SOCIAL HISTORIES OF MEDICINE vaccination of The politics SOCIAL HISTORIES OF MEDICINE In The politics of vaccination scholars from across the globe provide a comparative overview of vaccination policies at different times, in widely different places and under different types of political regime. Contributors analyse vaccination in relation to state power, concepts of national identity and solidarity and of individuals’ obligations to self and others. They explore relationships between vaccination policies and vaccine-making and the discourses and debates on citizenship and nationhood that have often accompanied mass campaigns. The analysis unmasks the idea of vaccination as a simple health technology and makes visible the complexities in which vaccination is embedded. Core themes include vaccination programmes as an element of state formation; citizens’ articulation of seeing (or not seeing) their needs incorporated into public health practice; allegations that development aid has inappropriately steered third-world health policies; and an ideological shift that regards vaccines as marketable and profitable commodities rather than as essential tools of public health. Above all, the essays suggest vaccination is a novel lens through which to view historical changes in ‘society’ and ‘nation’. The politics of vaccination is completed with an afterword by William Muraskin in which, reflecting on his years of work on the history of vaccination, he focuses on the role of a small group of global health leaders. This group launched major disease eradication programmes, prioritising specific types of health care intervention irrespective of their compatibility with the priorities (Eds) Greenough Blume and Holmberg, of individual nations. The collection in its entirety shows how such ‘globalised’ approaches may foster political upheaval and will be of interest to students, researchers and teachers in global health. Christine Holmberg is Senior Researcher at the Institute for Public Health at Charité - Universitlätsmedizin Berlin Stuart Blume is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Amsterdam Paul Greenough is Professor Emeritus of History and Community and Behavioural Health at the University of Iowa Edited by Christine Holmberg, Cover image: Diego Rivera, Vaccination Panel, from the North Wall of the Stuart Blume and Paul Greenough ‘Detroit Industry’ frescoes (1932–33), ISBN 978-1-5261-1088-6 Detroit Institute of Arts Cover design: riverdesign.co.uk The politics of vaccination 9 781526 110886 A global history www.manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk The politics of vaccination SOCIAL HISTORIES OF MEDICINE Series editors: David Cantor and Keir Waddington Social Histories of Medicine is concerned with all aspects of health, illness and medicine, from prehistory to the present, in every part of the world. Th e series covers the circumstances that promote health or illness, the ways in which people experience and explain such conditions and what, practically, they do about them. Practitioners of all approaches to health and healing come within its scope, as do their ideas, beliefs and practices, and the social, economic and cultural contexts in which they operate. Methodologically, the series welcomes relevant studies in social, economic, cultural and intellectual history, as well as approaches derived from other disciplines in the arts, sciences, social sciences and humanities. Th e series is a collaboration between Manchester University Press and the Society for the Social History of Medicine. Previously published Th e metamorphosis of autism: A history of child development in Britain Bonnie Evans Payment and philanthropy in British healthcare, 1918–48 George Campbell Gosling The politics of vaccination A global history Edited by Christine Holmberg , Stuart Blume and Paul Greenough Manchester University Press Copyrigh t © Manchester University Press 2017 While copyright in the volume as a whole is vested in Manchester University Press, copyright in individual chapters belongs to their respective authors, and no chapter may be reproduced wholly or in part without the express permission in writing of both author and publisher. P ublished by Manchester University Press Al trincham Street, Manchester M1 7JA www.manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for ISBN 978 1 5261 1088 6 hardback ISBN 978 1 5261 1090 9 paperback ISBN 978 1 5261 1091 6 open access First published 2017 Th e publisher has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for any external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. An electronic version of this book is also available under a Creative Commons (CC-BY-NC-ND) licence. Typeset in 11 on 12 pt Arno Pro Regular b y Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited Contents List of fi gures and tablespage vii List of contributors ix Acknowledgements xiv Introduction 1 Paul Greenough, Stuart Blume and Christine Holmberg Part I: Vaccination and national identity 17 1 Th e uneasy politics