Urban Regeneration
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Urban Regeneration A Handbook Edited by PETER ROBERTS AND HUGH SYKES ($SAGE Publications London *Thousand Oaks * New Delhi ISBN 0-7619-6716-8 (hbk) ISBN 0-7619-6717-6 (pbk) © Peter Roberts and Hugh Sykes 2000 Editorial arrangement, Chapters 1 and 14 Contents © Peter Roberts 2000 Chapter 2 © Andrew Carter 2000 Chapter 3 © David Noon, James Smith-Canham and Martin Eagland 2000 Chapter 4 © Paul Jeffrey and John Pounder 2000 Chapter 5 © Brian Jacobs and Clive Dutton 2000 Chapter 6 © Trevor Hart and Ian Johnston 2000 Chapter 7 © Bill Edgar and John Taylor 2000 Chapter 8 © Amanda Beresford, Richard Fleetwood and Mark Gaffney 2000 Chapter 9 Figures, Tables and Boxes © Barry Moore and Rod Spires 2000 Chapter 10 © Dalia Lichfield 2000 Chapter 11 © John Shutt 2000 Chapter 12 Contributors © Paul Drewe 2000 Chapter 13 Foreword First published 2000 Reprinted 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 Preface List of Abbreviations Part 1 The Context for Urban Regeneration Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or 1 Introduction criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, Peter Roberts and Hugh Sykes 1988, this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form, or by any means, only with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case 2 The Evolution, Definition and Purpose of Urban Regeneration 9 of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms Peter Roberts should be sent to the publishers. 3 Strategy and Partnership in Urban Regeneration 37 nSAGE Publications Ltd Andrew Carter 1 Oliver's Yard Part 2 Major Themes and Topics 59 55 City Road 4 Economic Regeneration and Funding 61 London EC I Y 1 SP 30 1. 342 1 David Noon, James Smith-Canham and Martin England L) 86 SAGE Publications Inc 5 Physical and Environmental Aspects 2455 Teller Road Paul Jeffrey and John Pounder Thousand Oaks 109 California 91320 6 Social and Community Issues Brian Jacobs and Clive Dutton SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd 7 Employment, Education and Training 129 B-42 Panchsheel Enclave Trevor Hart and Ian Johnston PO Box 4109 8 Housing New Delhi 110 017 153 Bill Edgar and John Taylor Part 3 Key Issues in Managing Urban Regeneration 9 Regeneration by Land Development: the Legal Issues 177 Amanda Beresford, Richard Fleetwood and Mark Gaffney 179 10 Monitoring and Evaluation British Library Cataloguing in Publication data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Barry Moore and Rod Spires 203 11 Organisation and Management Dalia Lichfield 228 Part 4 Experience Elsewhere and a View of the Future 12 Lessons from America in the 1990s 281 John Shutt 13 European Experiences 295 Paul Drewe 14 Current Challenges and Future Prospects Typeset by Dorwyn Ltd., Rowlands Castle, Hampshire 316 Printed and bound in Great Britain by Peter Roberts and Hugh Sykes Cromwell Press Limited, Trowbridge, Wiltshire Index Viii Figures, Tables and Boxes 9.2 Some important PPGs 198 10.1 An example of market failure 208 11.1 Strategic decisions 242 Contributors 11.2 The Ashkelon experience 243 12.1 Marshall Heights Community Development Organisation 268 12.2 New Orleans Riverfront 2000 272 12.3 Cowboys and culture: the Fort Worth Partnership, Fort Worth City 275 12.4 Resources for community economic development: the Center The Editors for Community Change, Washington 277 13.1 Economic development in areas with social problems 291 13.2 Environmental action linked to economic goals 291 Peter Roberts is Professor of European Strategic Planning at the Univer 13.3 Revitalisation of historic centres 291 sity of Dundee. He is Chair of the British Urban Regeneration Association 13.4 Exploitation of technological assets of cities 292 Best Practice Committee, Chair of the Town and Country Planning Asso 13.5 Urban excellence in products 292 ciation and an Adviser to the Local Government Association. He has published on a wide range of topics, including urban and regional develop ment and regeneration, European regional policy and planning, spatial development, environmental management, and the politics of devolution. Sir Hugh Sykes DL was Chairman of the Sheffield Development Corpora tion from its formation in 1988 until it ceased operations in 1997. He currently serves on the boards of a number of public companies, including Yorkshire Bank plc. He is a past Master of the Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire and is Treasurer of the University of Sheffield. The Contributors Amanda Beresford is a solicitor and a qualified planner. She is head of Environment Law at Addleshaw Booth & Co. Andrew Carter is Regeneration Strategies Adviser at Greater London Enterprise. He is a member of BURA's Best Practice Committee and Director of the Urban Forum. Paul Drewe is Professor of Spatial Planning at Delft University of Technol ogy and Visiting Professor of Urban Management at the University of Ghent. He also works as a consultant both in the Netherlands and