under this model include; burns, diving accidents,

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electrocuons, falls, motor vehicle accidents and structural collapse incidents. Heart aack and stroke are two of the most common types of line of duty deaths for fire fighters – accounng for almost half of the firefighter deaths in this country annually. FFFIPP invesgaons of CVD examine both the individual’s risk factors for coronary artery disease and workplace factors. Workplace factors include what condions the fire fighter was exposed to in terms of physical effort, exposure to hazardous chemicals and thermal stress. In addion, NIOSH assesses the fire department’s fitness and wellness program, as well as any screening program for coronary artery disease. Since the program started more than 600 invesgaon reports have been produced. Based on the trends discovered in the invesgaons, NIOSH has issued special reports on topics such as; “Prevenng Injuries and Deaths of Fire Fighters Due to Structural Collapse,” “Fire Fighter Fatality Invesgaon and Prevenon Program: Leading Recommendaons for Prevenng Fire Fighter Fatalies, 1998–2005,” and “Prevenng Deaths and Injuries of Fire Fighters Working Above Fire‐Damaged Floors. ” All of the completed invesgaons and the special reports can be downloaded from hps://www.cdc.gov/niosh/fire/default.html [35].

4.7 Summary of Fire Fighng Research

Building on the scienfic body of knowledge that supports the fire protecon engineering discipline, research specific to firefighng taccs has been conducted which supports the development of this guide, NFPA 1700. The results of these studies have been used as a basis of change for fire department standard operang procedures or guides across North America. Experience in the field has shown posive results when taccs such as size‐up, door control, coordinated venlaon, and exterior aack (prior to entry), have been used to accomplish the incident priories of life safety, incident stabilizaon, property conservaon.

4.8 References

1. Madrzykowski, D., Fire Fighter Equipment Operaonal Environment (FFEOE): Evaluaon of Thermal Condions. UL Fireﬁghter Safety Research Instute, Columbia, Maryland, August 2017.