gL AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ★ * JOURNAL * * 0

In the States or overseas, when you think of cars ADELAIDE you think of General Motors. Through its assembly ALEXANDRIA plants, sales offices, distributors and dealers, General ANTWERP BATAVIA Motors facilitates delivery and service on its products BIENNE to the end of pavement, and beyond. Wherever you BOMBAY are, and especially when planning your leave, learn BUENOS AIRES what General Motors is doing to make motoring COPENHAGEN easier on disposition and pocketbook. MELBOURNE MEXICO CITY CHEVROLET OSAKA • PERTH CHEVROLET PORT ELIZABETH TRUCKS SAO PAULO SOUTHAMPTON • I PONTIAC SYDNEY WELLINGTON • OLDSMOBILE Branch Offices, • Warehouses, OLDSMOBILE Distributors and Dealers TRUCKS in Principal Cities and Towns throughout the • World BUICK

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CMC TRUCKS 177 5 BROADWAY, NEW YORK CITY CONTENTS (MAY, 1939) Cover Picture A Rumanian Peasant Girl (See also page 255) Page Service Glimpses 249

Laconra, Port of Non-entry By James K. Pen field 251

Press Comment 255

Comment on By Charles C. Hart 256 Photographs of Tiranian Street Scenes 257

Photograph of Pan American Union Patio. 258 U.S.S. Tennessee By Arthur Garrels 259 The Suez Canal By J. Rives Childs 260 Colonies of Ex-Confederates in Brazil By William C. Burdett 262 Marihuana—Hashish in Modern Dress By Frederick T. Merrill 264

Editors’ Column 266 News from the Department By Reginald P. Mitchell 267 NORTH AMERICA News from the Field 270 SOUTH AMERICA A Political Bookshelf Cyril Wynne, Review Editor Miss Bax of the Embassy 272 Reviewed by Hugh Wilson CARIRREAN Propaganda Analysis World Revolutionary Propaganda PANAMA CANAL Reviewed by S el den Chapin 272 Consult your Travel Agent or 1938 Foreign Trade Statistics 274

Field Correspondents 288 Journal Index 288 GRACE LINE American Legation at Cuidad Trujillo 628 Fifth Avenue (Rockefeller Center) or By Frederick Larkin 291 10 Hanover Square, New York 914 - 15th Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. Foreign Service Changes 298 Agents and Offices in all principal cities Trade Agreement Notes 298

Visitors 299

Moving Picture Post Reports 302

Marriage 304

Births 304

In Menioriam 304

Issued monthly by American Foreign Service Associa¬ tion, Department of State, Washington, D. C. Entered as second-class matter August 20, 1934, at the Post Office, in Washington, D. C., under the act of March 3, 1879. 245 Behind this symbol are the motion picture producers of America joined in the conviction that entertainment knows no boundaries, that the minds and hearts of peoples are drawn together bv the humanity of the screen

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246 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

INDEX OF ADVERTISERS

\VOLMJLAAJ American Export Lines 284 American Security and Trust Company 277 Underwood Bacardi, Santiago de 303 A/VW^ Bowling Green Storage & Van Co. - 296 Brewood (Engravers) 301 Calvert School 301 Cathay Hotel—Shanghai 303 Chase National Bank 280 Chrysler Corporation 248 Continental Hotel—Paris 303 Crillon Hotel—Paris 303 Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. 250 et Choiseul Hotel—Paris 303 General Motors Corporation II Cover George V, Hotel—Paris 303 Harris & Ewing 293 Hay-Adams House 246 International Telephone & Telegraph Co 287 Kressman & Co., Ed.—Bordeaux 303 • Underwood leads the field with an Manhattan Storage & Warehouse Company ..._ 278 entirely new business typewriter that Mayflower Hotel 279 Metropole Hotel—Shanghai 303 defies tradition in its design and chal¬ Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America, lenges all machines to match its per¬ Inc. — 246 formance. It’s the new Underwood National City Bank 285 Master that gives you Dual Touch National Geographic Magazine . _ 283 New England Mutual Life Insurance Co. 301 Tuning . . . one that permits individual Pagani’s Restaurant— 303 tuning of each key to the finger . . . the Palazzo-Ambasciatori Llotel—Rome 303 other, keyboard controlled, varies the Pan-American Airways, Inc 278 tension of all keys at the will of the Plaza Hotel 280 operator. • Sapp. Earle W„ C.L.U 301 Savoy-Plaza Hotel 288 Underwood Elliott Fisher Speeds the World's Business Schenley Products — HI COVER Sea Captains’ Shop, The—Shanghai... — 303 Typewriter Division Security Storage Company of Washington 277 Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc 289 UNDERWOOD Tyner, Miss E. J — 300 ELLIOTT FISHER COMPANY Underwood Elliott Fisher Company. 247 Typewriters . . . Accounting Machines . . . Adding Machines Carbon Paper . . . Ribbons and other Supplies United Fruit Company 246 Bldg., 13th & F Streets, N. W. Fidelity and Guaranty Company 288 Washington, D. C. United States Lines 281 Waldorf-Astoria Hotel _ IV COVER Sales and Service Everywhere Woodward & Lothrop. — 297 247 • CHRYSLER CORPORATION, Export Division, DETROIT, , U. S. A. Affairs r Foreign Latvia- Minister ski-run v d Latvian r out for a P.rs setting

The white mans burden at Toronto—Carl Brewer does the work while Bob English super¬ vises.

Until recently, Naples was the only city in the world of a million people and no golf course. One has been established in a sheep pasture, where the chief natural haz¬ ards are said bovines, water buffaloes and bear grass. The present picture, sent by Jack de Courcy, shows Fritz Jan drey, Outerbridge Horsey, Technical Adviser De Buy, the Norwegian Consul (Mr. Klinger - berg) and Consul General Bowman.

,n, Ed and December Cecil and Fahren The Reginald Bragoniers. o a ratur6- ^GEAR-GRIP SAFETY TRAIL sJmm

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Gear - Grip The c?S° ? ^erlocV” new ,Saa.„e e mote cor< ar Ltev' interwoven. eV achi J p, rugSe<* tough. 0 ee corh oVyCa“d 1 ribs ha' 1 edges » ate .ssecurer* therby 3,000 sfeisKS grip {b vent • assure safe stops- «Ssi Listen to the Voice of Firestone Monday evenings at 7:30 E. S. T. from the United States over short wave W2XAF-9530 kc. Copyright, 1939, The Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. 250 THE

FOREIGN E JOURNAL

PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION

YOL. 16, No. 5 WASHINGTON, D. C. MAY, 1939

Laconra, Port of Non-entry By JAMES K. PENFIELD, Department of State Photographs by Dr. Joseph F. Rock, leader of National Geographic Society—Yunnan Province Expedition of 1923

YEAR, more or less, in Yunnanfu will usual¬ All of which seems to be the most convincing Ahly bring out any odd quirks which a person explanation of why, one day last fall, I found may keep suppressed in a more worldly atmos¬ myself toiling up the Dokerla at the head (or phere. One of the aberrations which occasionally more often the tail) of seven Tibetan coolies, each attacks Yunnanfu inhabitants is that urge to see laden with 80 or 90 pounds of food, clothes, what’s “on the other side of the mountain” which blankets, tea, Chinese silver dollars and miscel¬ might be called “mappitis,’ perhaps “geo¬ lany. I had left Yunnanfu some weeks previously, graphomania. ” When this little bug bites one in ostensibly to follow the regular caravan route Yunnanfu the finger inevitably strays an inch or through western Yunnan out to Burma, but ac¬ two across the map, finds itself in a space marked tually harboring secret hopes of wandering far¬ Tibet, and refuses to be drawn away. Thereafter ther afield. These hopes had materialized so well logic and persuasion are of no avail. Sooner or that I was not only approaching the Tibetan bor¬ later the victim throws away his razor, hires a der but had decided to try to cross Tsarong, the mule and leaves town to a farewell chorus of dire most southeastern province of Tibet, descend the predictions and sadly wagging heads. Zayul Chu, a river flowing into the Brahmaputra,

Tibetans of the Mekong dry their corn on flat roofs. National Geographic Society. Photograph by Joseph P. Rock. to Sadiya in Assam completing a 40-day, and from there get virtue-accumulating out to Calcutta by circuit of the Kaa¬ train. kerpoo. Women The Dokerla is a laden with jewelry 15,000 foot pass and infants, children which geographical¬ burdened with food ly speaking sepa¬ and cooking uten¬ rates the Mekong sils, and able-bodied and Salween valley, men apparently en¬ and politically forms cumbered only with part of the border the responsibilities line between China of the expedition, and Tibet. It lies at were all much con¬ the southern end of cerned over the loss the Kaakerpoo, a sa¬ of a donkey which cred mountain (ac¬ had strayed during tually a majestic the previous night. range of snow - cov¬ We later learned ered peaks some 30 that the wanderer, miles long) very apparently dissatis¬ popular with devout fied with the slow Tibetans who make pace of the party, pilgrimages around National Geographic Society. Photograph by Joseph F. Rock. had continued the it and who, if they Tibetan Porters pilgrimage by him¬ are careful to make self and was found the circuit in a waiting by the side clockwise direction, gain much virtue thereby. of the trail three stages farther on. Our entry into Tibet was accompanied by a When we finally reached the barren, wind-swept parade of local color which would have delighted summit of the pass we found it appropriately the heart of a Richard Halliburton. As we adorned with hundreds of prayer flags, many of started the last rocky climb we met a herd of them only wind whipped shreds but still bearing huge shaggy yak on their way to the grazing witness to the virtue of those who had left them grounds below there, tied to and bought bamboo poles from their pic¬ stuck firmly in turesque own¬ crevices in the ers some yak rocks. Also butter, an es¬ much in evi¬ sential ingre¬ dence were the dient in the usual piles of soul and body flat stones, reviving butter each bearing tea. We had no the sacred in¬ sooner con¬ scription, “Om cluded this Mani Padme transaction Hum” (at least than we en¬ if that wasn’t countered an the phrase the entire Tibetan world has been village from grossly de¬ grandparents ceived by all to babies be¬ writers on La¬ ing nursed on National Geographic Society. Photograph by Joseph L. in a i s m and the march, Itinerant Pilgrims, employing sheep to carry their meager provisions Tibet). We which was just of barley flour. were sur- 252

JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL rounded by towering snow-capped peaks and by tent so that it opened on the edge of a precipice, gorgeous wild scenery half hidden in mist. These leaving just enough room in front to enter but peaks, just a moment before frowning disapprov¬ not enough to accommodate more than two or ingly at mere man trying to clamber up amongst three of the curious onlookers. them, now seemed to accept our presence pleasantly It was at Aben that we had our first taste of the enough although condescendingly. After a few mo¬ Tibetan method of administering exclusion laws. ments of dutiful appreciation of the beauties of na¬ The rule followed is—don’t bother to deport un¬ ture and the romance of entering Tibet we scrambled desirable aliens, just starve them and they will on down to spend the night in a very unromantically deport themselves in a hurry. As our food was cold and wet camp. beginning to run low we decided to lay in a Late afternoon of the second day following we supply of tsamba (parched barley flour) or what¬ arrived at Aben, a village of a dozen flat roofed ever other grain was available and so we made houses perched on a little shelf high above a small inquiries about the village, looking for a bargain. tributary of the Salween, the only level piece of But to my surprise there were not only no bar¬ ground visible in the barren rocky gorge. We gains but no supplies to be purchased at any were greeted by a complete turnout of local resi¬ price. So we had to go on with light loads but dents who extended a minimum of hospitality but increasing worries. We encountered the same tac¬ manifested considerable curiosity. The lack of the tics in all the other Tibetan villages we passed one was dealt with by camping on a tiny patch through, not a soul would sell us any food and of ground just outside the village and the abun¬ consequently, when we were finally able to re- dance of the other was avoided by pitching the (Continued on page 288)

254 Press Comment

FAITHFUL SERVICE WELL PERFORMED never thought in terms of a thirty-hour week. The recall of the American Minister to Czecho¬ Rather do they look on their work somewhat as slovakia, Mr. Wilbur j. Carr, is a routine matter, as does a doctor, or as do army men in time of war. was the recall of the American Minister to So long as there is a job that must be done immed¬ when that country was gobbled up by Germany last iately, they keep at it, working eighteen to twenty year. It is not customary to maintain diplomatic hours a day, if need be. In times like these, when representatives except when accredited to a par- there is the ever-present danger of war or bombing, ticuar government. The government to which Mr. it never enters their heads to ask to be transferred Carr was accredited has ceased to function. to a quieter post. They accept the risk as part of But his departure from this post, coming just a the job and, to their credit be it said, they usually year after the closing of the legation in Vienna, calls do their work with skill and precision. This is attention to the nature of the work of the foreign notably the case of Mr. Carr, who for nearly a half service. Mr. Carr, before being century has performed his for¬ sent as Minister to Czechoslo¬ eign tasks in the State Depart¬ vakia, had served for years as ment and foreign service with Assistant Secretary of State. meticulous care, thoroughness Like his successor, Mr. George and efficiency.—New York Her¬ S. Messersmith, who left the ald-Tribune, March 21, 1939. post of Minister to Austria to become Assistant Secretary of On March 20, the Department State, Mr. Carr started his car¬ sent the following telegram to eer in the consular service. In the Legation at Prague: those days this was separate “In view of the situation as from the diplomatic service. set forth in your telegram of The two were later merged un¬ March 17th, you are directed to der the terms of the Rogers act. close the Legetaion at Praha: But the consuls continue to per¬ to turn over the Government form work that is different from that of the diplo¬ building, property and archives to the Consulate mats, and the consuls stay on, even when political General; and at your convenience to leave Praha. changes occur such as have taken place in Austria A separate message contaning detailed administra¬ and Czechoslovakia. The consuls, for example, have tive instructions will be sent you. remained in Spain, despite the mutations of the civil The President has requested me to express to you war. The American consul in Prague will continue Ids particular appreciation of the highly distingu¬ to stay there, that is, unless all diplomatic relations ished service you have rendered the Government as are severed with Germany. Minister to Czechoslovakia. I desire also in the Men like Mr. Carr have had their share of hard name of the Secretary of State as well as in my own knocks. These days neither the consular service nor to evidence our recognition of the exceptional work diplomacy is the leisurely occupation that it was you have done under circumstances of peculiar before the World War. In fact, most of our em¬ difficulty. The services you have rendered are a mat¬ bassies and legations in Europe, ever since those ter of pride to the entire Foreign Service with which fateful days of July, 1914, have been undermanned you have been closely connected over a period of and overworked. The officer left in charge of the so many years. American Embassy in Berlin when Ambassador Wil¬ (Signed) WELLES, Acting.” son was summoned home, Prentiss Gilbert, literally worked himself to death. Mr. Carr’s post during the last year or more has been one of the most difficult COVER PICTURE and important in Europe. This photograph of a Rumanian peasant girl was It is the good fortune of the foreign service that received on a Christmas card from Bucharest by not only the chiefs of mission and the foreign ser¬ Richard C. Tanis of the Division of American Re¬ vice officers, but also their clerical assistants, have publics, who kindly gave it to the JOURNAL. 255 c ent on Albania

Specially writen for the FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL by Charles C. Hart, former Minister to Albania.

