Prenatal Development
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
The Effects of Alcohol in Newborns Efeitos Do Álcool No Recém-Nascido
REVIEW The effects of alcohol in newborns Efeitos do álcool no recém-nascido Maria dos Anjos Mesquita* ABSTRACT alcoólicas leva a prejuízos individuais, para a sua família e para The purpose of this article was to present a review of the effects toda a sociedade. Apesar disso, a dificuldade do seu diagnóstico e of alcohol consumption by pregnant mothers on their newborn. a inexperiência dos profissionais de saúde faz com que o espectro Definitions, prevalence, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic dessas lesões seja pouco lembrado e até desconhecido. As lesões criteria, follow-up, treatment and prevention were discussed. A causadas pela ação do álcool no concepto são totalmente prevenidas search was performed in Medline, LILACS, and SciELO databases se a gestante não consumir bebidas alcoólicas durante a gestação. using the following terms: “fetus”, “newborn”, “pregnant woman”, Assim, é fundamental a detecção das mulheres consumidoras “alcohol”, “alcoholism”, “fetal alcohol syndrome”, and “alcohol- de álcool durante a gravidez e o desenvolvimento de programas related disorders”. Portuguese and English articles published from específicos de alerta sobre as consequências do álcool durante a 2000 to 2009 were reviewed. The effects of alcohol consumed by gestação e amamentação. pregnant women on newborns are extremely serious and occur frequently; it is a major issue in Public Health worldwide. Fetal alcohol Descritores: Bebidas alcoólicas/efeitos adversos; Feto; Recém-nascido; spectrum disorders cause harm to individuals, their families, and the Síndrome alcoólica fetal; Transtornos relacionados ao uso de álcool entire society. Nevertheless, diagnostic difficulties and inexperience of healthcare professionals result in such damage, being remembered rarely or even remaining uncovered. -
Pregnancy and Prenatal Development Chapter 4
Child Growth and Development Pregnancy and Prenatal Development Chapter 4 Prepared by: Debbie Laffranchini From: Papalia, Olds, Feldman Prenatal Development: Three Stages • Germinal stage – Zygote • Embryonic stage – Embryo • Fetal stage – Fetus • Principles of development: – Cephalocaudal* – Proximodistal* Germinal Stage • Fertilization to 2 weeks • Zygote divides – Mitosis – Within 24 hours, 64 cells – Travels down the fallopian tube, approximately 3 – 4 days – Changes to a blastocyst – Cell differentiation begins • Embryonic disk – Differentiates into two layers » Ectoderm: outer layer of skin, nails, hair, teeth, sensory organs, nervous system, including brain and spinal cord » Endoderm: digestive system, liver, pancreas, salivary glands, respiratory system – Later a middle layer, mesoderm, will develop into skin, muscles, skeleton, excretory and circulatory systems – Implants about the 6th day after fertilization – Only 10% - 20% of fertilized ova complete the task of implantation • 800 billion cells eventually Germinal Stage (cont) • Blastocyst develops – Amniotic sac, outer layers, amnion, chorion, placenta and umbilical cord – Placenta allows oxygen, nourishment, and wastes to pass between mother and baby • Maternal and embryonic tissue • Placenta filters some infections • Produces hormones – To support pregnancy – Prepares mother’s breasts for lactation – Signals contractions for labor – Umbilical cord is connected to embryo • Mother’s circulatory system not directly connected to embryo system, no blood transfers Embryonic Stage: -
Evolution of Oviductal Gestation in Amphibians MARVALEE H
THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 266394-413 (1993) Evolution of Oviductal Gestation in Amphibians MARVALEE H. WAKE Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California,Berkeley, California 94720 ABSTRACT Oviductal retention of developing embryos, with provision for maternal nutrition after yolk is exhausted (viviparity) and maintenance through metamorphosis, has evolved indepen- dently in each of the three living orders of amphibians, the Anura (frogs and toads), the Urodela (salamanders and newts), and the Gymnophiona (caecilians). In anurans and urodeles obligate vivi- parity is very rare (less than 1%of species); a few additional species retain the developing young, but nutrition is yolk-dependent (ovoviviparity) and, at least in salamanders, the young may be born be- fore metamorphosis is complete. However, in caecilians probably the majority of the approximately 170 species are viviparous, and none are ovoviviparous. All of the amphibians that retain their young oviductally practice internal fertilization; the mechanism is cloaca1 apposition in frogs, spermato- phore reception in salamanders, and intromission in caecilians. Internal fertilization is a necessary but not sufficient exaptation (sensu Gould and Vrba: Paleobiology 8:4-15, ’82) for viviparity. The sala- manders and all but one of the frogs that are oviductal developers live at high altitudes and are subject to rigorous climatic variables; hence, it has been suggested that cold might be a “selection pressure” for the evolution of egg retention. However, one frog and all the live-bearing caecilians are tropical low to middle elevation inhabitants, so factors other than cold are implicated in the evolu- tion of live-bearing. -
