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Two Periods of Skarn Mineralization in the Baizhangyan

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Two Periods of Skarn Mineralization in the Baizhangyan bs_bs_banner doi: 10.1111/rge.12066 Resource Geology Vol. 65, No. 3: 193–209 Original Article Two Periods of Skarn Mineralization in the Baizhangyan W–Mo Deposit, Southern Anhui Province, Southeast China: Evidence from Zircon U–Pb and Molybdenite Re–Os and Sulfur Isotope Data Chunhai Li,1,2 Yaohui Jiang,1 Guangfu Xing,2 Kunyi Guo,2 Chao Li,3 Minggang Yu,1,2 Peng Zhao1 and Zheng Wang2 1State Key Laboratory of Mineral Deposit Research, School of Earth Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China, 2Nanjing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, China Geology Survey, Ministry of Land and Resources of the People’s Republic of China, Nanjing, China and 3Re-Os Laboratory, National Research Center of Geoanalysis of Chinese Academy of Geosciences in Beijing, Beijing, China Abstract The recently discovered Baizhangyan skarn-porphyry type W–Mo deposit in southern Anhui Province in SE China occurs near the Middle–Lower Yangtze Valley polymetallic metallogenic belt. The deposit is closely temporally-spatially associated with the Mesozoic Qingyang granitic complex composed of granodiorite, monzonitic granite, and alkaline granite. Orebodies of the deposit occur as horizons, veins, and lenses within the limestones of Sinian Lantian Formation contacting with buried fine-grained granite, and diorite dykes. There are two types of W mineralization: major skarn W–Mo mineralization and minor granite-hosted disseminated Mo mineralization. Among skarn mineralization, mineral assemblages and cross-cutting rela- tionships within both skarn ores and intrusions reveal two distinct periods of mineralization, i.e. the first W–Au period related to the intrusion of diorite dykes, and the subsequent W–Mo period related to the intrusion of the fine-grained granite. In this paper, we report new zircon U–Pb and molybdenite Re–Os ages with the aim of constraining the relationships among the monzonitic granite, fine-grained granite, diorite dykes, and W mineralization. Zircons of the monzonitic granite, the fine-grained granite, and diorite dykes yield weighted mean U–Pb ages of 129.0 ± 1.2 Ma, 135.34 ± 0.92 Ma and 145.3 ± 1.7 Ma, respectively. Ten molybdenite Re–Os age determinations yield an isochron age of 136.9 ± 4.5 Ma and a weighted mean age of 135.0 ± 1.2 Ma. The molybdenites have δ34S values of 3.6‰–6.6‰ and their Re contents ranging from 7.23 ppm to 15.23 ppm. A second group of two molybdenite samples yield ages of 143.8 ± 2.1 and 146.3 ± 2.0 Ma, containing Re concentrations of 50.5–50.9 ppm, and with δ34S values of 1.6‰–4.8‰. The molybdenites from these two distinct groups of samples contain moderate concentrations of Re (7.23–50.48 ppm), suggesting that metals within the deposit have a mixed crust–mantle provenance. Field observation and new age and isotope data obtained in this study indicate that the first diorite dyke-related skarn W–Au mineralization took place in the Early Cretaceous peaking at 143.0–146.3 Ma, and was associated with a mixed crust–mantle system. The second fine-grained granite-related skarn W–Mo mineralization took place a little later at 135.0–136.9 Ma, and was crust-dominated. The fine-grained granite was not formed by fractionation of the Qingyang monzonitic Received 13 September 2014. Accepted for publication 5 March 2015. Corresponding author: C. Li, State Key Laboratory of Mineral Deposit Research, School of Earth Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210016, China. Email: [email protected] © 2015 The Authors Resource Geology published by Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd on behalf of The Society of Resource Geology. 193 This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. C. Li et al. granite. This finding suggests that the first period of skarn W–Au mineralization in the Baizhangyan deposit resulted from interaction between basaltic magmas derived from the upper lithospheric mantle and crustal material at 143.0–146.3 and the subsequent period of W–Mo mineralization derived from the crust at 135.0– 136.9 Ma. Keywords: Baizhangyan W–Mo deposit, molybdenite Re–Os, southeast China, sulfur isotopes, zircon U–Pb. 1. Introduction present within the W–Mo orefield in the southern Anhui Province. The orefield is associated with the More than 13 W–Mo and W deposits have been recog- Qingyang (or Jiuhuashan) composite granitic pluton nized in recent years near the Middle–Lower Yangtze which is composed of granodiorite, monzonitic River Valley Fe–Cu–Au–Mo metallogenic Belt (YRB) granite, and alkaline granite (Chen, 1985; Zhang & Xu, (Fig. 1) (He et al., 2004; Wan, 2004; Xu et al., 2008; Mao 1997; Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of et al., 2011; Song et al., 2013, 2014) in southeast China. Anhui Province, 2006). Several polymetallic W–Mo ore We call the Jiangxi–Anhui–Zhejiang