The status of Albania as an independent nation It was obvious that they had access to histories not may have been changed but nothing can deprive it printed in the English language, as they narrated of all the riches its history holds for the classical statements of fact and historic anecdotes which scholar. proved unfamiliar to all American or English au¬ Durazzo, which was the scene of the most fight¬ thorities I have consulted. ing in the recent clash with Italian troops, now One of them dilated on accounts of Julius a community of 9,000 inhabitants, stands approxi¬ Caesar’s long siege of Pompey in Dyrrachium and mately on the site of ancient Dyrracchium which quoted Caesar as lamenting in letters to friends in in the time of Julius Caesar was perhaps a city of Rome his inability to drive Pompey into the open 300,000 inhabitants, the most important city and for a test of strength. In one of the letters Caesar port on the west Adriatic littoral. It was from an¬ complained that the city was too noisy, a complaint cient Dyrrachium that Cicero wrote most of his that must be most amusing to anyone acquainted letters to Atticus. The ruins of the ancient city are with the sleepy and untumultuous little Durazzo of buried below sea level on the coast of the Bay of today. Durazzo only a short distance from the present Durazzo stands at the head of the Via Egnatia, town. In a part of the one of the most cele¬ world where political ex¬ brated trunk roads of patriates are today quite the old Roman Empire as numerous as they leading across Europe to were in the time of the the Bosphorus. It was old Roman Empire, over this road that Cae¬ lounging about waiting sar pursued Pompey by vainly for some unheaval way of Kavaja and El- to open the way for re¬ basan to Pharsala in turn to their native Greece where the decid¬ lands, one can easily pic¬ ing battle was fought. ture Cicero idling about During my stay in Al¬ the coffee houses of an¬ bania I was frequently cient Dyrrachium and importuned to try to in¬ killing nostalgic time by terest American archae- pouring out his mighty logical societies in a observations in letters to project to make excava¬ his fellow philosopher, tions along the route of Atticus, who was as well the Via Egnatia but such a noted historian. activity on my part was My knowledge of an¬ circumscribed by the cient Albanian history is fact that French archae¬ not so much of the book¬ ologists then held a mo¬ ish variety but was gath¬ nopoly on such studies ered personally from di¬ in the country. vers European scholars A French expedition whom it was my good has for years been en¬ fortune to entertain at gaged in excavations at one time or another dur¬ Apolonia, near Valona, ing my stay of four and III a letter to his mother refers to the which was a Roman cul¬ one-half years in Tirana. . . Albanians and their costume (which is the tural center in early The two most learned of most magnificent in the world), consisting of a long times. It was also the white skirt, a gold embroidered cloak, a jacket and site of a great Roman them were German and waistcoat of red velvet adorned with gold; pistols and Bulgarian respectively. daggers embossed in silver. . . (Continued on page 300) 256

mill lull

By ARTHUR GARRELS, F.S.O., Retired

ECRETARY McClintock's interesting arti¬ tug took us aboard the Tennessee. The Tennessee cle in the January, 1939, JOURNAL re¬ had been out of commission for an extended period, counting the breaking up of the U.S.S. and was at anchor off Tomkinsville, Staten Island. Memphis which for twenty-two years has Captain Ben Decker, later Admiral, was in com¬ remained poised on a coral shelf at the entrance of mand. The vessel was put in condition on twelve Santo Domingo harbor as the result of a tidal wave hours’ notice with drafts from available officers and in that region in 1916 recalls my association with men from crafts in New York waters and from the the ill-fated vessel when it was the U.S.S. Tennessee Brooklyn Navy Yard. and served the Department of State in 1914 and We came alongside the vessel about 9:30 o’clock 1915. on a bright sunny morning, August 6th. Officers 1 was on home leave from my post at Alexandria, and drafts of enlisted men were reporting for duty; Egypt, and had enjoyed but five days of an an¬ provisions were arriving; tugs with coal barges in ticipated 60 days’ leave when war was declared, tow were laying off and everywhere there was the August 2, 1914. It was intimated to the diplomatic hustle and bustle attending the procedure of making and consular officers who were on leave that it a man-of-war, late out of commission, ready for a would be desirable for them to return to their posts. voyage to foreign parts. Coming over the side we Those in the United States were asked to report to were met by Commander Jessup, Executive Officer, the Department for instructions. The Department who informed us that the Tennessee would not sail had decided to send its officers, Treasury attaches as scheduled but that the departure had been de¬ and the contingent of Army and Navy officers who ferred until 8 o’clock Thursday evening. He sug¬ were proceeding to the front in France as observers, gested that we return to New York by tender which on a naval vessel. The Tennessee was designated. would pick us up again at 5 o’clock. At this junc¬ Nine State Department men left Washington at mid¬ ture an orderly announced the approach of a launch night on August 5th together with several military bearing Assistant Secretary of War Breckenridge. and naval officers and Treasury personnel. We Snappy orders flew about; boatswains’ pipes sum¬ were met at the station on arrival at New York by moned side-boys; a marine guard in double-quick military trucks from Governor’s Island and our step took up its place as a guard of honor. When baggage conveyed to East 23rd Street where a navy (Continued on page 299)

I'. S. Navy Department U.S.S. Tennessee—1912 259 The Suez Canal

By J. RIVES CHILDS, Department of State

In view of the great importance which the Suez the Canal . . . with a view to ensuring in coopera¬ Canal possesses both commerciallv and strategically, tion with the Egyptian forces the defense of the and the increased importance which that Canal has Canal.” assumed in the light of recent international develop¬ The Suez Canal Company was formed in 1856 ments, a very brief review of certain facts apper¬ under the laws of Egypt as a joint stock enterprise taining to that waterway may be of interest. with its domicile in Alexandria, Egypt, and its head¬ By a convention signed at Constantinople Octo¬ quarters in Paris, where all Company meetings take ber 29, 1888, between Great Britain, Germany, Aus¬ place. The formation of the Company followed the tria-Hungary, Spain, France, , the Netherlands, grant in 1854 of a concession for the construction Russia and Turkey, free and open passage of the of the Canal by the Viceroy of Egypt to Ferdinand Canal “in time of war as in time of peace” is as¬ de Lesseps. sured “to every vessel of commerce or of war, with¬ According to Article 3 of the concession its dur¬ out distinction of flag.” ation is ninety-nine years from the date of the Moreover, the provisions of the convention of opening of the Canal. As the Canal was opened in 1888 in respect of free passage of the Canal were 1869 the concession will expire in 1968, at which reaffirmed by Great Britain and Italy in Annex time, according to Article 10 of the Act of Conces¬ Eight of the Anglo-Italian Accord of April 16, 1938, sion : reading as follows: “Upon the expiration of the concession the Egyptian Government will be substituted for the Company and will “The Government of the United Kingdom and the Italian enjoy without reserve all its rights and will enter into full Government hereby reaffirm their intention always to re¬ possession of the Canal of the two seas and all the establish¬ spect and abide by the provisions of the Convention signed ments connected therewith. A friendly arrangement or one at Constantinople October 29 1888, which guarantees for all reached through arbitration will determine the indemnity Powers free use of the Suez Canal.” to be allotted to the Company for the abandonment of its material and its immovable goods.” The defense of the Canal is governed by Article 8 A draft convention for the extension of the con¬ of the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of Alliance of August cession was rejected by the Egyptian Government 26, 1936, which provides for the stationing of Brit¬ in 1910, and the question has not since been form¬ ish forces in Egyptian territory “in the vicinity of ally submitted to the Egyptian Parliament.

The Suez Canal, looking south from Port Said. A British-India troop transport arriving from Bombay. Sir Arnold Wilson, shares or 44.2 percent of the outstanding British the whole.* The greater authority on the Suez part of the remainder is Canal, has described that believed to be held by waterway as “a product private French interests. of the imagination, the Before Italian opera¬ pertinacity, and the dip¬ tions in Ethiopia in lomatic and financial 1935, Italian shipping foresight of one man— ranked considerably be¬ Ferdinand de Lesseps,” hind other nations in the and has added that it is use of the Canal. In ‘‘the product of French 1932 the net tonnage of technical and adminis¬ ships of each of the five trative skill, and of principal flags using the Egyptian and French Canal was in the follow¬ capital.” ing proportions: British The character of the American Consulate at Port Said 55.4, German 8.8, Neth¬ Canal Company has erlands 8.3, French 7.1, been defined by the Marquis de Vogue, Chairman of and Italian 5.6. (Based on statistics contained in the enterprise, as a “private concessionary company” Wilson, The Suez Canal, pages 135-136.) Accord¬ enterprise, as a “private concessionary company” ing to a statement made in the House of Commons (Wilson, The Suez Canal, page 162). The adminis¬ on December 19, 1938, by the Financial Secretary tration is almost exclusively French, the leading to the Treasury, the average proportions of Suez officers of the Company being of French nationality, Canal dues paid by ships of the five principal while the employees of the Canal in Egypt are for Powers using the Canal for the three years 1935- the most part French with some Italian and Egyp¬ 1937 were as follows: British 46.9, Italian 17.5, tian personnel. In 1937 the Company agreed to the German 9.3, Netherlands 7.5 and French 5.5. Italy’s Egyptian Government’s demands that it undertake proportion, which had been only 6.6 percent in to employ a minimum of thirty-three percent native 1934 rose sharply to 18.5 percent in 1935 and to Egyptians by 1958. 20.2 percent in 1936. For the first nine months of Article 6 of the Statutes of the Company fixed the 1938 the Italian proportion of tonnage, however, capital at 200,000,000 francs, represented by 400,- had declined to about 14 percent. 000 shares of a par value of 500 francs each. In Article 24 of the Statutes of the Company pro¬ 1924 the par value of each share was fixed at 250 vides for its administration by a Board of Directors francs, and the number of shares was in consequence “consisting of thirty-two members representing the doubled. The accounts of the company published in principal nationalities interested in the enterprise.” its bulletin of June 15, 1938, show that of the In 1914 nationalities represented on the Board were authorized 800.000 shares of 250 francs each, a as follows: French 20, British 10, Netherlands 1, total of 628,734 were in circulation as of that date, and German 1. The present national representation while 171,266 had been amortized and replaced by is: French 19, British 10, Egyptian 2, and Nether¬ beneficiary shares which have, however, equal vot¬ lands 1. Three of the British Directors are nomi¬ ing rights with the ordinary shares. (For a descrip¬ nated by the British Government and the remaining tion of the beneficiary shares see Saint Victor, Le seven represent unofficial nominees of British ship¬ Canal de Suez, page 307.) ping and trade interests, the seven having been Of the 400,000 original shares (of 500 francs par added twelve years after the acquisition of the Brit¬ value) issued by the Company “208,000 were taken ish shares by Disraeli. up by French interests, while Italy took only 2,719. Article 24, which is referred to above, is capable The bulk of the rest was subscribed by the of various interpretations. “The principal nation¬ Khedive of Egypt, who in 1875 sold his 176,602 alities interested in the enterprise” may be con¬ shares to the British Government.” (From a semi¬ strued as referring to those nationalities interested official statement issued by the Company published in the construction and maintenance of the Canal, in the Sunday Times of London, January 8, 1939; see also Wilson, The Suez Canal, page 22.) *The purchase price of these shares was 4.000,000 pounds. By 1931 the British Government had received in dividends and The present distribution of shares, according to interest a return from them of 38,000,000 pounds. (Wilson, The Suez Canal, p. 147.) Their value in March, 1938, was esti¬ the nationality of the holders, is not known. The mated at 46,396,999 pounds. British Government’s holding consists of 353,504 ( Continued on page 292) 261 Colonies of Ex-Confederates in Drazil

By WILLIAM C. BURDETT, Consul General,

FOLLOWING the Civil War many embittered miral Page, who had been an officer in the Ameri¬ and unreconstructed Confederate soldiers found can Navy before the Civil War, attaining high conditions intolerable at home and set out to re¬ distinction. His grave is in the Foreign Cemetery build their lives abroad. A number emigrated to at Buenos Aires and on Memorial Day when the Brazil, Colombia and Argentina, definitely con¬ American community decorates the graves of their tributing to the development of those countries. dead with small American flags an exception is Most of those who went to Colombia engaged in made at Admiral Page’s tomb and a little Confed¬ the river steamboat business, and for thirty-five erate flag is set up instead. No one remembers howr years the best steamboat captains on the Magdalena this custom started but it goes back many years. River were old Confederate soldiers. Numerous The largest exodus of former Confederates was to descendents of these durable old gentlemen still Brazil. Several hundred actually made the voyage live around the river towns but now, of course, while literally thousands who were utterly destitute have no ties with the United States. Only their from the war were prevented only by lack of funds. names indicate their family origin. Most of those who were unreconstructed enough Two prominent Argentine families, the Pages and and hardy enough to risk pioneer life in the jungle, the Somervilles, are descended from unreconstruct¬ were from Alabama and Texas, although all the ed Confederates. Several Pages and at least one southern States were represented. Somerville have been Argentine Naval officers, Ad¬ Unprincipled promoters took advantage of the prospective emigrants and misrepre¬ sented conditions on the Amazon River w'here the colony was to he founded. The travellers were poor and the ships unseaworthy. Some of the colonists never reached the Amazon and returned home in disillusion. Those who did arrive on the Amazon settled at Santarem on the south bank about 600 miles from the mouth, at a point where the Tapajos River enters the Amazon. Maladjusted for jungle life, without capital, without tools, with no market for their farm products, and in one of the unhealthiest fever ridden parts of the w'orld, those colonists who could afford to travel further deserted the Amazon wilderness and migrated to the fertile and healthy State of Sao Paulo in south-central Brazil. There they founded the colony of Villa Ameri¬ cana. Most of them prospered and lived happily. The families and de¬ scendents of this old Confederate breed have scattered through Brazil, many to take distinguished roles in the life of the nation. Most of them are Brazilian citizens but a few retain American citi¬ zenship. Several dentists and an out¬ Ameriean jungle standing surgeon in Rio de Janeiro, Dr. Franklin Pyles, are proud to claim Villa Americana origin. To the Villa Ameri¬ cana colonists is as¬ cribed the introduction into Brazil of dentists and watermelons, but the colony can be cred¬ ited with many less tangible contributions to Brazilian progress. While Villa Ameri¬ cana flourished the San- tarem Colony, fifteen hundred miles away, dropped into obscurity. The odds were too great. Too determined to give up, the settlers were decimated by tropical disease. The survivors married into Brazilian families, and finally all trace of the colony, as a colony, vanished. I visited Santarem in May, 1938, and found little to recall this last stand of the Confed¬ eracy. There is only one survivor of the orig¬ inal pioneers, Mrs. Biker, a very wrinkled and bent old lady who came out from Alabama as a young woman in 1866. She still under¬ stands English but has forgotten how to speak Rio do Janeiro from the air it. With an obvious lack of very much of this world’s goods, her house was clean as a pin Save for American names like Riker and Powell, and with the neatest flower garden in front. Four and occasional blonde and freckled individuals who thousand miles from home, this amazing unrecon¬ stand out strikingly from the prevailing Indian structed old lady still carried herself with an air type, nothing suggests the lost colony. that was certainly acquired far from the Amazon. The obscure facts of this migration of ex-Con- I was told that before she became so feeble she federates to Brazil are being collected and made clearly recalled, with a wealth of detail, her old into a book by a gifted American writer, Mrs. Dorothea Momsen, whose husband Richard P. Mom- home in Alabama that she left seventy-two years sen was formerly American Vice Consul at Rio de ago. When she passes on, another little Confederate Janeiro and is now a leader of the Brazilian bar. flag might not be inappropriate. It will be a dramatic and unconventional footnote The Santarem Colony is now wholly Brazilian. to Reconstruction history. 263 Marihuana—Hashish in Modern Dress