abroad. Clive Dutton OBE is Head of Regeneration at Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Council. He currently serves as an adviser to the British govern ment's Urban Task Force. Martin Eagland has direct experience of implementing urban regeneration schemes, most notably as Chief Executive of the former Leeds Develop ment Corporation. He is now the Managing Director of Eagland Planning Associates. Bill Edgar is Senior Lecturer at the University of Dundee and a Director of the Joint Centre for Scottish Housing Research. He is also the Research Contributors Contributors Co-ordinator of the European Observatory on Homelessness for FEANTSA. Rod Spires is the Director of Public and Corporate Economic Consultants. He is Richard Fleetwood is a partner in Addleshaw Booth & Co., specialising in also an adviser to English Partnerships and was recently Research Fellow at the corporate matters, including public-private partnerships and joint ventures. Department of Land Economy, University of Cambridge. Mark Gaffney is a solicitor at Addleshaw Booth & Co., specialising in commercial John Taylor was Chief Executive of BURA from 1994 to 1998. He chaired the and residential development, mainly for developers. Assessment Panel for the Secretary of State's Awards for Partnership in Trevor Hart is a Lecturer in town planning and housing at Leeds Metropolitan Regeneration. He is currently Director of the Buildings Crafts College, based in University. He has a background in local government and consultancy where he central London. was principally concerned with economic development. Brian Jacobs is Reader in Public Policy in the School of Health at Staffordshire University. He works as a consultant to both public and private organisations and he has published extensively on international urban and regional policy issues. Paul Jeffrey is a Director of ECOTEC Research and Consulting. He has extensive experience of urban planning, development and regeneration. Ian Johnston is Principal and Vice-Chancellor at Glasgow Caledonian University and was formerly Director-General of Training, Education and Enterprise at the Department of Employment. Dalia Lichfield is a partner in Dalia and Nathaniel Lichfield Associates, a development planning consultancy specialising in integrated planning, regeneration and impact assessment. She is a member of BURA, the UK Evaluation Society and the Urban Villages Project Committee. Barry Moore is Assistant Director of Research at the Department of Land Economy, University of Cambridge. He is also a fellow at Downing College, Cambridge, Research Associate at the ESRC Centre for Business Research and Senior Adviser at Public and Corporate Economic Consultants (PACEC). David Noon is Associate Dean in the Coventry Business School and Deputy Director of the Centre for Local Economic Development, both at Coventry University. He is also a member of the BURA Best Practice Committee. John Pounder is a research manager at ECOTEC Research and Consultancy. He has considerable experience of urban regeneration and of economic development. John Shutt is Eversheds Professor of Regional Business Development at Leeds Metropolitan University. He directs the European Regional Busi James Smith-Canham is a consultant with KPMG, Birmingham. Formerly he was a lecturer at Coventry Business School, Coventry University. ness and Economic Development Unit in the Leeds Business School. Foreword Practice Committee and the Chairmanship of the Town and Country Planning Association, as well as his real job. Sir Hugh's continued support has itself made Foreword this book possible. I commend this, the first edition of BURA's book, Urban Regeneration, to you. Its `date' is set at mid-1998. The British Urban Regeneration Association would welcome feedback; the developments of the last year already beg that we produce a second edition. Watch this space. David Fitzpatrick There has been a sea change in the UK in the last two years. Increasingly, Chief Executive, BURA regeneration has become a centrepiece of community and economic regeneration not just in the UK, but across Europe. Since the birth of the British Urban Regeneration Association (BURA) in 1990, the understanding of, and issues surrounding, regeneration have grown in importance and complexity. It seemed for a while, however, as if BURA was a voice in the wilderness. It attempted to ensure that everyone in what we now call regeneration was able to grasp that merely dealing with the built environment, and not the people involved, would simply be rearranging the deckchairs on the Titanic. There was, at no stage, any guide or help along the way. This book is BURA's first attempt to fill that gap. It has been written by renowned experts in their respective fields. Each chapter is a treatise in and of itself, allowing the reader to explore the issues and read further on the subject. The book places into context the route from which current thinking on regeneration came; it identifies key developments along the way.