Management of Neonates Born at ≤34 6/7 Weeks' Gestation with Suspected Or Proven Early-Onset Bacterial Sepsis Karen M
CLINICAL REPORT Guidance for the Clinician in Rendering Pediatric Care ≤ ’ Management of Neonates Born at 34 Karen M. Puopolo, MD, PhD, FAAP, a, b William E. Benitz, MD, FAAP, c Theoklis E. Zaoutis, MD, MSCE, FAAP, a, d 6/7COMMITTEE ONWeeks FETUS AND NEWBORN, GestationCOMMITTEE ON INFECTIOUS DISEASES With Suspected or Proven Early-Onset Bacterial Sepsis Early-onset sepsis (EOS) remains a serious and often fatal illness among abstract infants born preterm, particularly among newborn infants of the lowest gestational age. Currently, most preterm infants with very low birth weight are treated empirically with antibiotics for risk of EOS, often for prolonged aDepartment of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University periods, in the absence of a culture-confirmed infection. Retrospective of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; bChildren’s Hospital of studies have revealed that antibiotic exposures after birth are associated Philadelphia, and dRoberts Center for Pediatric Research, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and cDivision of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, with multiple subsequent poor outcomes among preterm infants, making the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo risk/benefit balance of these antibiotic treatments uncertain. Gestational Alto, California age is the strongest single predictor of EOS, and the majority of preterm This document is copyrighted and is property of the American Academy of Pediatrics and its Board of Directors. All authors have births occur in the setting of other factors associated with risk of EOS, filed conflict of interest statements with the American Academy of Pediatrics. Any conflicts have been resolved through a process making it difficult to apply risk stratification strategies to preterm infants. -
FASD Effects of Alcohol on a Fetus
EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON A FETUS “Of all the substances of abuse (including cocaine, heroin, and marijuana), alcohol produces by far the most serious neurobehavioral effects in the fetus.” —Institute of Medicine Report to Congress, 19961 Prenatal exposure to alcohol can damage a fetus at any time, causing problems that persist throughout the individual’s life. There is no known safe level of alcohol use in pregnancy. WHAT IS THE SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM? identified in virtually every part of the body, including the brain, face, eyes, ears, heart, kidneys, and bones. No Alcohol is one of the most dangerous teratogens, which single mechanism can account for all the problems that are substances that can damage a developing fetus.1 Every alcohol causes. Rather, alcohol sets in motion many time a pregnant woman has a drink, her unborn child processes at different sites in the developing fetus: has one, too. Alcohol, like carbon monoxide from cigarettes, passes easily through the placenta from the • Alcohol can trigger cell death in a number of ways, mother's bloodstream into her baby's blood (See Figure causing different parts of the fetus to develop abnormally. 1)—and puts her fetus at risk of having a fetal alcohol • Alcohol can disrupt the way nerve cells develop, travel spectrum disorder (FASD). The blood alcohol level to form different parts of the brain, and function. (BAC) of the fetus becomes equal to or greater than the blood alcohol level of the mother. Because the fetus • By constricting the blood vessels, alcohol interferes with cannot break down alcohol the way an adult can, its BAC blood flow in the placenta, which hinders the delivery 2 remains high for a longer period of time. -
Glossary of Common MCH Terms and Acronyms
Glossary of Common MCH Terms and Acronyms General Terms and Definitions Term/Acronym Definition Accountable Care Organizations that coordinate and provide the full range of health care services for Organization individuals. The ACA provides incentives for providers who join together to form such ACO organizations and who agree to be accountable for the quality, cost, and overall care of their patients. Adolescence Stage of physical and psychological development that occurs between puberty and adulthood. The age range associated with adolescence includes the teen age years but sometimes includes ages younger than 13 or older than 19 years of age. Antepartum fetal Fetal death occurring before the initiation of labor. death Authorization An act of a legislative body that establishes government programs, defines the scope of programs, and sets a ceiling for how much can be spent on them. Birth defect A structural abnormality present at birth, irrespective of whether the defect is caused by a genetic factor or by prenatal events that are not genetic. Cost Sharing The amount an individual pays for health services above and beyond the cost of the insurance coverage premium. This includes co-pays, co-insurance, and deductibles. Crude birth rate Number of live births per 1000 population in a given year. Birth spacing The time interval from one child’s birth until the next child’s birth. It is generally recommended that at least a two-year interval between births is important for maternal and child health and survival. BMI Body mass index (BMI) is a measure of body weight that takes into account height. -