By FREDERICK T. MERRILL, Foreign Policy Association

THE narcotic drug habit is the most degrading tieth century that the world recognized the drug as method of satisfying the innate human desire a great social menace and initiated measures for to escape from the harsh realities of life. Because its suppression. narcotic drugs are indispensable in medicine for Most all countries and the Drug Conven¬ relieving pain, they must be manufactured. How¬ tion of 1925 have by now included Indian hemp ever, in their very existence lies the constant dan¬ among the dangerous drugs which are under rig¬ der of habitual use; and drug addicts are a costly orous supervision. The Indian Government per¬ liability to society. Of all the narcotic drugs, mits the moderate use of hemp drugs, because they there is least excuse for hashish. Medicine dis¬ have been so widely consumed for thirty centuries trusts it; narcotic intoxication is usually the only in connection with certain social and religious cus¬ motive for its use; its effects are particularly toms. Around the Mediterranean littoral, in Tur¬ vicious and anti-social. key, Syria, Egypt and North Africa, the use of Hashish was known in earliest times, and its his¬ hashish in one form or another is extremely com¬ tory has been an unsavory one. The knowledge mon, and governments have taken measures to that the Indian hemp plant contained a narcotic stamp out its consumption. substance, which when eaten or smoked in various Lately the hashish scourge has cropped up in mixtures produced intoxication, dreams, and bi¬ the United States under the name of marihuana. zarre hallucinations, was handed down from gen¬ It was only about ten years ago that its use was eration to generation throughout India and Asia virtually unknown in this country except to the Minor. Such ancient historical writings as the itinerant Mexican laborers of the southwest. In Zend-Avesta, the histories of Herodotus, and the the last six months a flood of publicity in the news¬ poems of Homer contain references to hashish. papers, magazines and even movies has awakened Hindu priests and devotees of Vishnu were accus¬ the public to the fact that a dangerous narcotic is tomed to taking various forms of Indian hemp to being used—and has been for several years—not induce religious hallucination and frenzy, and only in certain circles of the underworld, but also more than one royal princeling is alleged to have in the high schools and colleges. The smoking of been rendered incapable of reigning by becoming marihuana by adolescents is more widespread than a slave of the drug through purposeful encourage¬ most people realize. It has become a new fad, ap¬ ment. Later, its use became very common, par¬ pealing to the curiosity and recklessness of youth. ticularly during the hegemony of the Arabs, as The greed of unscrupulous peddlers, the immense the frequency with which bhang and hashish are profits, the cheap price for which a marihuana mentioned in the Arabian Nights can testify. Mos¬ cigarette retails, and the availability of supply lem sheiks knew its power on the suggestibility of from a plant that grows wild almost everywhere their disciples, and many atrocious acts by bands are all contributory reasons for its prevalent use. of Mussulman warriors were committed under its The word, “marihuana,” is both the Mexican- influence. The literature of the sixteenth, seven¬ Indian slang word and the legal term for the por¬ teenth and eighteenth centuries is filled with refer¬ tions of the Indian hemp plant (Cannabis sativa) ences to the prevalence of hashish intoxication and which are thought to contain the narcotic element. debauchery. No scientific study of the drug was In general, this applies to very nearly the entire undertaken, however, until the nineteenth century. male and female plant, although it is usually the In 1845 a surprisingly accurate description of the flowering tops and leaves of the latter that con¬ effects of hashish was published by Doctor Moreau tain the richest amounts of the narcotic principle. of Tours. His recognition of the relationship be¬ Because the plant is often known as Indian hemp tween hashish excess and insanity anticipated the and its stalk produces a fiber useful in making results of modern psychological research. At¬ twines, ropes and certain grades of paper, it is tracted by this treatise, French doctors, scientists sometimes confused with other species of hemp. and such writers as Balzac, Baudelaire and Gautier It has also been mistakenly identified with “loco experimented with hashish and left vivid accounts weed.” The cannabis plant grows to a height of of the delirium and hallucination suffered while over twelve feet, but five to eight feet is more com¬ under its influence. But it was not until the twen¬ mon. The stalk varies from one-half to two inches 264 in thickness. The configuration of each leaf with cation, raving fits and criminal assaults in one per¬ its five or six leaflets resembles the human hand. son, while in another, large quantities may have To prepare relatively little marihuana for reaction. smoking, it is The physical merely neces¬ effects of smok¬ sary to dry the ing marihuana flowering tops appear about an and leaves, hour after con¬ crush into a sumption in the coarse powder form of muscu¬ and roll it into lar trembling, cigarettes. Un¬ acceleration of der such names the pulse, dizzi¬ as reefers, mug- ness, and sensa¬ gles, Indian tion of cold in hay, tea, and the hands and goof butts, they feet. These are sold in pool- physical reac¬ rooms, dance tions increase in halls and other intensity until in places where the end stupe¬ young people faction and sleep congregate, for occur. The men¬ prices ranging tal effects are from ten to fifty more variable cents. Some since the smok¬ cigarettes are er’s emotional strong in nar¬ nature and the cotic content; sensitivity of his others mild. The imagination are strongest some¬ the major deter¬ times contains mining factors. enough narcot¬ The drug affects ic poison to deal the entire ner¬ a knockout blow vous system, es- to the smoker, pecially the inducing a con¬ higher nerve dition which centers. Inordi¬ may lead to all TJ. S. Treasury Department nate and sense¬ types of violent Marihuana grown for experimental purposes at Arlington Experimental less laughter, crimes and de¬ Farms, U. S. Department of Agriculture, during the summer of 1937. and a distortion bauchery— and of space and the smoker will probably have no recollection of time are the first effects observable. Most subjec¬ his acts later. Although marihuana produces none tive experimenters report bizarre and frightening of the symptoms of addiction (the “withdrawal” dreams, accompanied by illusions and hallucina¬ phenomenon) which occur in the case of the mor¬ tions. The auditory sense is particularly stimu¬ phine or heroin user; it does give rise to a craving lated, which accounts for the not infrequent use which may very easily lead to the habitual use of of marihuana by members of “hot” orchestras. these drugs. Individuals react differently toward From the very beginning the will power is de¬ equal amounts, depending on their physical and stroyed and inhibitions and restraints are released. emotional constitution. The complete unpredictabil¬ The most harmful anti-social effects of the drug ity of the affect of marihuana on any given individ¬ occur during the later stages. The intense over¬ ual makes its use in medicine worthless. Conse¬ excitement of the nerves and emotions leads to quently it is one of the most dangerous drugs uncontrollable irritability and violent rages, which known, for one dose may bring about acute intoxi¬ (Continued on page 302) 265 THE EDITORS’ COLUMN This month the editors have turned over the col¬ umn to the Foreign Service School. The following FOREIGN JOURNAL account has been prepared by Mr. W. Stratton An¬ derson, Jr. rU voi. When these lines appear, the seventeen members of the current Foreign Service Officers’ Training PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY AMERICAN FOREIGN School will have completed a most important phase SERVICE ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. of their careers. They will have received their first The American Foreign Service Journal is open to subscrip¬ regular post assignments, and will no longer go un¬ tion in the United States and abroad at the rate of $4.00 a year, or 35 cents a copy, payable to the American Foreign der the title of “probationary officers.” Sendee Journal, care Department of State, Washington, D. G. For the members of the class, the School repre¬ This publication is not official and material appearing herein represents only the personal opinions of its authors, or of indi¬ sented a long-awaited experience. All of them had viduals quoted, unless otherwise specifically indicated. been in the field at least sixteen months, and two of Copyright. 1939. l>y the American Foreign Service Association them longer. It was beginning to seem a long time since they took the examination for the foreign Ser¬ vice ’way back in 1936. They were, roughly speak¬ JOURNAL STAFF ing, the second section of the Training School class HENRY S. VILLARD, Chairman of March-July, 1938; they had seen their examina¬ CHARLES \Y. YOST tion-mates go through the school and out to their HERBERT S. BURSLEY..... Editorial second posts months ago. REGINALD P. MITCHELL Board As regards their first posts, the seventeen mem¬ LEO D. STURGEON EDWARD PAGE, JR bers of the School were divided almost equally be¬ HARRY A. MCBRIDE Business Manager tween the New and Old Worlds; eight had been in CHARLES B. HOSMER T reasurer Europe, five in -America and four in Canada. For those in Europe especially, their first assign¬ ments had been during a period of almost unparal¬ The American Foreign leled international tension; but in general their pro¬ Service Association fessional concerns had not been with the art of world politics but rather with the intricacies of the The American Foreign Service Association is an unofficial and voluntary association of the members of The Foreign Sen-ice of Consular Regulations and the instructions of the the United States. It was formed for the purpose of fostering Department—the complex administrative “code of esprit de corps among the members of the Foreign Service and to establish a center around which might be grouped the united the Service. Their jobs had been to encounter in efforts of its members for the improvement of the Service. their own lair the prickly problems that daily arise Honorary President in the field and to formulate the basis of a philos¬ CORDELL HULL Secretary of State ophy of action. But a year in the field had created a philosophy Honorary Vice-Presidents studded with question marks, and it was to deal SUMNER WELLES ... Under Secretary oj State with those question marks that the twenty-seventh ROBERT WALTON MOORE . Counselor Foreign Service School since the Rogers Act of FRANCIS B. SAYRE Assistant Secretary of State GEORGE S. MESSERSMITH Assistant Secretary of State 1924 opened its doors on January 17th. The term ADOLPH A. BERLE, JR. Assistant Secretary of State was designed to last until April 29th, and into those three and a half months was compressed such a CLARENCE E. GAUSS President mass of information and advice that, could it be ROBERT D. MURPHY Vice-President perfectly remembered and acted upon, it would HENRY S. VILLARD ___ Secretary-Treasurer surely obviate the necessity on the part of the stu¬ dents of ever passing through the later stages of EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Vice Consul and Consul, and would fully justify JAY PIERREPONT MOFFAT, Chairman their immediate elevation to the rank of Consul Gen¬ JOSEPH E. JACOBS, Vice-Chairman; JOHN CARTER VINCENT, SELDEN CHAPIN eral or First Secretary! The present school has followed the pattern of its Alternates predecessor. There have been lectures followed by CHARLES B. HOSMER, HENRY S. VILLARD questions and answers daily during ordinary office Entertainment Committee: hours. There has been the traditional maintenance SELDEN CHAPIN, LEWIS CLARK AND JAMES K. PENFIELD (Continued on page 304) 266 News from the Department

By REGINALD P. MITCHELL, Department of State

The Secretary berland University of Lebanon Tennessee, who were introduced by Dr. E. L. Stockton of that institution. The Secretary and Mrs. Hull left Washington on On April 6 the Secretary made public an agree¬ March 9 and visited De Land, Florida, returning ment made with the Rritish Government for the to Washington by train on March 24. A message joint control of Canton and Enderbury Islands in the from the Secretary was read at a conference on the south Pacific Ocean. On April 7 he received the subject, “The Lima Conference and the Future of Albanian Minister, Dr. Faik Konitza, and on the Pan Americanism,” held at the University of Penn¬ following day read a statement at his press confer¬ sylvania at Philadelphia on March 10. Upon his ence declaring that “the forceable and violent in¬ return from Florida the Secretary talked with Presi¬ vasion of Albania is unquestionably an additional dent Roosevelt at the White House and received a threat to the peace of the world.” He added in number of visitors. At his press conference upon part: “it is scarcely necessary to add that the in¬ his return he issued a statement declaring that he evitable effect of this incident, taken with other had closely followed international developments at similar incidents, is found to destroy confidence home and abroad during his temporary absence, and undermine economic stability in every country that in common with the general public he had been in the world, thus affecting our own welfare.” On profoundly shocked by recent developments in April 10 the Secretary welcomed President Roose¬ Europe and characterized these developments as of velt at the Union Station upon the latter’s return a nature seriously to threaten the peace of the from a visit to Warm Springs, Georgia. He at¬ world. On March 27 he read a statement on for¬ tended budget hearings at the Capitol on April 12. eign affairs for Movietone News in the Diplomatic Both the President and the Secretary were princi¬ Waiting Room. pal speakers at Pan American Day ceremonies held On April 1 the Secretary announced that he had on April 14 at the Pan American Union. Upon the sent a telegram to the Spanish Loyalist Govern¬ occasion of the special press conference held at the ment expressing the disposition of this govern¬ White House on April 15 for the announcement by ment to establish diplomatic relations with the Gov¬ President Roosevelt that he had despatched messages ernment of Spain. Three days later he received to both Chancellor Hitler and Premier Mussolini one Francisco Gardenas as Charge d'Affaires of the on the subject of world peace, both Secretary Hull Spanish Government. On April 3 he received stu¬ and Under Secretary Welles were seated with the dents from Denison University presented by Repre¬ President. On the same date the Secretary attended sentative William A. Ashbrook of Ohio. On April the annual dinner of the Gridiron Club in Wash¬ 5 he received students from his alma mater, Cum¬ ington.

267 Under Secretary Welles Ambassador Bullitt visited Marseille on April 1 The Under Secretary, in his capacity as Acting and 2 with the intention of according a welcome to Secretary, made an important statement concerning the “Yankee Clipper,” which was making its first Czechoslovakia at his press conference on March 17. trans-Atlantic flight. Failure of the plane to arrive On March 20 Mr. Welles released for publication on the second day, due to bad weather, led the telegrams exchanged between him and Minister Ambassador to cancel his stay and to return to Wilbur J. Carr at Prague instructing the latter to Paris on the night of April 2. close that Legation, to turn over the government * * It* building, property and archives to the Consulate General and at his convenience to leave Prague. Ambassador Hugh R. Wilson The Under Secretary on March 22 testified before The Ambassador to Germany, Mr. Hugh R. Wil¬ the Foreign Relations Committee of the Senate son, was away from the Department from April 7 to during the consideration of the Pittman Resolution 17. He spent a part of his time at his home in to “assist the governments of the American Repub¬ Evanston, Illinois, and on April 15 he spoke at a meeting of the Foreign Affairs Council of Cleve¬ lics to increase their military and naval establish¬ ments.” The Under Secretary was away from the land at the Union Club of that city. Department from April 7 to 13. On the latter date * # # he delivered an address on the subject of “The Ambassador Jefferson Caffery Natural Rights of Mankind” at Founders’ Day Cere¬ monies at the University of Virginia at Charlottes¬ The Ambassador to Brazil, Mr. Jefferson Caffery, accompanied by Mrs. Caffery, sailed from New ville. * * «• York on April 9 on the S. S. Uruguay en route to his post. They were accompanied by the Am¬ Assistant Secretary Sayre bassador’s Private Secretary, Northam Griggs, Mrs. Assistant Secretary Sayre delivered an address Griggs and their son. on the subject “Democracy in Action” on March * * -55- 22 at the Fourth Conference of the Woman’s Na¬ tional Democratic Club, held in Washington. The Ambassador John V. A. MacMurray address was broadcast nationally over the mutual The Ambassador to Turkey, Mr. John V. Mac¬ network of Station WOL. Assistant Secretary Sayre Murray, and the First Secretary of Embassy, Robert was scheduled to have made three addresses on the F. Kelley, acting for the United States Government, subject of international trade at meetings held on signed the Turkish-American Trade Agreement at April 20 and 21 at Westmoreland College, Fulton, Ankara on April 1. The Department made public Missouri. that Turkey is the twentieth country with which * * * the United States has entered into an agreement Ambassador Claude G. Bowers under the provisions of the Trade Agreements Act The Ambassador to Spain, Mr. Claude G. Bowers, of June 12, 1934, as extended on March 1, 1937. visited the Department on various occasions in This Agreement is the first to be concluded with a March. On March 30 he testified before a meeting country in the Near East. of the House Foreign Affairs Committee. He sailed ■fc * * from New York City on April 5 to close the Embassy Special Ambassador Myron C. Taylor located at St. Juan de Luz, France. Mr. Myron C. Taylor, Ambassador on Special * * * Mission and Vice Chairman of the Inter Govern¬ Ambassador William C. Bullitt mental Committee on Political Refugees, arrived at The Ambassador to France, Mr. William C. Bul¬ New York City on March 23 on the S. S. Queen litt, addressed a dinner of the American Legion Mary and proceeded to Washington to make a re¬ at Paris on March 17. The March 27 issue of the port to President Roosevelt on the activities of this magazine Life featured Ambassador Bullitt and the Committee. * * # American Embassy and Consulate General in Paris. The article was captioned “His Excellency Bill Bul¬ Minister Leland Harrison litt—An Ambassador Plus—He is rated President The Minister to , Mr. Leland Har¬ Roosevelt’s most influential adviser on foreign pol¬ rison, accompanied by Mrs. Harrison, departed icy. Herewith is life abroad.” Numerous activities from New York City on March 21 on the S. S. of the Embassy and Consulate General were pic¬ Washington en route to their post after leave in the tured. (See photograph, page 271.) United States. 268 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

Minister Indianapolis, Indiana. His subject was “The Trade The Minister to Nicaragua, Agreements Program and the Liberal System of Mr. Meredith Nicholson, act¬ International Trade.”

ed as the special representa¬ * * * tive of President Roosevelt with the rank of Ambassador Legal Adviser s Office at the ceremonies in connec¬ “William R. Vallance, an Assistant to the Legal tion with the inauguration of Adviser” was the subject of a biographical sketch General Anastasio Somoza in the column “An American You Should Know,” as President of Nicaragua on appearing in the Washington Star of March 28.