of epidemic aid: the CDC’s mission to Cold War East Pakistan, 1958 19 Paul Greenough 2 Fallacy, sacrilege, betrayal and conspiracy: the cultural construction of opposition to immunisation in India 51 Niels Brimnes 3 Vaccination and the communist state: polio in Eastern Europe 77 Dora Vargha 4 ‘A vaccine for the nation’: South Korea’s development of a hepatitis B vaccine and national prevention strategy focused on newborns 99 Eun Kyung Choi and Young-Gyung Paik Part II: Nationality, vaccine production and the end of sovereign manufacture 119 5 Vaccine production, national security anxieties and the unstable state in nineteenth- and twentieth-century Mexico 121 Ana María Carrillo vi Contents 6 Th e erosion of public sector vaccine production: the case of the Netherlands 148 Stuart Blume 7 Yellow fever vaccine in Brazil: fi ghting a tropical scourge, modernising the nation 174 Jaime Benchimol 8 A distinctive nation: vaccine policy and production in Japan 209 Julia Yongue Part III: Vaccination, the individual and society 237 9 Th e MMR debate in the United Kingdom: vaccine scares, statesmanship and the media 239 Andrea Stöckl and Anna Smajdor 10 Pandemic fl us and vaccination policies in Sweden 260 Britt a Lundgren and Martin Holmberg 11 Polio vaccination, political authority and the Nigerian state 288 Elisha P. Renne Aft erword 319 12 Th e power of individuals and the dependency of nations in global eradication and immunisation campaigns 321 William Muraskin Index 337 Figures and tables Figures 1 . 1 Fragmentary news reports of smallpox outbreaks from EP districts of smallpox, Pakistan Observer , 23 February 1958. News reports were a source of outbreak intelligence that travelled faster than the EP Health Department ’ s passive surveillance. page 21 1 . 2 Dr Alexander D. Langmuir, Chief Epidemiologist, Communicable Disease Center, Atlanta GA, c .1955. Source: National Library of Medicine. 25 1 . 3 Dr T. Aidan Cockburn, East Pakistan Provincial Health Adviser, vaccinating an infant in Barisal district. Source: Markin Parikrama (‘American Survey’), May 1958. 28 1 . 4 Professional methods of vaccination. WHO, Handbook for Smallpox Eradication Programmes in Endemic Areas WHO/SE/67.5 (Geneva 1967), pp. III–10. 32 4 . 1 Th e graph in Kim (1985), showing the importance of changing the target population. 111 11.1 T-shirt produced for the polio vaccination team members. 290 11.2 Cover of DVD, Polio: Cuta ko Kariya? 3 0 2 Tables 1 . 1 Major donors of smallpox vaccine to East Pakistan, spring 1958. page 23 8 . 1 Vaccine schedules in Japan and the United States, 2011. 210 viii List of fi gures and tables 8.2 Approvals of Japan ’ s fi rst combination vaccine with a polio component. 219 8 . 3 Adverse events following the introduction of MMR in 1989. 221 8 . 4 Vaccines approved for use in Japan and the United States (1985–2006). 224 8 . 5 US–Japan comparison of vaccine approvals (2007–11). 227 11.1 Cases of acute fl accid paralysis (AFP) and confi rmed cases of wild poliovirus and circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus, Nigeria, 1999–2015. 299 Contributors Christine Holmberg is the director of a research group on ‘health services research’ with a particular focus on risk, health decision-making, illness experience and science and technology studies at the Institute of Public Health, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany. She holds a doc- torate from the Humboldt-University Berlin in Anthropology and a Master of Public Health in Epidemiology from the University of Illinois at Chicago. Her most recent publications include ‘Gaining Control over Breast Cancer Risk: Transforming vulnerability, uncertainty, and the future through clinical trial participation – a qualitative study’, pub- lished in Sociology of Health and Illness (2015). Stuart Blume is Emeritus Professor of Science & Technology Studies at the University of Amsterdam and a member of the Department of Anthropology. He worked previously at the University of Sussex, the OECD in Paris, the London School of Economics, and in various British government departments, including the Cabinet Offi ce (1975–77), and from 1977 to 1980 as Research Secretary of the Committ ee on Social Inequalities in Health (the ‘Black Committ ee’). From 2009 to 2012 he was ‘Professor 2’ at SUM, University of Oslo, Norway; and in 2013–14 Prometeo fellow at the University of Cuenca, Ecuador. Publications include Insight and Industry: Th e Dynamics of Technological Change in Medicine (Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 1992) and (with Sidsel Roalk- vam, Desmond McNeill et al .) Protecting the World ’ s Children. Immunisa- tion Policies and Practices (Oxford University Press, 2013). x List of contributors Paul Greenough is Emeritus Professor of South Asian history at the University of Iowa and also has an appointment in the Department of Community and Behavioral Health. He has published numerous chap- ters and articles on the social history of disease, welfare and environ- ment in Bengal and India.