If You Are Pregnant: INFORMATION on FETAL DEVELOPMENT, ABORTION and ALTERNATIVES August 2019
If You Are Pregnant: INFORMATION ON FETAL DEVELOPMENT, ABORTION AND ALTERNATIVES August 2019 IF YOU ARE PREGNANT: INFORMATION ON FETAL DEVELOPMENT, ABORTION AND ALTERNATIVES If You Are Pregnant: Information on Fetal Development, Abortion and Alternatives Resources used by the Minnesota Department of Health for this publication are Human Embryology and Developmental Biology, Fifth Edition, 2014; Larsen’s Human Embryology, Fifth Edition, 2014; The Developing Human, 10th Edition, 2016; and In the Womb, 2006. The photographs in this booklet are credited to Lennart Nilsson/TT Images and are used by permission; except for week 38 copyright Minnesota Department of Health. The illustrations found throughout this booklet were created by Peg Gerrity, Houston, Texas. Copyright: http://www.peggerrity.com. Minnesota Department of Health Division of Child and Family Health PO Box 64882 St. Paul, MN 55164-0882 651-201-3580 Women's Right to Know (https://www.health.state.mn.us/people/wrtk/index.html) Upon request, this material will be made available in an alternative format such as large print, Braille or audio recording. Printed on recycled paper. 2 IF YOU ARE PREGNANT: INFORMATION ON FETAL DEVELOPMENT, ABORTION AND ALTERNATIVES Contents If You Are Pregnant: INFORMATION ON FETAL DEVELOPMENT, ABORTION AND ALTERNATIVES............................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... -
PSBC Obstetric Guideline: Prenatal Screening for Down Syndrome, Trisomy 18, and Open Neural Tube Defects 3 1
Perinatal Services BC Obstetric Guideline: Prenatal Screening for Down Syndrome, Trisomy 18, and Open Neural Tube Defects June 2020 Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 2 1� INTRODUCTION � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 3 SIPS, IPS, Quad, NIPT � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 3 Open Neural Tube Defects (ONTDs) � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 4 Counselling � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 4 Table 1: Summary of Prenatal Genetic Screening Tests � � � � � � � � 5 Table 2: Screening options available through the BC Prenatal Genetic Screening Program � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 6 2� MANAGEMENT � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 7 3� RESOURCES � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 10 BC Prenatal Genetic Screening Program Website � � � � � � � � � � 10 Other Useful Websites � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 10 4� BIBLIOGRAPHY � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 11 APPENDIX 1 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 12 Risk of Down Syndrome and Other Chromosome Abnormalities in Live Births by Maternal Age � � � � � � � � � � � 12 Tel: 604-877-2121 www.bcprenatalscreening.ca APPENDIX 2 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 13 Screen Cut-Offs and Performance of Screening Tests � � � � � � � 13 APPENDIX 3 � � � � � � � � � � � -
A B C Pregnancy Terms and Definitions
Pregnancy Terms and Definitions Obstetrics & Gynecology A After pains or afterbirth pains: Contractions of the uterus that occur after your baby is born, as the uterus returns to its normal size. This may cause cramping for a few days, especially if this is not your first baby or if you are nursing. Amniocentesis: the removal of a sample of amniotic fluid by means of a needle inserted through the mother’s abdominal wall; used for genetic and biochemical analysis of the baby. Amniotic fluid: the liquid surrounding and protecting the baby within the amniotic sac throughout pregnancy. Amniotic sac: the membrane within the uterus that contains the baby and the amniotic fluid. Analgesic: Medication that relieves or reduces pain. Anesthesia: Loss of feeling. There are three ways of doing this: general, local and epidural. Anesthesiologist: A doctor who specializes in the use of anesthesia. Anesthetist: A registered nurse who has special training in anesthesia. Apgar score rating: A system to evaluate the health of your baby immediately after birth. The score can be zero to 10, based on appearance and color, pulse, reflexes, activity and respiration. B Baby blues: A mild depression many women feel in the first few weeks after birth. Braxton-Hicks contractions: Mild, usually painless contractions that occur during the entire pregnancy, but are only felt from the 5th month on. Breech birth: Baby is born feet or buttocks first. C Cephalopelvic disproprition (CPD): Baby’s head is too large for the mother’s pelvic bones. Cervix: the neck of the uterus; Pap smears are taken from the cervix. -
Genetic Testing for Reproductive Carrier Screening and Prenatal Diagnosis