March 30 at Managua. * * * Foreign Service Officers Minister John C. Wiley Meredith Nicholson George V. Allen, Foreign Service Officer on duty The Minister to Latvia and in the Division of Near Eastern Affairs, was a Esthonia, Mr. John C. Wiley, and Mrs. Wiley, have speaker at the “First Student Institute of World been spending the greater part of their home leave Affairs” held at Duke University, Durham, North in Florida and in Washington. Carolina, on April 11-12-13. Mr. Allen, an alumnus of that institution, spoke on the subject, “America’s # * Place in the World Crisis.” Chief, Division of the American Republics * * * Laurence Duggan, Chief of the Division of the Albert W. Scott, Consul at American Republics, served as chairman of the Jerusalem, sailed from New American delegation at the First Inter-American York City for his post on the Travel Congress which was held on April 14-21 S.S. Excambion on April 8 at under the auspices of the Golden after spending the greater Gate International Exposition. The delegation, part of his leave in Kansas among others, included Mrs. Ruth Bryan Owen City, Missouri. During a Rohde, former Minister to Denmark, who recently part of his leave he visited was appointed Collaborator, United States Travel relatives of Mrs. Scott in Bureau, Department of the Interior; and Frederick , France. B. Lyon. Assistant Chief, Division of International Conferences of the Department of State. * * *

* % # Philip W. Bonsai, Third Secretary at Habana, accom- A- w- Sco,t Adviser, International Economic Affairs panied by Mrs. Bonsai, ar¬ Dr. Herbert Feis, Adviser on International Eco¬ rived in Washington by train on April 16 from their nomic Affairs, delivered an address at a meeting post. Mr. Bonsai on the following day tendered his of the Economic Club of Detroit, Michigan, on resignation as a Foreign Service Officer and as¬ March 27. His subject was “Economic Aspects of sumed his new duties as a Divisional Assistant in Our Foreign Policy.” the Division of American Republics. * * * * * Assistant Chief, Treaty Diviison Llewellyn E. Thompson, Jr., until recently Consul Dr. Wallace McClure, Assistant Chief of the at Geneva arrived in New York on the S. S. Presi¬ Treaty Division, delivered an address on the sub¬ dent Roosevelt. He rigistered at the Department on ject, “International Aspects of Democracy,” at a April 12 and assumed his duties on April 13 in the meeting of the Upper East Tennessee Group of Division of European Affairs. Business and Professional Women’s Clubs in Green¬ » * * ville, Tennessee, on March 24. Fred W. Jandrey, Vice Consul at Naples, visited * * * the Department on April 1 prior to proceeding on Assistant Chief, Division of Trade Agreements leave to his home in Neenah, Wisconsin. Mrs. Henry L. Deimel, Jr., Assistant Chief of the Di¬ Jandrey left at the same time for a brief visit with vision of Trade Agreements, delivered an address her relatives in Los Angeles. on April 11 at a meeting of the Rotary Club of (Continued on page 276) 269 News from the Field

CURACAO Government House for Rear Admiral Freeman and his staff officers which was attended by Vice Consul On March 6, 1939, the United States Submarine and Mrs. Moessner. Force, commanded by Rear Admiral C. S. Freeman, The fleet departed at 8:30 a.m., March 10 for steamed past the famous pontoon bridge of Curacao and Cuba on their way to the New York headed by the Flagship Richmond, accompanied by World’s Fair with the general local expression “may the U.S.S. Holland, and the submarines Salmon, they return again and often.” Seal, Skipjack, Snapper, Stingray, Perch, Cachalot, WALLACE E. MOESSNER. and Cuttlefish. There were on board 125 officers and 1,390 enlisted personnel. Before entering the Harbor of Willemstad the Richmond fired a 21-gun national salute which was returned by the old guns BORDEAUX of Fort Amsterdam once commanded by Governor Peter Stuyvesant. Last February the Anglo-American colony at The night of March 6, an official reception was Bordeaux produced Noel Coward’s “Hay Fever”— given at the consular residence by Vice Consul and with greater success than attended the production Mrs. Moessner which was attended by some 80 offi¬ of any previous play, and with greater American cers and about 140 local officials and prominent cit¬ participation. Consul W. Perry George, Vice Con- izens. At mid¬ s u 1 Moreland night, an or¬ and Mrs. More¬ chestra from the land took the Richmond, after parts, respec¬ providing de¬ tively, of Rich- lightful music ard Greatham, throughout the Simon Bliss and evening, render- Myra Arundel, ed the Star while Mrs. Spangled Ban¬ George assisted ner and the in the manage¬ Dutch National ment. An article Anthem, “Wil- in the local press helmus van Nas¬ praises the per¬ sau.” formance for re¬ On March 8 petition in both the Governor Bordeaux and gave an official Biarritz. luncheon at U.S.S. Richmond W. P. GEORGE. 270 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

PARIS release of these men and their Troop r ep at r iation Convoys with the aid of That sounds private organ¬ like the Franee izations ; car¬ of 19 17 and ing for the 1918. But it wounded a n d is only a 20- ill. and in be¬ years-after se- half of their q u e 1 partici- wives and par¬ p a t e d in by ents attempt¬ hundreds of ing the almost American vet¬ impossible task erans o f t h e o f ascertain¬ fighting south ing the where¬ of the Pyre- abouts of many n e e s who whose identity crossed France was often dis¬ in sealed sipated upon trains in Members of American anti Mexican Consular Services and Mexican- crossing the charge of American Immigration Services at El Paso, Texas, and Ciundad Juarez, southern fron¬ American con¬ Mexico, at a Good Will Supper last December. Consul General Blocker tier of France. appears in the lower right hand corner, and Vice Consul Cowles above suls. This is him with the accordion. The last two just another train loads that service our of¬ were rushed ficers have been called on to perform, and is in itself across France contained many who had to be evacu¬ only a small part of a job which included many ated by ships doing night runs through mine-in¬ months of monotonous routine trying to recover the fested and hostile waters, and who just before pass¬ hundreds of American passports lost during the ing the frontier into France were once more sub¬ strife in the Peninsula, and re-establishing the iden¬ jected to aerial bombardment. This work was ably tity of their former possessors; arranging for the (Continued on page 281)

Paris Embassy Ball, February I 7th. The Ambassador and his staff just before the guests arrived. Left to right: Mrs. Plitt; Mrs. Ernest Mayer, wife of the Third Secretary; Mrs. McArthur; the Ambassador; and Mr. Wilson, Counselor of Embassy. Courtesy of Life A Political Bookshelf

CYRIL WYNNE, Review Editor

Miss BAX OF THE EMBASSY, by Emily Bax, 311 pages, the American public, is penetrating and stimulating. including index. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, In their method of conducting business alone, much 1939. $3.00. of the three characters is revealed. This is a difficult book for a member of the The book is written with simplicity and direct¬ Foreign Service to review dispassionately. No one ness, the style is pleasant. Occasionally witty, the who has served in an American Embassy, least of writer has the gift of reliving her youth and making all those old enough to remember the placid routine us share it. We like not only the book—we like before the War, can read Miss Bax without a feel¬ Miss Bax. ing of wistfulness, without a sense of nostalgia for HUGH WILSON. an almost forgotten existence. The things we looked on as important, the worry PROPAGANDA ANALYSIS, a monthly publication of the and burden of the socially ambitious ladies, the re¬ Institute for Propaganda Analysis, Inc., 130 Morning- moteness of American missions from the struggles side Drive, New York. Subscription rice $2.00 per that were occupying European Chancellories, all year. these things Miss Bax brings out in her book, and WORLD REVOLUTIONARY PROPAGANDA, by Harold brings them out with a touch of gayety, with an D. Lasswell and Dorothy Blumenstock. New York, affection for the men she dealt with, that gives the Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1939. Pp. xii-f-393-|-xii. book its special charm to us who also knew these $4.50. men, and those times. Most Americans and particularly the members of Jack Carter holds a special place in her affection, American Foreign Service have become increasing¬ although William Phillips and Irwin Laughlin rate ly aware in recent years of the vast quantities of high as well. In writing of Mr. Henry White she propaganda which surround our daily lives and shows a flash of malice—the only touch in the book which assault our eyes and ears and even permeate of this particular attribute. Hugh Gibson wins a the very air we breathe. However, until very re¬ special form of praise—“Mr. Gibson didn’t seem cently there has been little information available in to know the difference between a duke and a dust¬ convenient published form bearing on the tactics man. He seemed to think they were made of the and methods of propaganda. Foreign Service Offi¬ same flesh and blood.” The Hodsons, father and cers will welcome two recent sources of information sons live for us again as uniquie in her memory as on propaganda analysis which are now available. they were in their lives. The first is a monthly publication of the Institute The book for Pro¬ covers the posed Anal¬ period of yses, 13 0 three Am- Morning- bass adors, side Drive, Choate, New York Wh itelaw City. The Reid, and bulletin of Page. Three the Insti¬ more con¬ tute, enti¬ trasting tled “Prop- characters aganda could not An aly sis” have been states that chosen. it is con¬ Her inti¬ cerned with mate ac¬ a 11 phases count of of p r o p a - three fig¬ ganda. The Counselor’s Office at the Ameriran Embassy in London, 1912—Irwin Laughlin ures so well and Miss Bax at work. (Frontispiece from “Miss Bax of the Embassy” by I n stitute known to Emily Bax.) numbers 272 among its advisory board certain university profes¬ lished after the adoption of the new approach by sors of recognized standing and authority in the the Communist World Congress of 1935, in the fields of sociology and propaganda, including Had¬ course of which a completely different set of tactics ley Cantril of Princeton, Leonard Doob of Yale, and was adopted by the Third International, when the numerous others. attacks on democracy were abandoned for coopera¬ In general, the bulletins are designed for adap¬ tion with democratic elements in a united front tion to classroom study and discussion. Accord¬ against “Fascism” with the attendant doctrines ingly, for the average Foreign Service Officer, who known popularly as the “Trojan Horse” theory and presumably will not be so fortunate as to be able to the “Popular Front” theory. However, the period avail himself of such methods of propaganda study, under review in Chicago ended with 1934 so that the bulletins lose something in value. the authors have not as yet had any great oppor¬ Moreover, while the first volume and the more tunity to observe the effectiveness of the shift in recent issues attempt considerable analysis of Nazi Communist tactics. The authors have nevertheless propaganda as well as the publicity methods fol¬ noted in review that even before 1934 certain ele¬ lowed by various organized groups in the United ments in the local Chicago Communist organiza¬ States, it is only in the Bulletin for March, 1939, tions manifested opposite tendencies in respect to that Communist Party propaganda has received at¬ the party line of 1928. tention. Unfortunately, the other effective wielders The authors state that in a typical American in¬ of totalitarian propaganda who have wisely con¬ dustrial community such as Chicago, Communism centrated upon cultural rather than political themes definitely ran into two serious psychological diffi¬ appear to have been overlooked entirely. culties; the essential nationalism of the average Of perhaps more practical interest to the average American citizen, even those of foreign birth; and Foreign Service Officer, especially since it is in the essential individualism of the average American. compact and synthesized form, is “World Revolu¬ On page 341 it is stated: tionary Propaganda,” by Professor Harold D. Lass- “The restrictive effect of American individual¬ well and Dorothy Blumenstock, a masterly case ism was expressed in several direct and indirect study of Communist propaganda in Chicago during ways, but the common net result was to accentu¬ the depression years, 1929 to 1935. ate the conflict between local and central units This book, which is purely objective in its treat¬ of the Communist Party, and hence between ment. and which does not attempt in any sense to ‘American’ and ‘foreign,’ ‘rank and file’ and plead a cause either for or against Communism, ‘bureaucracy’.” starts with a general definition of propaganda meth¬ Commenting on relations to Communist propa¬ ods and symbols and then proceeds with a brief ganda the authors affirm: analysis of the political and economic conditions of “When the Communists provoked greater cen¬ the world and particularly of the Chicago area at tralization of administrative activities, they did the outbreak of the 1929 depression. not necessarily advance their own cause. If The authors are to be complimented for their greater centralization increases the effectiveness energy and thoroughness in collecting the mass of with which the established elites in America are material illustrative of propaganda activities in Chi¬ able to defend themselves against ‘subversive’ in¬ cago during the period under review. As they fluences. it weakens world revolutionary radical themselves observe, they found no previous collec¬ movements. The ‘completed shell of the social¬ tions or statistics in existence with regard to propa¬ ized state’ may be seized by very different elites ganda material on Communism, and hence were than those which head up in Moscow.” obliged themselves to collect and compile all ma¬ In this connection they point out that the previous terial for their book. Communist tactical line (1928-1935) of denouncing The average Foreign Service Officer will not, of socialist and liberal organizations as “Social-Fas¬ course, be greatly interested in the breakdown of cist” spread dissension among elements of the left the statistics in question, but will find of particular and center, thus contributing substantially to the interest the chapters on channels of propaganda and rise of “national revolutionary radical propagan¬ the technique of propaganda. dists which cut short the life of the German repub¬ Of perhaps even greater interest, however, to lic and Italian parliamentarism.” Foreign Service Officers will be part V of the book In their conclusion the authors draw a parallel which deals with the influence of propaganda and between “Russian revolution” and the “French concludes with an of the effect produced on Revolution,” pointing out that “it was a turning an American community by active Communist point in world politics when the revolution in propaganda. France was ‘stigmatized’ as the ‘bourgeois’ revolu- It is to be noted that the book itself was pub¬ (Continued on page 296) 273 AMERICA'S F OUR CHIEF MARKETS AND S RANK AS- VALUE OF- COUNTRY BUYER SELLER U. S EXPORTS TO- L). S IMPORTS FROM 50 IOO

UNITED KINGDOM 1 3 $521,1 24,000 S118,371,000 CANADA 2 1 467.662.000 256.745.000 3 2 239.575.000 131.696.000 FRANCE 4 11 133.835.000 54.434.000 GERMANY 5 9 108.334.000 63.845.000 NETHERLANDS 6 19 96.753.000 30.040.000 ARGENTINA 7 18 86.772.000 41.672.000 PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 8 7 86.472.000 94.180.000 BELGIUM 9 17 76.936.000 42.029.000 CUBA 10 5 76.329.000 105.476.000 BRITISH SO. AFRICA 11 26 71.762.000 19.074.000 SOVIET RUSSIA 12 22 69.691.000 23.532.000 AUSTRALIA 13 37 68.823.000 8.768.000 SWEDEN 14 14 64.231.000 45.062.000 MEXICO 15 15 62.043.000 42.571.000 BRAZIL 16 6 61.955.000 97.752.000 ITALY 17 16 58.266.000 42.169.000 VENEZUELA 18 25 52.278.000 20.054.000 NETHERLANDS W. INDIES 19 24 42.785.000 20.116.000 COLOMBIA 20 12 40.884.000 49.412.000 21 10 35.764.000 58.189.000 BRITISH INDIA 4. BRITIS CHINA 22 13 34.772.000 47.224.000 20. CHILE 23. SWITZ NETHERLANDS INDIES__ 23 8 27.518.000 68.780.000 IRELAND 24 75 26.947.000 1.022.000 CZECHOSLOVAKIA 25 21 26.493.000 27.201.000

