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The Canadian Labor Party in British Columbia, 1924-281

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The Canadian Labor Party in British Columbia, 1924-281 ELUSIVE UNITY: The Canadian Labor Party in British Columbia, 1924-281 Benjamin Isitt n the 1920s, British Columbia workers experimented with a form of political organization that was distinct in the twentieth century: a united front of Communist and non-Communist workers Iin the BC section of the Canadian Labor Party (clp). Disheartened with militant job action and facing “Open Shop” conditions in most industries, workers intensified political action to challenge employers’ power. From 1924 to 1928, the vehicle for this working-class challenge was the clp. Situated in the political economy of the 1920s and British Columbia’s working-class history, the BC clp challenged working- class liberalism and conservatism and shaped the contours of labour politics for the remainder of the twentieth century. A chasm of strategy and ideology separated Communist and non-Communist workers, divisions aggravated by enduring racism among Anglo-Saxon workers. clp support peaked at 11 percent of the vote and three legislative seats in its inaugural election in 1924; the party was eclipsed by the upstart Provincial Party, an unlikely alliance of farmers and businesspeople 2 that captured a quarter of the popular vote. Prior to the 1928 election, the clp split over Asian enfranchisement, with Communists favouring an extension of the vote to British Columbians of Asian descent and non-Communist workers and unions disagreeing. Already angered 1 The author acknowledges financial support from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada and University of Victoria, and thanks Patricia Roy, Eric W. Sager, Ian Macpherson, and the journal’s anonymous readers for providing feedback on earlier drafts. Readers may note a distinction in spelling, between “Labor” in party names and direct quotations and the modern Canadianism “labour” in most other instances, which was not commonly used among British Columbia workers until after the Second World War. 2 Ian Parker, “The Provincial Party,”BC Studies 8 (Winter 1970-71), 17-33; Martin Robin, Rush for the Spoils: The Company Province,1871 -1933 (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1972), 197-210; British Columbia Federationist (Vancouver), 1 February 1924. Founded in 1923, the Provincial Party represented a BC equivalent of the federal Progressives, led by millionaire lumber baron Major-General Alexander D. McRae, a renegade Tory. Going the same route as the Progressives, McRae and his fellow Provincial Party mlas soon returned to the Conservative fold. See also W.L. Morton, The Progressive Party in Canada(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1950). bc studies, no. 163, Autumn 2009 33 34 bc studies over “Communist tactics,” the latter severed affiliation from the clp, leading to the party’s demise. Theclp ’s collapse ensured the exclusion of Communists from future attempts at labour political unity, including the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (ccf). The clp was the last expression of organizational unity, in a single party, between the two major traditions of British Columbia’s left, an attempt at fusion politics that sought to bridge divisions of ideology 3 and personality, as Walter Young described them. From 1928 on, Com- munist “isolation from the labour political movement was permanent,” 4 Martin Robin observed. The clp demonstrates the impact of local conditions in BC politics (a theme pursued by Robert A.J. McDonald and Keith Ralston) as well as external factors such as changes in the 5 international Communist movement. While Alvin Finkel examines the clp experience in Alberta, and Robin traces its national contours, 6 there is no study of the BC clp. Sandwiched between the literature on the early socialist movement and later works on the Communist Party 7 and the ccf, the BC clp merits attention. 3 Walter D. Young, “Ideology, Personality and the Origin of the ccf in British Columbia,” BC Studies 32 (Winter 1976-77): 139-62. In his survey of BC labour history, Paul Phillips provides a brief description of “factionalism along communist – non-communist lines.” Ian Parker shines additional light in his study of the Provincial Party, illuminating “persistent attempts to reform provincial politics.” See Paul A. Phillips, No Power Greater: A Century of Labour in British Columbia (Vancouver: Boag Foundation, 1967), 99; Ian Parker, “The Provincial Party,” BC Studies 8 (Winter 1970-71): 17. 4 Martin Robin, Radical Politics and Canadian Labour, 1880-1930 (Kingston: Queen’s Industrial Relations Centre, 1968), 269. 