adjoining area the deposits are found along the contact between this W–Mo metallogenic belt in this paper. They may be pluton and the surrounding country rocks (Fig. 2a). different in ages and geodynamic settings compared Several studies have discussed the geological charac- with the W–Sn and W deposits within the Nanling teristics of the Baizhangyan deposit (Zhang, 1989; Zhao district in South China. Among these deposits, et al., 2007; Wang, 2008). The deposit consists of a the Baizhangyan skarn-porphyry type W–Mo(–Au) number of orebodies hosted in the limestone units of the deposit is a typical example of the mineralization Sinian (Neoproterozoic) Lantian Formation which was Fig. 1 (a) Distributions of Jurassic and Cretaceous granitic rocks and related W (Mo) deposits in Jiangxi-Anhui-Zhejiang adjoining areas and (b) their tectonic position (modified from He et al., 2004; Wan, 2004; Xu et al., 2008; Mao et al., 2011). © 2015 The Authors 194 Resource Geology published by Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd on behalf of The Society of Resource Geology Baizhangyan Skarn mineralization Fig. 2 (a) Geological map of Qingyang complex (Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Anhui Province, 2006) and (b) simple map of the Baizhangyan W(Mo) deposit (Zhao et al., 2007) and sample position (b Section A,B,C). intruded by monzonitic and fine-grained granites and isotope data with the aim of constraining the timing of diorite dykes(Fig. 2b). Song et al. (2013) reported the mineralization and to gain a better understanding of the molybdenite Re–Os and zircon U–Pb ages, temperature relationships between W–Mo mineralization and the and hydrogen-oxygen isotope data of ore-forming fluid intrusions in the Baizhangyan deposit. of Baizhangyan deposit. However, the relationships between these intrusions and the W–Mo(–Au) mineral- 2. Regional geology ization and the petrogenesis of the Qingyang pluton, are still poorly understood. In this study, we report new Geologically, the Qingyang area is located along the zircon U–Pb ages, molybdenite Re–Os ages, and sulfur boundary between the Lower Yangtze sub-region and © 2015 The Authors Resource Geology published by Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd on behalf of The Society of Resource Geology 195 C. Li et al. Jiangnan sub-region of the Yangtze stratigraphic Cambrian Lantian, Piyuancun, and Huangboling For- region. The main strata in the Qingyang area include mations which were intruded by the monzonitic metamorphosed Late Precambrian and Paleozoic granite, the Baizhangyan fine-grained granite, and a clastic sedimentary sequences and basin-hosted Meso- series of diorite dykes traced by drilling at depth. zoic clasitic-volcanic sequences. The metamorphic Quartz-molybdenite vein W–Mo, W–Mo skarn, and Mesoproterozoic basement of the Yangtze Craton granite-hosted disseminated Mo ore represent the formed during the first phase (1000–800 Ma) of main types of the ore district. The orebodies of the the Neoproterozoic Jinning Orogeny. Assembly of the deposit occur as veins, and lenses within the lime- Yangtze and Cathaysia cratons occurred during the stones of the Sinian Lantian Formation. Seventeen second episode (800–700 Ma) of the Jinning Orogeny. W–Mo orebodies were explored with average grades of Continuous deposition of sedimentary cover sequences 0.334 wt.% WO3 and 0.136 wt.% Mo. Moreover, three in southern Anhui Province lasted from the Sinian to Au orebodies were also discovered in the deposit. the Cretaceous. The geological evolution of the region The largest orebody trends N–S, dips 2°–18° to the can be divided into three stages: cover sedimentation west, and has a strike length of 1600 m and depth of and Caledonian orogenesis; Eurasia continental growth 50–230 m. The thickness of the largest orebody ranges and Indosinian orogenesis; and continental margin– from 1.2 m to 27.7 m (Zhao et al., 2007). Mineralization interplate deformation and Yanshanian orogenesis within the orebodies is zoned from pyrite alteration (Chang et al., 1996). Two episodes of mantle–crust inter- zones near the intrusion, through skarn and silicified action occurred during two Mesozoic post-collisional zones into greisen zones within wall-rocks surround- to post-orogenic magmatic events in southern Anhui ing the intrusion. Province. The first episode (145–125 Ma) involved There are two types of W–Mo mineralization in the intensive interaction of the middle to lower crust with Baizhangyan deposit: major skarn W–Mo mineraliza- underplated basaltic magmas derived from upper litho- tion and minor granite-hosted disseminated Mo spheric mantle while the second episode (125–105 Ma), mineralization. Among skarn mineralization, mineral show slight interaction of the middle to lower crust with assemblages and cross-cutting relationships within basaltic magmas derived from the lower lithospheric both skarn ores and intrusions reveal two distinct mantle (Du et al., 2007b).
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