274 OUR CHIEF EXPORTS IN 1938

PERCENT RANK COMMODITY VALUE OF TOTAL EXPORTS

1 AUTOMOBILES, PARTS, ETC. 5270,389,000 8,8 2 UNMANUFACTURED COTTON 228,669,000 7.5 3 LEAF TOBACCO 155,304,000 5.1 4 CRUDE PETROLEUM _ 111,739,000 3.7 5 GASOLINE 103,544,000 3.4 6 ELECTRICAL MACHINERY, ETC. 102,151,000 3.3 7 METAL-WORKING MACHINERY 97,271,000 3.2 8 CORN 94.497.000 3.1 9 WHEAT 78.141.000 2.6 10 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY 75,435,000 2.5 11 REFINED COPPER 74,063,000 2.4 12 LUBRICATING OIL 68,855,000 2.3 13 AIRCRAFT PARTS, ETC. 68,209,000 2.2 14 GAS OIL AND FUEL OIL 56,356,000 1.8 15 COAL AND COKE 55,775,000 1.8 16 IRON AND STEEL SCRAP 44,932,000 1.5 17 IRON AND STEEL PLATES, SHEETS, ETC 42,183,000 1.4 18 WELL AND REFINERY MACHINERY 40,842,000 1.3 19 BOARDS, PLANKS, AND SCANTLINGS 30,687,000 1.0 20 COTTON CLOTH 30,561,000 1.0 21 CONSTRUC. 4 CONVEYING MACHINERY- 23,914,000 0.8 22 CANNED FRUIT 23,230,000 0.8 23 WHEAT FLOUR 23,151,000 0.8 24 BOOKS, MAPS, PICTURES, ETC. 23,000,000 0.8 25 PHOTOGRAPHIC GOODS, ETC 19,862,000 0.6

TOTAL EXPORTS $3,094,095,000

OUR CHIEF IMPORTS IN 1938

PERCENT RANK COMMODITY VALUE OF TOTAL IMPORTS

1 COFFEE - _ . 5137,824,000 7.1 2 CANE SUGAR 130,400,000 6.7 3 CRUDE RUBBER _ .... 130,129,000 6.7 4 STANDARD NEWSPRINT PAPER— 101,456,000 5.2 5 RAW SILK 88,821,000 4.6 6 WOOD PULP 72,766,000 3.7 7 DISTILLED LIQUORS 49,197,000 2.5 8 TIN BARS, BLOCKS, PIGS 44,861,000 2.3 9 FURS. 43,182,000 2.2 10 COPPER ORE, CONCENTRATES, ETC 36,087,000 1.9 11 UNMANUFACTURED TOBACCO.-— 36,028,000 1.8 12 RAW HIDES AND SKINS, EXCEPT FURS_ 29,880,000 1.5 13 BANANAS 28,798,000 1.5 14 FISH 28,349,000 1.5 CHIEF SUPPLIERS 15 BURLAPS 28,343,000 1.5 16 DIAMONDS 28,307,000 1.5 YA $112,142,000 17 FERTILIZERS, EXC. NITRATE OF SODA_ 25,764,000 1.3 28,557,000 18 UNMANUFACTURED WOOI 22,602,000 1.2 19 COCOA, OR CACAO, BEANS - 20,139,000 1.0 D 22,774,000 20 FLAXSEED _ 19,872,000 1.0 21 CRUDE PETROLEUM 18,603,000 1.0 22 TEA 18,313,000 0.9 23 INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS 16,794,000 0.9 FOREIGN COMMERCE DEPARTMENT 24 ART WORKS 16,774,000 0.9 25 COAL-TAR PRODUCTS 15,970,000 0.8 CHAMBER OF COMMERCE OF THE U. S. A. _j I TOTAL IMPORTS $1,949,760,000

275 THE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

NEWS FROM DEPARTMENT ited the Department on April 11 during home leave (Continued from, page 269) which he is spending principally at his home in W. Garland Richardson, Philadelphia. He planned to Vice Consul at , and proceed in May to his new Mrs. Richardson visited the post at Port Said where he Department in early March will be preceded by his wife after arriving at San Fran¬ 1 and daughter who remained ys- -Sr cisco on the S. S. President in Europe. Coolidge. Mr. and Mrs. Richardson spent a week at William W. Walker, Vice Wadetown, West Virginia, A Consul at Port Limon, Costa and plan to spend the bal¬ Rica, accompanied by Mrs. ance of their leave in Vir¬ Walker, arrived in New York ginia before sailing for Ja¬ City from their post on April pan in mid-May on the S. S. m 2 on the S. S. Talamanca. He President Taft. * w. c. Richirdgon B. R. Riggs was called home by the death of his father, Calvin Walker John K. Emmerson, Vice Consul at Osaka, ac¬ in Asheville, North Carolina. Mrs. Walker planned companied by Mrs. Emmerson and their child, ar¬ to proceed to her home in Jacksonville, Florida, for rived in San Francisco in March on the S. S. Presi¬ a visit with her parents. dent Coolidge. They spent several weeks in Colo¬ * * -K- rado visiting relatives and a short time with Mr. C. Burke Elbrick, Third Secretary in Warsaw, Emmerson’s family in Auro¬ arrived in New York City on ra, Illinois. He visited the March 30 on the S. S. Man¬ Department on April 13 and hattan. He proceeded im¬ planned to visit the World’s mediately to Washington to Fair before returning to join Mrs. Elbrick and their Japan. infant son, Alfred Johnson •* Elbrick, who was born in Andrew W. Edson, For¬ Norfolk. Virginia, on No¬ eign Officer detailed for vember 12 while Mr. Elbrick study in economics at Har¬ was on temporary duty at vard University, is the au¬ the Legation in Prague. Af¬ thor of a brief paper entitled ter visiting the Department “Notations in Mathematical he proceeded on April 11 to Louisville. Kentucky, for a J. K. Emmerson Economics” which has been C. B. Klhrick accepted for early publica¬ week’s visit with relatives. tion, possibly about August or September, in The They plan to leave New York City during the first Quarterly Journal of Economics, published by Har¬ week in June for Warsaw. vard University. ■fc * * * w * H. Freeman Matthews, First Secretary and Con¬ James W. Riddleberger, Second Secretary at sul at Paris, was designated on April 4 as First Berlin, arrived in New York Secretary of Embassy at Ma¬ City on March 30 on the drid for temporary duty fol¬ S. S. Manhattan and proceed¬ lowing this government’s ed to his home in Woodstock, recognition of the new re¬ Virginia, to join his wife gime in Spain. Mr. Mat¬ and infant child. He visited thews proceeded by auto¬ the Department on April 12 mobile to San Sebastian, ar¬ and planned to sail from riving there on April 9 and New York City for his post reopening the Embassy as about the end of May. Charge d’Affaires.

Benj amin Reath Riggs, until recently First Secretary Ralph A. Boernstein, Con¬ and Consul at Helsinki, vis- J. W. Riddleberger II. F. Matthews sul at Montreal, paid a brief 276 Banking Service in Washington, D. C.

for Foreign Service Officers

The American Security and Trust Company, located oppo¬ site the United States Trea¬ sury, has for forty-eight years conducted a general banking, Security (steel) Van on the Streets of Hong Kong trust and safe deposit business. It serves the financial needs Security Steel Vans save packing costs, of many thousands of cus¬ ocean freight charges, insurance premiums, hotel expenses, — and nervous wear and tomers, among whom are for¬ tear. eign service officers stationed See pamphlet "Packing for Overseas Shipment throughout the world. for simple method of fumigating goods to destroy moths, beetles, etc. Wherever your post of duty If in Europe or Near East, enquire of Paris Office; may be, you, too, will find it elsewhere, Washington. advantageous to establish a banking connection with the ^pruriffi J&opagp (Jotupattg American Security. of UJaghatsfron Inquiries are invited.

Affiliated with the American Security 8C Trust Co. 1140 FIFTEENTH STREET A Sate Depository for 48 Years European Office: AMERICAN SECURITY 31 Place du Marche St. Honore, Paris AND TRUST COMPANY Telegrams "Medium” 15TH AND PENNSYLVANIA AVE. WASHINGTON, D. C. N.B. Insurance Rates, Premiums, on the Annual or Trip Policies issued by us are guaranteed. NO HIGHER than those of similar policies of foreign underwriters. You can write us for insurance. Your goods will be covered CAPITAL $3,400,000 SURPLUS $3,400,000 even though your letter arrives after goods are shipped.

Since it costs no more . . . perhaps less, Member Give American Underwriters a Chance. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

277 THE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

visit to Washington during the middle of April. a a a Two members of the Con¬ MERCHANT MARINE of the AIR sulate General at Hankow departed from that city on On duty or on leave. Pan American March 22 en route to Shang¬ will take you there three times faster. hai on a Japanese transport Shinyo Maru. They were Vice Consul Robert M. Tay¬ lor, recently assigned to the Consulate General at Tient¬ sin, and Vice Consul Verne to the United States on home

* a a Clarence J. Spiker, until recently Consul Gen¬ eral at Basel, accompanied by Mrs. Spiker, arrived in New York City on March 30 on the S. S. Man¬ hattan. Mr. Spiker remained at the Department for about ten days in mid-April before proceeding to his home in Hartford, Connecti¬ cut. They planned to sail /* / ! sTMTEKICVIiV from San Franciscc in May r , , HY'IYS SYSTEM en route to their new post in Hankow. e » » Dudley G. Dwyre, recently The appointed First Secretary and Consul General at Montevideo, accompanied by Manhattan Storage & Mrs. Dwyre, sailed from New York City on May 5 for Warehouse Company his new post after an ex¬ C. J. Spiker tended sojourn in Washington. 52nd Street and Seventh Avenue # * 80th Street and Third Avenue Charles R. Cameron, Consul General at Tokyo, New York City left his post on March 24 on a tour of inspection to the Consulate at Taihoku, Formosa Islands. He ♦ ♦ returned to his post on April SUPERIOR FACILITIES FOR STOR¬ 11. a a AGE OF HOUSEHOLD GOODS, PACKING, MOVING, SHIPPING Robert S. Ward, Consul at Foochow, visited the De¬ AND LIFT VANS partment in the latter part of ♦ ♦ March while on home leave.

SPECIAL SERVICE TO MEET a a a PERSONAL REQUIREMENTS Calvin Hawley Oakes, ♦ ♦ Consul at Calcutta, sailed • Prices Most Reasonable • from New York City on March 22 on the S. S. \Vash- 278 ington en route to his post after home leave.

William C. Burdett, Con¬ sul General at Rio de Jane¬ iro, departed from his post on March 19 for a tour of inspection of two posts un¬ der his jurisdiction. He re¬ turned to Rio on March 30.

U. Alexis Johnson, Vice Consul at Seoul, Korea, visited the Department on April 10 on home leave. He planned to remain in Washington, his home, until about March 1. Tell Your Friends

Stephenus V. C. Morris of New York City re¬ ■ When they plan their trip to the Fairs, cently assumed his duties in they should also include a visit to that the Division of European Af¬ fascinating Capital city- Washington. Where fairs in connection with the history is written every day in the year, Departmental Committee on and historical spots remain to tell a visual Political Refugees. Mr. Mor¬ ris formerly served as Am¬ story of the eventful past. bassador Long’s Private Sec¬ retary in Rome in 1934 and THEY, TOO, WILL LIKE 1935 and subsequently was THE MAYFLOWER with the Institute of Pacific Relations in New York City. ■ Where its convenient location to the White House and other points of interest * -a # assures them a quick retreat to complete John M. Cabot, Second relaxation and comfort in its silently Air U. A. Johnson Secretary at Guatemala, vis¬ Conditioned Bedrooms, Restaurants and ited the Department in March on home leave before Lobbies. The world-famous cuisine of The proceeding to his home in Boston. Presidential Dining Room and the always- gay surroundings of The Mayflower Lounge, » * * combine with other modern services, to make Orray Taft, Jr., Vice Consul at Warsaw, and Mrs. their visit to Washington a delightful and Taft and their two chil¬ colorful one. dren arrived in New York Diplomatic discount extended City on the S.S. Washington to officers of the Foreign Service on April 14. After visiting in Washington on active fluty. the Department for several days Mr. Taft proceeded to WASHINGTON'S FINEST HOTEL Toronto to join his family in visiting Consul and Mrs. THE MAYFLOWER Warwick Perkins. They WASHINGTON, D. C. plan to spend home leave principally in Santa Barbara, R. L. POLLIO, MANAGER j. M. Cabot . 279 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