5 See Robert A.J. McDonald, “‘Just a working man’: Tom Uphill,” in A World Apart: The Crowsnest Communities of Alberta and British Columbia, ed. Wayne Norton and Tom Langford (Kamloops: Plateau, 2000), 109n48; John Manley, “Canadian Communists, Revolutionary Unionism, and the ‘Third Period’: The Workers’ Unity League, 1929-1935,” Journal of the Canadian Historical Association, 5 (1994): 167–91. 6 Alvin Finkel, “The Rise and Fall of the Labour Party in Alberta,”Labour/Le Travail 16 (Fall 1985): 61-96; Robin, Radical Politics and Canadian Labour, 252-67. 7 Dorothy G. Steeves, The Compassionate Rebel: Ernest Winch and the Growth of Socialism in Western Canada (Vancouver: J.J. Douglas, 1977); A. Ross McCormack, Reformers, Rebels, and Revolutionaries: The Western Canadian Radical Movement, 1899-1919, (Toronto and Buffalo: University of Toronto Press, 1977); Carlos A. Schwantes, Radical Heritage: Labor, Socialism, and Reform in Washington and British Columbia, 1885-1917 (Vancouver: Douglas and Mc- Intyre, 1979); Sean Griffin, ed., Fighting Heritage: Highlights of the 1930s Struggle for Jobs and Militant Unionism in British Columbia (Vancouver: Tribune, 1985); Gerald Friesen, “Yours in Revolt: Regionalism, Socialism, and the Western Canadian Labour Movement,” Labour/ Le Travailleur 1 (1976): 141-57; Ronald Grantham, “Some Aspects of the Socialist Movement in British Columbia, 1898-1933” (MA thesis, University of British Columbia, 1942); Thomas Robert Loosemore, “British Columbia Labour Movement and Political Action, 1879-1906” (MA thesis, University of British Columbia, 1954); Richard Grey Stuart, “The Early Political Career of Angus MacInnis” (MA thesis, University of British Columbia, 1970); Dorothy J. Roberts, “Doctrine and Disunity in the British Columbia Section of the ccf, 1932-56” (MA thesis, University of Victoria, 1972); A. Ross Johnson, “No Compromise – No Political Elusive Unity 35 ORIGINS OF THE CANADIAN LABOR PARTY IN BRITISH COLUMBIA On 29 April 1924, a group of workers met in Vancouver’s Labor Hall on 8 Hastings Street to organize a provincial section of the clp. The idea for such a party had circulated for decades, tapping a tradition of independent working-class politics that extended back to the turn of the century and drew support among class-conscious immigrants from the British Isles 9 who sought to forge an organization akin to the British Labour Party. Between 1906 and 1909, an earlier clp had existed in British Columbia, described by Martin Robin as “a paper organization.” Liberals, eager to weaken the Socialist Party of Canada (spc) (which had elected members 10 to the legislative assembly), welcomed it. During the First World War, this labourist strain surged as anger against conscription and profiteering prompted the BC Federation of Labour to field candidates in the 1917 federal “Conscription Election” and form the Federated Labor Party (flp) “for the purpose of securing industrial legislation for the collective ownership and democratic operation of the means of wealth production.” Former spc mla James Hawthornthwaite won a 1918 by-election and 11 promptly joined the flp. With the defeat of the 1919 general strikes in Vancouver, Victoria, and Prince Rupert, and the eclipse of the militant One Big Union (obu), British Columbia’s class-conscious workers intensified their 12 involvement on the political field. In the 1920 provincial election, Trading: The Marxian Socialist Tradition in British Columbia” (PhD diss., University of British Columbia, 1975); Patrick George Hill, “A Failure of Unity: Communist Party-ccf Relations in British Columbia, 1935-1939” (MA thesis, University of Victoria, 1977); Raymond Frogner, “‘Within sound of the drum’: Currents of Anti-Militarism in the British Columbia Working Class in the 1930s” (MA thesis, University of Victoria, 1987). 8 “Labor Is United,” British Columbia Federationist (Vancouver) (hereafter Federationist), 2 May 1924; Akers, “Rebel or Revolutionary,” 41. The meeting was held at the Holden Building at 16 East Hastings, headquarters of the Vancouver Trades and Labor Council. 9 British Columbia, Statement of Votes (1920), reprinted in British Columbia, Electoral History of British Columbia, 1871-1986 (Victoria: Queen’s Printer, 1988). 1 0 Martin, Pillars of Profit, 101-2. 1 1 Federationist, 25 January 1918; 1 February 1918; 8 February 1918; Robin, Radical Politics and Canadian Labour, 119-37; Phillips, No Power Greater, 70-71. 1 2 Allen Seager and David Roth, “British Columbia and the Mining West: A Ghost of a Chance,” in The Workers’ Revolt in Canada: 1917-1925, ed. Craig Heron, 231-67 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998); David Jay Bercuson, Fools and Wise Men: The Rise and Fall of the One Big Union (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1978); Gordon Hak, “British Columbia Loggers and the Lumber Workers Industrial Union, 1919-1922,” Labour/Le Travail 23 (1989): 67-90; Dorothy G. Steeves, The Compassionate Rebel: Ernest Winch and the Growth of Socialism in Western Canada (Vancouver: Boag Foundation, 1977), 44-60; Benjamin
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