Medical Coverage Policy Effective Date ............................................. 7/15/2021 Next Review Date ......................................12/15/2021 Coverage Policy Number .................................. 0514 Genetic Testing for Reproductive Carrier Screening and Prenatal Diagnosis Table of Contents Related Coverage Resources Overview ........................................................ 2 Genetics Coverage Policy ............................................ 2 Genetic Testing Collateral File Genetic Counseling ...................................... 2 Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: Diagnosis and Treatment Germline Carrier Testing for Familial Infertility Services Disease .......................................................... 3 Preimplantation Genetic Testing of an Embryo........................................................... 4 Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT-A) .. 5 Sequencing–Based Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT) ............................................... 5 Invasive Prenatal Testing of a Fetus .......... 6 Germline Mutation Reproductive Genetic Testing for Recurrent Pregnancy Loss ...... 6 Germline Mutation Reproductive Genetic Testing for Infertility ..................................... 7 General Background .................................... 8 Genetic Counseling ...................................... 8 Germline Genetic Testing ............................ 8 Carrier Testing for Familial Disease ........... 8 Preimplantation Genetic Testing of an Embryo.......................................................... -
Birthweight Between 14 and 42 Weeks' Gestation
Arch Dis Child: first published as 10.1136/adc.60.5.440 on 1 May 1985. Downloaded from Archives of Disease in Childhood, 1985, 60, 440-446 Birthweight between 14 and 42 weeks' gestation D V KEEN AND R G PEARSE Jessop Hospital for Women, Sheffield SUMMARY Data representing fetal weight gain between 14 and 42 weeks' gestation are presented; firstly to provide suitable curves enabling the growth of the very immature infant to be monitored and secondly to examine the influence of the improved techniques of paediatric and obstetric assessment developed since the publication of previous studies. Data have been collected from the 57 866 livebirths in Sheffield between 1976 and 1984 and from therapeutically terminated and spontaneously aborted fetuses over the same period. It seems that preterm livebirths do not form a different population with respect to weight from the fetus still in utero, at least until the beginning of the third trimester. Previous studies have reported a bimodality of weight distribution in preterm infants at each gestational age which has been attributed to errors in gestational assessment. The pattern of distribution of weight in this study suggests that early ultrasonography and paediatric assessment techniques have exerted a considerable influence on the accuracy of gestational assessment. The mean weights of the sample differ considerably from those of the Gairdner and Pearson chart which are, therefore, considered to be inappropriate for the Sheffield population. The importance of accurate data for birthweight at It is now apparent that it is important to identify the lower gestational ages has increased with the those genuinely growth retarded infants who are improving survival of these babies. -
Alcohol Abuse in Pregnant Women: Effects on the Fetus and Newborn, Mode of Action and Maternal Treatment
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2010, 7, 364-379; doi:10.3390/ijerph7020364 OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ISSN 1660-4601 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph Review Alcohol Abuse in Pregnant Women: Effects on the Fetus and Newborn, Mode of Action and Maternal Treatment Asher Ornoy 1,* and Zivanit Ergaz 1,2 1 Laboratory of Teratology, The Institute of Medical Research Israel Canada, Hadassah Medical School and Hospital, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Ein Kerem, P.O. Box 12271, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Neonatology, Hadassah Medical School and Hospital, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, P.O. Box 24035, Jerusalem, 91240, Israel * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +972-50-624-2125. Received: 16 December 2009 / Accepted: 22 January 2010 / Published: 27 January 2010 Abstract: Offspring of mothers using ethanol during pregnancy are known to suffer from developmental delays and/or a variety of behavioral changes. Ethanol, may affect the developing fetus in a dose dependent manner. With very high repetitive doses there is a 6–10% chance of the fetus developing the fetal alcoholic syndrome manifested by prenatal and postnatal growth deficiency, specific craniofacial dysmorphic features, mental retardation, behavioral changes and a variety of major anomalies. With lower repetitive doses there is a risk of "alcoholic effects" mainly manifested by slight intellectual impairment, growth disturbances and behavioral changes. Binge drinking may impose some danger of slight intellectual deficiency. It is advised to offer maternal abstinence programs prior to pregnancy, but they may also be initiated during pregnancy with accompanying close medical care.