F. S. O.’s TRAINING SCHOOL VISITS PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE Our S§ The Foreign Service Officers’ Training School International Relations spent the whole day of March 23 as guests of the The Plaza is the Public Health Service, attending five lectures and warm friend of all one moving picture. The program was arranged by world travelers. . . . Dr. Roy P. Sandige. Perfection marks The moving picture presented the history of the every detail of ap¬ Public Health Service and the main divisions of the pointment, service Service today. Included among these divisions were and cuisine. A so¬ the following: Current Information on the Preva¬ cial center conven¬ lence of Communicable Diseases; Prevention of ient to everything Inter-State Spreading of Disease and the Control in town. Subway of Epidemics; Cooperation with State and Local at hotel direct to Health Authorities; Investigation of the Diseases of World’s Fair. Man; Medical Service in Federal Penal and Cor¬ A 25% discount from room rectional Institutions; and the Inspection of Immi¬ charges is allowed mem¬ grants Abroad. bers of the Foreign Service. The lectures were primarily intended to be of HENRY A. ROST Pres. & Managing Director assistance to Foreign Service Officers in maintain¬ ing their health under the varied and sometimes difficult conditions encountered by them and in¬ cluded general descriptions of the important dis¬ I^PLfl Z li eases, their diagnosis and treatment, the important Facing Central Park • FIFTH AVE. AT 59TH STREETAjl factors in their spread and control, together with much practical advice on special problems not strictly in the field of medicine but closely allied to it. The program constituted a full day’s lesson, Outstanding effectively presented, and designed to be not only informative but also to show how important to the Foreign Banking Facilities health authorities the intelligent investigation and reporting of a Foreign Service officer may be in a The foreign banking organization of The number of particular situations. Chase National Bank includes branches and representatives on three continents The list of lectures follows: supplemented by thousands of correspon¬ “Health Conditions in Latin America,” by Dr. dents. Branches are located in London, A. A. Moll, Secretary of the Pan American Sani¬ Havana, Panama, Cristobal, and San tary Bureau. Juan. In addition, the bank maintains “Personal Hygiene,” by Dr. Robert D. Wright, offices for its representatives in Rome, Assistant Surgeon, U.S.P.H.S. Berlin and Mexico City. Through an affiliate, The Chase Bank, branches are “Malaria,” by Dr. L. L. Williams, Senior Sur¬ operated in Paris, Shanghai, Hongkong geon, U.S.P.H.S. and Tientsin. “Infectious Diseases as Related to Immigration THE and Quarantine,” by Dr. C. L. Williams, Assistant Surgeon General, U.S.P.H.S. CHASE NATIONAL BANK “Mental Diseases as Related to Immigration.” OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK A general article on the work of the Public Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Health Service, both domestic and foreign, is be¬ ing prepared for the JOURNAL. 280 THE SECRETARY RECEIVES FOREIGN SERVICE SCHOOL The Secretary of State received the members of the Foreign Service School at 3 o’clock the after¬ noon of April 21 in the Diplomatic Reception Room. After being introduced to each officer and express¬ ing interest in the various posts at which they had served in their preliminary assignments, he stressed at the outset the importance to officers of good physical condition. He said that this generation found itself in the world at a most difficult time and that the work of the Service required a high degree of talent, courage and stamina. In the course of extended and interesting re¬ marks on the general trends of recent American foreign policy, the Secretary paid a compliment to the work of Foreign Service officers whose reports, he said, have enabled this Government to interpret developments abroad with a high degree of ac¬ curacy. NEWS FROM FIELD Friendly Hospitality (Continued from page 271) thoughtful service . . . utmost VALVE conducted by the Service in France, and special make these ships outstandingly popular with reference is due to Consul Wiley and his staff at seasoned travelers. Havre and Vice Consuls Gannett and Severe at Paris. Those, however, who carried on this work There are lots of things you’ll like about these ships, hut whether you’re returning from a stay abroad or just “on under actual war conditions and risked their lives your way over” you’ll want to travel in perfect comfort and in its accomplishment are the officers stationed get the utmost enjoyment out of your voyage. That’s where south of Perpignan who, if they had the time, could these ships can really toe the mark. They offer every luxury undoubtedly furnish front page news for the JOUR¬ and modern convenience—hospitality that’s sincere—large comfortable staterooms—grand food—service by a staff ex¬ NAL. EDWIN A. PLITT. pertly trained and really interested in seeing that you get what you want. These are a few of the many reasons why the Manhattan and ITashington are chosen, not once, but MONTEVIDEO again and again by experienced travelers. Their many friends could hardly credit the real¬ THE MANHATTAN AND WASHINGTON ity of the moment, when on the night of February are the largest and fastest passenger liners ever built in 1, after more than eight years of successful work, this country and as an American you’ll be proud of them. Mr. and Mrs. Leslie E. Reed waved farewell to On board there’s everything you could ask for—tiled swim¬ ming pool—gymnasium—acres of deck space—deck sports Montevideo from the river boat bearing them and —movies,—dancing every evening—and above all a congenial their daughter, Rosalind, to Ruenos Aires, whence crowd. You can “be yourself” and have a grand time. they are to depart almost immediately for Wash¬ ington en route to Athens, to which post Mr. Reed WEEKLY SAILINGS TO ALL EUROPE has been assigned as First Secretary and Consul Every Wednesday at noon a United States Liner sails General. direct to Ireland, England, France and Germany. Also The send-off, participated in by Uruguayans, “American One Class” liners direct to London and Liver¬ pool. Rates are low, too. official and unofficial, by diplomats, by British friends and by most of the American community, Ask your TRAVEL AGENT lor complete details. including the Minister and Mrs. Dawson and the whole of the “official family,” was but the conclu¬ sion of a series of demonstrations in honor of the Reeds, which left them spent from its intensity. United States Lines Omitting the innumerable private dinners, lunch¬ ONE BROADWAY, NEW YORK eons and cocktail parties given for them, it is felt Offices in Principal Cities 281 that two occasions in particular MEXICO should be specifically referred to by The following item from the Mex¬ way of indicating the high regard ico City Country Club News of Feb¬ in which the Reeds were held by all ruary 22 has been offered by the sections of the local community. Consul General, Mr. James B. Stew¬ The first was a luncheon given on art, in hopes of interesting partic¬ January 27 by the American Asso¬ ularly “the 109 Foreign Service offi¬ ciation, which was attended not only cers who play golf”: by all the Americans and their fam¬ Hybrid Lingo of Golf ilies but by the British Charge and There may be some doubt as to his wife and all of the more promi¬ whether golf is the most interna¬ nent British in Montevideo and tional game in the world, but there which was concluded, after the pres¬ can be little doubt that it has the entation of gifts from the Associa¬ most cosmopolitan vocabulary. Its tion and the American Women’s name is said to derive from The Club to Mr. and Mrs. Reed respec¬ Netherlands. “Dormy,” referring to tively, by everyone locking arms the supine or laggard player, seems and singing “Auld Lang Syne.” The to be a French contribution. “Foz- other was a “despedida” arranged Since Iasi July ihe American zle” comes from the German “fus- by some ladies of Uruguayan soci¬ Consulate at Pernambuco has cheln,” meaning to perform hastily ety two nights later and which was been installed on the top floor »r carelessly. “Mashie” is the French of the Sul American Building. held in the spacious and attractive The cornc*r office, marked bv “massue,” a club. “Caddie” is ap¬ gardens of the Miramar Hotel. This flag and seal, is the principal parently a corruption of the French dinner was a subscription, and officer’s room. Photo from “cadet,” though it comes into golf therefore a spontaneous affair, no W. N. Walmsley, Jr. by way of Edinburgh, where 200 invitations being issued. Not only years ago it was applied to the city’s was the diplomatic corps fully represented as well porters, chairmen and water-carriers. as Uruguayan socicety, but the Uruguayan Govern¬ ment in the persons of three Cabinet officers. Last LEIPZIG but of equal significance was the presentation to Mr. and Mrs. Reed on the part of the officers of the A group of American engineers visiting the Leip¬ Legation and Consulate General and their wives of zig Trade Fair, together with seven German engi¬ a set of black marble bookends upon which a pair neers representing important local industries, were of silver and gold gaucho spurs had been mounted, entertained at Tea on Friday, the 3rd of March, a remembrance which, it is hoped, will always recall 1939, at the home of Consul General and Mrs. to the Reeds the hospitable land where they made Ralph C. Busser in the Zoellner Strasse. This social their home for so many years and where their pres¬ gathering of an informal character afforded op¬ ence made a lasting impression in the hearts of their portunity for the friendly exchange of interesting in¬ associates and countless friends. formation and experiences in various fields of en¬ gineering, industry, and economics. The American REGINALD BRAGONIER, JR. engineers included Erik Oberg, Editor of “Ma¬ chinery,” Ernest E. Wachsmuth, Ph.D., and W. A. Schuyler, all of New York; Paul Howard Rosen¬ berg of Detroit, Mich.; and Milton B. Herbrick of Omaha, Nebraska, representing the International Harvester Company. American Consul General and Mrs. Ralph C. Busser entertained about 65 guests at their home in the Zoellner Strasse, Leipzig, on Friday evening, March 31st. The instrumental part of the musical program included Sonatas of Franck, Brahms and Debussy for the violin and piano, played by Miss Mary A. Cullmer, a brilliant young violinist and conductor of Indianapolis, Indiana, and by Herr Photo by Romeyn Wormuth Fritz Weitzmann, the well known pianist of Leip¬ A Pan American Float al the celebration ol’ Wash¬ ington’s birthday in Laredo, Texas, in which Mexican zig. Miss Marion Davies of Swansea, Wales, also officials participated. delightfully entertained the party with songs from 282 The GEOGRAPHIC

welcomes

TRAVEL NARRATIVES

Foreign Service Officers are invited to submit to the NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE factual accounts of travel ex¬ periences, accompanied by human-interest photographs. By thus helping The Maga¬ zine to present “a constant record of a changing world," yon can contribute to the reading pleasure of a million families. Enjoy the satisfaction of making this im¬ portant use of your geographic knowledge. Liberal payment is made for all narratives and pictures accepted for publication. Before preparing manuscripts it is ad¬ visable that you submit to the editor a brief outline of your proposed article.

THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Gilbert Grosvenor, Lxtt.D., LL.D., Editor A Norwegian Fisherman and His “Helping Hand” Pause WASHINGTON, D. C. for a Camera Portrait by A. B. Wilse

Purcell, Mozart, and Hugo Wolf. Among the guests LE DEJEUNER MENSUEL yvere Consul and Mrs. David H. Buffum, Vice Con¬ DU CORPS CONSULAIRE sul and Mrs. Paul M. Dutko, the consular officers of DE BORDEAUX Poland, Italy, Switzerland, Bulgaria, Ecuador and Haiti. Dr. and Mrs. H. Earle Blunt, Mr. and Mrs. Le corps consulaire de Bordeaux avait convie ses Milton B. Herbrick, Reichsgerichtspresident and membres et leurs invites a son habituel dejeuner Frau Dr. Bumke, Lieutenant General and Frau mensuel, hier samedi, au Restaurant de la Presse. Gabcke, Major and Frau Lutgen, Professor and Le repas, ordonne selon les rites de la meilleure Frau Driesch, Professor Litt. other German and tradition gastronomique, fut precede d’une allocu¬ American residents of Leipzig. tion etincelante de M. le docteur C.-F. Calamet, RALPH C. BUSSER. doyen du corps consulaire. Souhaitant la bienvenue a ses hotes, M. Calamet fit avec esprit un cours de BORDEAUX geograpliie culinaire qui divertit fort l’auditore et W. Perry George, Consul at Bordeaux, has sent fut salue par des applaudissements qui allerent the following clipping from ihe “Liberte du Sud- autant a Torateur qu’a l’homme au grand cceur et Ouest” of January 8, 1939, concerning one of the a la haute culture. regular consular luncheons. Mr. George says of Apres le repas, notre ami Philippe Henroit prit these luncheons “They have become an important la parole au nom des invites du corps consulaire. feature of Bordeaux life, and I have often heard En des phrases marquees au coin de l’humour le them commented upon by prominent Frenchmen plus sur, le depute de Bordeaux fit l’eloge de ce as something unique in this city, and rather ad¬ corps admirable oil triomphe, dans notre ville, cet mirable. We always have a number of guests, esprit qui, selon lui, constitue Tlnternationale de and there are usually a few speeches. Political l’amitie. discussions are taboues, and the greatest bonhomie On remarquait autour des tables la presence de prevails. Conversation is always animated and I MM. le docteur C. Calamet, consul general de have yet to see any one apparently not having a l’Uruguay, doyen du corps consulaire; Renaud- good time.” Dandicolle, consul general de Nicaragua, tresorier; 283 de Mesquita, secretaire, vice-consul du Bresil; Grange, consul general de Belgique; del Canil, consul de l’Argentine; Lima Barbosa, consul du Bresil; Perry George, consul des Etats-Unis d’Amerique; Border, consul d’Angleterre. . . . and over a dozen more.

BERGEN The American Club of Bergen held an entertain¬ ment and dance on the evening of Washington’s Birthday at the Hotel Rosenkrantz. It may be of interest to note the growth of the American Club during the past year. The club, which was started in 1936, is mainly composed of former American citizens who under present eco¬ nomic conditions find it easier to gain a livelihood in the land of their birth. As more people return from different parts of the United States to the Bergen district, they find the club a means of keep¬ ing in touch with each other and American thought. Thus the organization has had an active year. During the past months several dinners have been arranged, some quite elaborate, with fifty guests or more. A number of lectures and talks on appro¬ priate subjects have been given. During the sum¬ mer the dub played an important part in helping THE other organizations entertain large groups of visi¬ tors from the United States. It plans similar ac¬ tivities for the coming season. A Christmas-tree "AMERICAN WAY" party was attended in the afternoon by over sixty children—most of them born in the United States— For Passengers and Freight and in the evening by double as many adults. Offi¬ cers of naval boats then in port came as guests. TO AND FROM The clubs’ reading circle is thriving. The newest and best American books are obtained regularly THE and circulated. The club’s orchestra has learned to play American music, especially old American songs MEDITERRANEAN which are sometimes sung. The club has ordered from America two hundred song books for all¬ AND song evenings. The Star Spangled Banner is regu¬ larly played along with the Norwegian anthem at BLACK SEA every formal meeting—while the members stand and sing. ♦ It may be noted that Vice Consul Arnlioth G. Heltberg of the Bergen office was active in start¬ ing this movement. In a semi-official capacity he Home Office: keeps in touch with all club plans, projects and ar¬ rangements. The club usually has its entertainments AMERICAN EXPORT LINES in Bergen’s communal hotel, the Rosenkrantz, where 25 BROADWAY - - - NEW YORK smartly furnished rooms are available. The Con¬ sulate has loaned flags for these gatherings and on European Headquarters: the occasion of last evening, its framed picture of VIA GARIBALDI, 3 - - GENOA, ITALY George Washington. N. P. D. 284 A Flame Three Centuries Old There is burning today at Pontoise, France, a flame that was lit by the inhabitants three hun¬ dred years ago. Pontoise is now' a serene suburb of Paris, eighteen miles northwest of the center of the city. Three hundred years ago it was a mere small isolated capital of an arrondissment of the Department of Seine-et-Oise, but if you will read the article concerning it in the Ency¬ clopedia Britannica (which by the way is silent in regard to the flame) you will find that centuries before the flame was lit Pontoise could well boast its own spherule of French history. Late in December, 1938, the Pontoise flame was taken out of its place of keeping for its symbolic annual parade about the principal streets of the town. Local people and visitors went to see this great, undying symbol of gratitude brought out into the open for public view at least once a year. They like to have it rejuvenate in them the realization that it was the few survivors of a deadly malady, who vowed three hundred years ago to light it and to keep it indefinitely burning. They like to have it remind them of the progress that has been made in medical science for their present and future protection, since that long, long ago when the best medicos failed to find a way to combat the malady which, peradventure, gave to Pontoise its own remedy by finally dying out. But wherever man exists he must have his ways to earn his bread, and while living the most energetic and enterprising among them always seek to employ the best means available to them to improve their commerce, even to the use of sacred as well as profane spectacles fur¬ nishing opportunities to advertise their goods. This is as true of the merchants of Pontoise as it is of those of Oberammergau, Germany, where the great Passion Play is intended to be staged every ten years in keeping with a vow made in 1633 by the people of that village, also in gratitude for liberation from a severe affliction that spread 73 branches in Greater New York, 70 death among them; and the makers of merchant¬ overseas offices in 24 countries and able things at Pontoise eagerly fall into the an¬ correspondent banks in every com¬ nual parade with the choicest exhibits of their mercially important city in the world. wares. For the flame of three hundred years three can¬ dles were lit. Therefore, in fact, there are sup¬ THE NATIONAL CITY BANK posed to be three flames three centuries old. Each OF NEW YORK candle under the vow must weigh the equivalent "Your personal representative throughout the world" of about twenty-five pounds and as fast as one burns down near to finality another is lit from Head Office: 55 Wall Street the same flame. It all envisages profound grati¬ Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation tude still affluently extant at least two full cen- 285 turies after the demise of all who conceived the salt which was moved every night a little nearer theme. the tree. The salt is well dug into the earth to WILLIAM E. CHAPMAN. defeat the thieving natives who are just as fond of it as are the wild animals which consume 60 lbs. of salt at night. Situated almost on the equator 12 miles from WALDO E. BAILEY. , Colony, East Africa, which lies at the foot of Ml. Kenya (17,040 ft.), is a bungalow hotel nestling high in the boughs of an immense tree Mrs. Leland W. King has written this pictur¬ overlooking a water hole where come to drink esque account of a Christmas party: rhinoceros, giant forest hogs, elephants, leopards, Norway looked like a great beautiful Christmas wild pigs, waterbucks, hyenas, duikers, baboons, card anyway, with the snow clinging in deep white bushbucks, monkeys and other forest animals. clouds to every fir and housetop in the country. “Treetops,” altitude 8,530 ft., which consists of But you’d forget the outside setting and the fact 3 bedrooms with electric light and running water, that it was a record-breaking day in Oslo—the is the quietest and probably the most expensive coldest in two years—the moment the big doors hotel in the world, considering the amount of space of the American Legation swung open to the allotted to its guests. The rates for one night vary guests of Mrs. Harriman, American Minister to from about $50.00 to $15.00 a person, depending Norway, on Christmas day. on the size of the party, the maximum being 6. If Blazing logs in the fireplace, flashes of red from rhinos or elephants are not seen, half of the charges the poinsettias, sparkles of silver from the decora¬ is returned. Visitors to “Treetops” motor from the tive bells, loops of pungent evergreen and dangles excellent Outspan Hotel at Nyeri not later than of mistletoe made the great hall and the long noon, travel 11 miles through fascinating country, living room a merry setting for the excited laughter of the children, and for the holiday greetings of the grown-up guests. Only a tall towered cake topped with a Nor¬ wegian and an American flag, dishes of ice cream, and bottles of bright orange squash spread on a Christmassy table cloth in the Minister’s study could have lured the children away from the tree, and then they were so content that they didn’t mind being bundled off home so that the grown-ups party could begin. During the gaiety of the dinner table chatter and the enthusiasm of drinking the health of the President of the United States and of the King of Norway, the cathedral strains of an organ be¬ gan to dominate the happy sounds, and the young boys of the St. Olaf’s choir filed around the table. When the choir had taken its place beside the organ, which had been well concealed behind a Treetops Hotel, Kenya screen, one of the great moments of any Christ¬ mas party—anywhere, ever—began: Fifty-five walk 1 mile through jungle and return after break¬ beautifully trained young voices caroling “Silent fast the next day. Warm clothes and rubber soled Night,” etc., etc. shoes are required. An expert white hunter guides The unforgettable quality about this Christmas the party. party—that certain something which sent everyone From a bedroom reached by a 30-foot ladder the away with a lift of gladness in his heart—was a guest can see and observe the ways and habits of spirit which defies description, a spirit of love big and small game. The only shooting done is and happiness engendered in the very air. Each by camera. guest felt it, and though no one quite found words The ideal tree selected for the construction of to express his appreciation, at least everyone “Treetops” was some way off the beaten track to knew where this unusual glow had originated. It the wTater hole where the animals drank so the was like leaving the very spirit of Christmas to course was cunningly changed by laying a trail of say good-night to Mrs. Harriman. 286 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL For fast, accurate and reliable telegraph service to Central and South America and to the West Indies, send your messages — via dll dmerica tTlackay Commercial Hadio Cables Tostal Telegraph

THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM

Cablegrams “via All America” may be sent from any Postal Telegraph Office

ALL AMERICA CABLES AND RADIO, INC. Main Office: 67 Broad Street, New York 287 FIELD CORRESPONDENTS

The Editors of the JOURNAL are now giving their &entente attention to a revision of the list of field corres¬ pondents and are communicating with various offie- C^orcliaie cers in the field requesting them to serve in this The Savoy-Plaza has capacity. 11 is hoped that those being approached in a diplomatic service this matter will give it every consideration and find of its own. Luxurious it possible to take on the work of sending in news rooms . . . delectable from the territories allotted to them. In line with food ... sparkling en¬ our desire to print as much interesting news as pos¬ tertainment are its sible on the Service as a whole, it is essential to have envoys of cheery the aid of the officers in the field. It has been pro¬ comfort. Smart shops, posed that a full list of those officers who agree to theatres, subway to act as field correspondents be published each month. World's Fair nearby. The cooperation extended by officers who have A 25% discount from room served in the capacity of field correspondents in the charges is allowed members past is greatly appreciated by the JOURNAL staff. of the Foreign Service. Plan to make the Savoy- Plaza your headquarters dur¬ ing your visit to World's Fair. Henry A. Rost, JOURNAL INDEX Managing Director George Suter, Resident Manager The editors wish to announce that the 1938 Index to Volume 15 of the JOURNAL has been printed and is available to all subscribers of the JOURNAL upon request addressed to the Editor of the JOURNAL at SAVOY- PLAZA the Department of State. Overlooking Central Park FIFTH AVE., 58th to 59th Sts., NEW YORK LACONRA, PORT OF NON-ENTRY (Continued from page 254) To the Joreign Service Officers plenish supplies we were literally down to our last crumbs. of the United States Starting before daylight the morning following our arrival at Aben, we reached Laconra well be¬ ♦ fore noon. This village is strategically located on the banks of the Salween at the junction of THE UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND GUAR¬ the pilgrim route over the Dokerla and the main ANTY COMPANY puts at your disposal its serv¬ trail which follows the Salween. As it is only a ice in writing your bond. Special attention few stages from the Chinese border by either route, is given to the requirements of Foreign Serv¬ it has a certain importance as a port of entry and I was told that there might even be a small gar¬ ice Officers. Our Washington office specializes rison of troops there. It was something of a in this service. shock, therefore, to find that the “village” con¬ ♦ sisted of one house, a temple, and a stupa closely resembling a large whitewashed Benedictine bottle. UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND The total population when we arrived was two, GUARANTY COMPANY an almost mummified deaf and blind priest and Lee H. Bowen, Manager a very old but very active woman. We had rather hoped to pass through Laconra 1415 K ST., N. W., WASHINGTON, D. C. with little delay, pausing only for a meal. But Telephone—National 0913 we had reckoned without the old woman who, as the only actively functioning inhabitant in at¬ Write for your copy of the "Insurance Guide.” tendance, felt herself charged with the combined duties of immigration official, customs inspector and policeman. Enthusiastically assuming these 288 multiple responsibilities she informed us with emphasis that we could not proceed up the Sal¬ ween, farther into Tibet, but that we must go TODAY IT’S STILL down the river back into China. “So, only an old woman guards the gate to forbidden Tibet,” I thought, “how fortunate for me.” Giving vent to a literal “poo poo, Old The First Woman” I motioned the coolies on and prepared to continue up the river. But the coolies thought differently, they dropped their loads and refused to budge. Their position, gradually clarified in the course of the lengthy discussions which en¬ Service Of sued, was somewhat as follows. If they obeyed my orders and continued up river with me, sol¬ diers would be sent to pursue us (by whom and from where wasn’t clear) and before we had gone a day’s march they would overtake us, tie us up Its Kind! and beat us to death, a process which the coolies were sure I would enjoy no more than they. Even if, by some chance, we managed to avoid the soldiers, the next time the coolies came that way (they earned their living by carrying salt from the wells above Laconra to the saltless country below) they would certainly be seized and put to death. By the time this had been made clear the Old Woman’s son and the titular head of the village had arrived and added his approval to Old Woman’s stand. As there seemed to be no way to circumvent an order so effectively supported by a sit down strike, I was, without benefit of vio¬ lence or show of force, effectually prevented from penetrating further into Tibet. So plans were THE MAKERS of Gargoyle Industrial changed under duress and I decided to go down Lubricants were the first to recognize the Salween a ways, cross over to the upper Irra¬ that “Correct Lubrication” meant more waddy basin and continue down to the railhead in than just good oil... the first to establish a Burma, 700 miles north of Rangoon. special engineering staff to work with plant By the time Old Woman had finished changing men on individual problems... to help them our plans for us a party of Tibetans from some¬ apply oils in the right way! where on their way to somewhere else had ap¬ peared and had halted to prepare a meal. So we Today, Socony-Vacuum’s Engineering Serv¬ all settled down to eat and enjoy a taste of gre¬ ice is by far the most popular in the oil industry! garious life at the crossroads. The Tibetans being It’s popular because it’s practical! Based in need of tea, 1 kindly sold them two pieces (it on Socony-Vacuum’s 72 years’ experience, is compressed into mushroom shaped bricks) for it has proved time and time again that it twice as much as I had paid for them a few weeks helps cut costs and increase plant efficiency. previously. Making the most of the opportunity for trade one of the other members of the party exerted his best efforts to sell an extra tsube (the Tibetan national garment) to one of my coolies. Finally, after innumerable bowls of butter tea had been consumed, a deal was consummated which involved several other people and the trans¬ fer not only of the tsuba but also of more tea, some silver dollars, a blanket and a knife and S0C0NY-VACUUM OILCO.Jnc. 289 chopstick set, this latter falling to me. ence with Tibetan immigration procedure, how¬ During this eat and trade session several other ever. As we were peacefully eating our evening odds and ends of humanity had wandered in in¬ meal the headman of the village appeared and cluding a lone unfortunate Chinese trader with a announced that I could not leave Tibet unless 1 mule load of tea and cotton yarn. The officious had an “official paper” (he would probably have Old Woman and son searched him and his load called it an exit visa if the Tibetan language con¬ thoroughly but allowed him to proceed on up the tained such a term). river after exacting what appeared to be an ex- “All right, if I can’t leave your country, to¬ horbitant transit morrow we’ll go on tax (or perhaps it back up the river,” was an inspection I answered. fee). By mid-after¬ “Oh, no, for¬ noon, when we eigners are not al¬ were ready to lowed to go far¬ move on, the town ther into Tibet.” looked almost like “Very well then, the important we’ll rest here for place it was re¬ a few days.” puted to be, even “Oh no, you the old priest had can’t do that either become mildly ani¬ because foreigners mated and started are not allowed to chanting his pray¬ stay here.” ers. The last we Apparently the heard of Laconra only course left as we left the town open to me was to behind us was the evaporate into thin tinkling of the lit¬ air. But it soon de¬ tle bell with which veloped, of course, h e accompanied that for a “small his chanting. consideration” the We pitched exit visa require¬ camp on the banks ment could prob¬ of the river a few ably be waived. miles downstream Negotiations and spent the re¬ dragged on into maining waking the next morning hours rehashing but finally several the gossip, admir¬ bricks of tea, a ing the recent pur¬ small flashlight and a pair of sun chases and nursing Pyramids of prayer-stones futile resentment glasses purchased against the obstructive Old Woman. our release and we went on to spend the night about Another two days saw us at Sonta, a small halfway up the pass. The next day we scrambled village on the Salween just above the entrance to up to the summit which marked the completion of a high and precipitous gorge through which the one stage of a journey which ended some six river flows. As there is no passable trail through weeks later, as far as primitive travel is con¬ this gorge, if one wants to continue on downriver cerned, at Myitkyina, the railhead in Burma. he must leave the stream and cross a 12,000 foot After a last look at Tibet we literally slid down pass, the Sonlonla, a few miles inland. This the steep mountainside into China, feeling a cer¬ pass, at the foot of which lies Sonta, marks the tain satisfaction at having had a glimpse of the Sino-Tibetan border on the Salween. We camped forbidden land and heaving a sigh of relief at on the outskirts of the village and prepared for having escaped relatively unscathed the toils of an early start the next day, when we expected to what is undoubtedly one of the world’s strictest, cross the pass and get back into Chinese controlled most efficient and yet simplest systems of immigra¬ territory. I was still to have one more experi¬ tion control. 290 The American Legation at Ciudad Trujillo

By FREDERICK LARKIN, Department of State

The American Legation now under construction at Ciudad Trujillo.

Shown above is a reproduction of the architect’s and takes advantage to the utmost of both the sea perspective of the new residence for the Minister to and the off-shore breezes. the Dominican Republic, at Ciudad Trujillo. The With the most willing and courteous cooperation building is now under construction, a prominent of the Dominican Department of Agriculture and Dominican engineer, Senor J. C. Alfonseca L., hav¬ the Experimental Station of the U. S. Department ing secured the contract. It is expected the work of Agriculture at Mayaguez, P. R., many studies will be completed early next Spring. have been made of the hundreds of decorative Dominican trees, shrubs and flowers available for In addition to the residence there is also being beautifying the Legation property, and the land¬ erected on the Government-owned property a new scape architects expect that the grounds, when they office structure to house the Chancery and Con¬ are completed, will be a beautiful exposition of in¬ sulate in modern and comfortable fireproof quarters. digenous Dominican flora. A much needed and The Government’s property in Ciudad Trujillo is very practical item in the landscape design is the well placed in the finest residential section of the swimming pool; the fine location of this shows in Capital; with a frontage of over 400 feet on the the perspective, along with a portion of the guest important Calle Cesar Nicolas Penson, it rises at a cabana adjoining it. gentle slope to the residence terrace about a thou¬ Another very desirable feature of the whole sand feet from the street and nearly 50 feet above project at Ciudad Trujillo will be the erection and it. This situation provides commanding views of furnishing complete of an attractive and adequate the beautiful Dominican country-side and the sea, residence for one of the Secretaries. 291 SUEZ instance, comformable to the general interests, and surely any infringement of Article LI—inadmissible in law and (Continued from page 261) dangerous in fact—would not fail to give rise to sharp or to those nationalities interested in the use of that diplomatic reactions. waterway. In the semiofficial statement of the Com¬ “All such considerations are lost sight of by those who ingenously suggest that British Government should divide pany issued in Paris on January 7, 1939, to which up their shares among 706 mandatories, forgetting that, reference has previously been made, it was observed: under Article XLIV and XLV of the articles of association, “According to its Statutes, the international character of the general meeting is made up by all the shareholders own¬ its Board was intended to correspond to the countries ing at least 25 shares, and that no one is entitled to repre¬ which participated in the Capital risks of building and sent a shareholder at the meeting unless he is himself maintaining the Canal.” a member. Neither directly nor indirectly can the statutory The Directors of the Company are elected at the maximum of ten votes be exceeded.” (Wilson, The Suez annual stockholders’ meeting for a period of eight Canal, p. 163.) years (Article 26 of the Statutes) and each must To these observations of the Chairman of the possess at least one hundred shares of stock (Article Suez Canal Company, Sir Arnold Wilson has ap¬ 28). Stockholders may participate in the annual pended this comment of his own: meeting only if they possess at least twenty-five “This statement does not challenge but rather confirms shares of stock (Article 44). They are entitled to the view that the British Government could legally divest itself of its shareholding, by disposing of them in parcels one vote for each twenty-five shares owned by them, of 250 shares at current market rates to some 700 holders, but no stockholder may exercise more than ten individuals or corporate bodies interested in the traffic votes (Article 51). It is for these reasons that through the Canal who could,- if they voted in agreement Great Britain, while the largest single holder of with each other, exercise through their 7,000 votes a con¬ stock in the Company, nevertheless possesses a trolling voice at General meetings.” minority position on the Board. In 1937 an agreement was concluded between the Concerning Great Britain’s stock holding rela¬ Egyptian Government and the Suez Canal Company tionship to the Suez Canal Company, Sir Arnold which provided notably for the payment of an an¬ Wilson quotes the following from a memorandum nual royalty of LE 300,000 ($1,500,000) by the of the Marquis de Vogue: Company to the Egyptian Government and the “In her dealings with the Company, Great Britian can appointment of two Egyptian Directors on the Com¬ only act in the capacity of a shareholder. This the British pany’s Board. Concerning the last mentioned pro¬ Government has always thoroughly understood. Under vision it may be noted that the agreement provided Article LI of the Articles of association, one and the same that two seats on the existing Board should be re¬ shareholder is only entitled to command ten votes at the general meeting. This provision common to many leading served for Egyptian members and that, if in the concerns is obviously due to the desire to avoid the unre¬ future the number of Directors of the Company stricted preponderance of should be increased, what are frequently called one of the new seats ‘the big shareholders.’ “Lesseps wanted a uni¬ would be reserved for versal company of which an Egyptian. While it no State, no one body, no was expressly stated individual magnate could possibly became the sole that the choice of mem¬ chief. The British Gov¬ bers of the Board was ernment, by purchasing the the sole right of the shares belonging to the Company, it was Khedive, strictly inherited the rights of that ruler, agreed that there whose approval of the arti¬ should be submitted to cles of association has the Egyptian Govern¬ sanctioned the restriction ment in the first place specified in Article LI. Failing such restrictions, a list of the Egyptian the preponderance of some nominees. In actual one partner was to be practice, the Egyptian feared, a particularly grave Government has cho¬ risk in the case of the American Consulate at Aden operation of a great sea sen the Egyptian mem¬ route. bers. “By ‘cornering’ the shares, any one Government—not Ratification of the agreement by the Egyptian necessarily the British Government, might have acquired Government in Journal Officiel No. 73 of August 9, exclusive control of the concern, contrary to the wishes both of the Viceroy of Egypt and the founder of the Com¬ 1937, gave Egypt for the first time since 1880 a pany. The limitation of the power to vote is, in the present financial return from the operations of the Canal 292 THEODORE ROOSEVELT

TO

FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT

WM. HOWARD TAFT WOODROW WILSON WARREN G. HARDINC CALVIN COOLIDGE 1905 1939

PHOTOGRAPHING NATIONAL NOTABLES FOR THIRTY-FOUR YEARS

HARRIS & EWING 1313 F Street, N. W. Washington, D. C,

Phone NAtional 8700

293 Company. According to the original Act of Con¬ “Since 1883 the increase in dividends has given the cession of 1854, the Egyptian Government was to shareholders L59,000,000, while the reduction in dues has given the shipowners L60,000,000. Since 1920 the share¬ receive fifteen percent of the profits of the Company, holders have received an increase in dividends of L13,700,- ten percent was to go to the holders of founders’ 000 and the shipowners have gained Lll,700,000 by reduc¬ shares, and seventy-five percent to the stockholders. tion of dues; hut since 1913 the shareholders have received Article 63 of the Statutes reduced the proportion L2,400,000 less in dividends than if the 1913 dividend had to the stockholders to seventy percent I increased to been maintained.” (Wilson, The Suez Canal, p. 130). seventy-one percent in 1871) and allotted three per¬ The Association, in their reply expressing dis¬ cent to the Directors (reduced to two percent in appointment with Lord Inchcape’s letter, empha¬ 1871) and two percent to an employees’ benefit sized among other things that ordinary shareholders fund. In 1880, however, the Egyptian share of the of the Company were to receive for each 250 franc profits was transferred in perpetuity by the Egyp¬ share a dividend of 577 francs of 1930 as compared tian Government to the Credit Foncier de France in with 530 francs for 1929. (Wilson, p. 157). In part satisfaction of debt, and was in turn sold to a 1937 the dividend was 561 francs (which would French Societe civile (administered by the Com- represent a return of 3.13 percent on an investment ptoir National d’Escompte) for 22,000,000 francs. at current share quotations.) The quid, pro quo of the agreement of 1937 to the The conflict between users of the Canal and the Canal Company was the issuance by the Egyptian stockholders has been described by Sir Arnold Wil¬ Government of a decree on April 23, 1936, modify¬ son as in essence a question whether a monopolist ing Article 17 of the Supplementary Act of Con¬ company is “entitled to distribute huge dividends at cession of 1856 (which fixed the Canal tolls at ten the expense of those who make use of its services francs for freight and passengers) to permit the and of those whom its clients serve?” Egyptian Minister of Finance to fix the maximum The interests of the nineteen French directors, tolls not to exceed the equivalent piasters of who constitute a majority of the Board, are directed, 3.278875 grams of pure gold. This modification as the principal private stockholders, towards obtain¬ was made necessary by the promulgation of the ing as great a return as possible from the Com¬ Egyptian decree of May 2, 1935, voiding gold pany’s investment. In recent years the directors clauses in foreign currencies in Egypt and thereby have received annually some .$15,000 to $20,000 casting doubt upon the legal right of the Company each as their share of the 2 percent of the net profits to impose tolls at more than ten paper francs. reserved for directors. This is exclusive of liberal expense allowances as well as of the dividends re¬ Suez Canal tolls are at present five shillings nine ceived by each director from his own shareholdings. pence or 28.030 Egyptian piasters per net registered The Egyptian directors are likewise interested in ton for loaded vessels (half the amount for vessels preserving the profit-making character of the enter¬ in ballast) and the same amount per passenger. prise. An interpretation of the attitude of the British These tolls were introduced as of December 15, directors on the Board of the Company was set 1938, and represented a reduction of tolls from forth in the letter already referred to of Lord those previously introduced on April 1, 1937, which Inchcape in which he stated: in turn represented a reduction from the tolls made “Interested in shipping as the majority of the British effective on June 1, 1936. The report of the Com¬ directors are, they must at the same time as directors of pany for the year 1937 noted that before the re¬ the Company have regard to all the interests involved. The duction on December 15, 1938, the dues of the last reduction (of dues) in September (1930) was obtained at the instance of the British directors, whose representa¬ Panama Canal were only sixty percent of those of tions were met in a spirit of acquiescence on the part of the Suez Canal Company. their French colleagues.” The Suez Canal tolls have for long been a subject Bibliographical Note of complaint on the part of shipowners and par¬ ticularly of British shipping interests, the greatest The two principal works in English on the Suez users of the Canal. In 1931 the Liverpool Stem- Canal are Sir Arnold Wilsons “The Suez Canal,” ship Owners’ Association estimated that the Suez London, 1933, in which chief emphasis is placed on Canal dues amounted to upwards of fourteen per¬ the economic and commercial aspects of that water¬ cent of the value of gross freights passing through way, and Charles W. Hallbergs’ “The Suez Canal,” the Canal in 1931. (Wilson, The Suez Canal, page New York, 1931, which is devoted to the history 129). In response to a plea from the Association and diplomatic importance of the canal. The two for a reduction in dues, Lord Inchcape, Chairman works, therefore, are essentially complementary. A of the London Committee of the Suez Canal Com¬ study of prime importance also is a pamphlet en¬ pany, in a letter subsequently published in the titled “The Suez Canal and League Sanctions” by Times of May 13, 1931, replied: Raymond Leslie Buell published in Geneva Special 294 Studies, vol. VI, No. 3, 1935, by the Geneva Re¬ The World’s Fair in New York and the Golden search Center, Geneva, Switzerland. Some of the in¬ Gate Exposition of San Francisco have also co¬ terpretive comment in this pamphlet, however, is operated, as have a large number of steamship, subject to revision, notably in the light of the de¬ airway and railway lines, service clubs, periodicals, bates in the British House of Commons on matters hotels, and other organizations, both national and touching upon the Canal, particularly the debates international. of October 22, 1935, arid May 8, 1936. Certain of the pamphlet’s conclusions would also need to be FROM THE ART DIGEST FOR FEBRUARY, 1939. modified in the light of the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of Alliance of August 26, 1936. Jefferson Patterson took a bit of his native America with him when he sailed recently for Ger¬ many to assume his duties as First Secretary of the NATIONAL FOREIGN TRADE WEEK American Embassy at Berlin. Just previous to de¬ parture Mr. Patterson acquired from the circulating The Foreign Commerce Department of the Cham¬ galleries of the Dayton Art Institute five paintings ber of Commerce of the United States has made by three contemporary artists—Edward Burroughs, extensive plans for “National Foreign Trade Week.” Roy Mason and Dale Nichols—to hang in his Berlin which will be held May 21 to 27. residence. At many foreign posts American Foreign Ser¬ None of the paintings is in the extreme modern vice officers have been instructed to assist in every idiom now under quarantine in Nazi Germany. possible and appropriate way in the efforts of the Three are oils by Dale Nichols, Chicago artist local American Chambers of Commerce in those whose important End of the Hunt has just entered countries to celebrate “National Foreign Trade the Hearn Collection of the Metropolitan Museum. Week.” Last year such cooperation was similarly Purchased in conjunction with the Macbeth Gal¬ extended to groups of American business men over¬ leries of New York, they are titled While the Sun seas participating in the Week. There are 37 Amer¬ Shines (not so sharply defined as the artists’ usual ican Chambers of Com¬ work I, Green Fields and merce located in 20 dif¬ The Three Hunters. The ferent foreign countries. other two are w'ater col¬ The Department of ors, Beach Looking To¬ State has made avail¬ ward Cape Henry by able to participants in Edward Burroughs and “National Foreign Trade No Duck Bay by Roy Week” copies of its Mason. Burroughs, dean ‘‘Trade Agreements of the Dayton Art Insti¬ Map,” which was pub¬ tute School, painted lished on page 90 of the the Cape Henry view February issue of the while in Virginia last JOURNAL. Further data summer. on American foreign “Mr. Patterson select¬ trade, prepared by the ed those paintings,’’com¬ Chamber of Commerce of the United States, is ments the Dayton Jour¬ presented on page 274 nal-Herald, “not only be¬ of the present issue. cause he wishes them for personal possessions but The Pan American also because he believes Union has prepared them worthy of repre¬ special literature in con¬ senting his country’s art. nection with the Week, They will have a wide in historical and other audience, for the resi¬ cultural fields as well dence of the First Secre¬ as that of trade; and tary is, in a sense, a it has made available a world crossways, and number of motion pic¬ citizens of all nations ture films. Ambassador Daniels and Mr. Connie Mack are guests.” 295 JHF pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

A POLITICAL BOOKSHELF (Continued from page 273) tion. This denied in a functional, as distinguished from a territorial sense, the claim of the revolu¬ tionary leaders and their followers to speak for all mankind.” The authors state that already there are groups w'hich claim that if the revolutionary elite in France spoke for the “rights of man” and pre¬ dominantly benefited the bourgeoisie, the revolu¬ tionary elite in Russia spoke for the “proletariat” and predominantly benefited the skilled groups, which is a layer of the bourgeoisie. The authors argue that it is highly improbable, based upon historical parallels, that world unity will occur by incorporation of all states within the U.S.S.R. But concerning the probability that the elite which seizes power at a world center will fall short of world domination, they state that such does not imply a generalization that all elements FOREIGN and DOMESTIC of what was earlier called “the world revolutionary REMOVALS in safe steel lift pattern” will fall short of almost universal diffusion. vans, wooden vans or cases. The ensuing remarks of the authors are of suffi¬ cient interest to warrant quotation in full: “We must distinguish the original world revolu¬ tionary pattern of the revolutionary center from the world revolutionary pattern of the epoch. The first (the original center pattern) is no doubt destined to be restricted; the second (the epoch pattern I is moving towards universality among the major powers. “If we look back at the French case, we plainly see in the perspective of subsequent happenings that many of the innovations in symbol and prac¬ tice which took place within the borders of France also appeared beyond France, without formal affiliation of the other states with the eruptive center. That is, practices concerning the relation¬ ship of governments to economic processes which favored the rise of the bourgeoisie at the expense of the aristocracy became more and more uni¬ versal during the nineteenth century, although the STORAGE of household effects, world remained separated into independent states. The same may be said for a series of other prac¬ Works of Art, furniture, office tices (universal suffrage, supremacy of legisla¬ records and private automobiles. tures over executives, etc.) as well as for certain symbols (‘rights of man’). In all of these cases the connection between them and the elite of the eruptive center of revolution in France was sev¬ ered. It is evident, too. that the most extreme features of the original revolutionary pattern did not persist, even in France. “What are the features of the Russian center of world revolution which are also components of the world revolution pattern of our entire epoch? Perhaps one may attribute a preeminent place to the moderation of income differences by the abolition of private ownership of the instru- 296 mentalities of production (unaccompanied by re¬ instatement of differences of the same magnitude within governmentally controlled enterprises). Possibily another pattern is the increasing gov- ernmentalization of organized social life. An¬ WOODWARD & LOTHROP other is the predominance of a party with privi¬ 10th, 11th, F and G Streets leged status. (This is less likely to universalize than the two patterns mentioned before.) The Washington, D. C., U. S. A. SovietUnion is a party bureaucratic state, because the most influential elite is composed of special¬ ists on party propaganda and party organization. "A Store Worthy of the Nation’s Capital" Under certain conditions a military bureaucratic slate (garrison state) may arise (in Japan, for example) in which the most influential elite is composed of specialists on violence. It is prob¬ able that in the present epoch transitions to both of these state-forms would be accompanied by moderation of income differences.” The authors conclude: Let Us Do Your “The chief role of Communist propaganda (in the U. S. A.)* was to crystallize the conflicts Spring and Summer between diffusion and restriction tendencies in relation to the Russian center of the latest wave Shopping in the States of world revolution. Propaganda did not create many of the profound ideological and material differences which it did so much to bring before the collective focus of attention; propaganda ac¬ There are perhaps little gadgets you have celerated the intensification of these conflicts. In this sense the chief function of the Third Interna¬ had in mind for some time, or gifts you tional in America has been to expedite the rejec¬ want to send to friends or relatives, or tion of the Russian revolution (i.e. the original things for yourself and your home for center pattern).** It was not sufficiently men¬ acing, however, to stimulate greatly the appear¬ Spring and Summer—all things you usually ance of an American version of the world revolu¬ find difficult to get. tionary pattern of the epoch. ’ It is much to be hoped that the authors will The simple solution is to make out your persevere in what is almost an untouched field and will publish a second volume on Communist tactics list and mail to Mrs. Tolson, and she will and methods of propaganda subsequent to 1934, do her utmost to find just what you have since during the last five years propaganda has been developed in a new and more effective manner. in mind. Please do not forget to men¬ Although Nazi propaganda has been covered by tion age, sizes, color preferences, approxi¬ the Bulletin of the Institute for Propaganda An¬ mate prices you wish to pay, and any other alysis and by other more popular periodicals, there is still room for a basic study by Professor Lasswell pertinent information which will enable us and his collaborator of rightist totalitarism propa¬ to shop for you to better advantage. ganda (both Nazi and Fascist) in this country. SELDEN CHAPIN.

Address your communications to Wood¬ ward & Lothrop, Washington, D. C., U.S.A.; attention Mrs. Marion Tolson.

297 Foreign Service Changes

The following changes have occurred in the For¬ , has been designated Second Secretary of the eign Service since March 11, 1939: Embassy at Lima. Garrett G. Ackerson of Hackensack, New Jersey, Ware Adams of Savannah, Georgia, now as¬ American Consul and Third Secretary of the Amer¬ signed to the Department of State, has been desig¬ ican Legation at Budapest, Hungary, has been nated Third Secretary of the American Embassy designated Second Secretary of the Legation and at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. will continue to serve in a dual capacity. The assignment of W. Leonard Parker of Syra¬ William M. Cramp of Philadelphia, Pennsyl¬ cuse, New York, as American Vice Consul at Tokyo, Japan, has been cancelled. Mr. Parker will vania, American Consul and Third Secretary of the American Legation at Tegucigalpa, Honduras, has remain as American Vice Consul at Rangoon, been designated Second Secretary of the Legation Burma. and will continue to serve in a dual capacity. The assignment of Robert C. Strong of Beloit, Archibald E. Gray of Bethlehem. Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, as American Vice Consul at Prague, American Consul and Third Secretary of the Amer¬ Bohemia, has been cancelled. Mr. Strong has now ican Legation at Helsinki, Finland, has been desig¬ been assigned American Vice Consul at Frankfort- on-Main, Germany. nated Second Secretary of the Legation and will continue to serve in a dual capacity. Non-Career Norris B. Chipman of District of Columbia, Carl 0. Hawthorne of Missouri, American Vice American Consul and Third Secretary of the Amer¬ Consul at Tsingtao, China, has been appointed ican Embassy at Moscow, U.S.S.R., has been desig¬ American Vice Consul at Tsinan, China. nated Second Secretary of the Embassy and will William N. Carroll of North Caroline, American continue to serve in a dual capacity'. Vice Consul at Birmingham, England, has been ap¬ William P. Cochran, Jr., of Wayne, Pennsylvania, pointed American Vice Consul at Southampton, Third Secretary of the American Embassy at Lima, England.

TRADE AGREEMENT NOTES Trade Agreement Concluded with Turkey Foreign Trade for the first two months of 1939 A trade agreement between the United States and United States exports were valued at 431 million Turkey was signed at Angara on April 1, pro¬ dollars for the first two months of 1939. Exports to claimed on April 5, and will come into effect pro¬ agreement countries amounted to 254 million dol¬ visionally on May 5. lars. Total trade represented a decrease from the corresponding period of 1938, but the decrease was Foreign Service Training School less to the agreement than to non-agreement coun¬ tries. Exports to 17 of the agreement countries in¬ Officers of the Trade Agreements Division ad¬ creased for the first two months of 1939 over 1938. dressed the Foreign Service Officers’ Training Imports for January and February 1939 totaled School during the month of April on the following 336 million dollars. This was a one percent increase topics: over the corresponding months of 1938. Imports 1. The trade-agreements program and its place from trade-agreement countries amounted to 197 in American and world affairs; million dollars. Imports increased from a majority 2. Trade-agreements organization and proced¬ of the agreement countries. ure; Agreement with Czechosolvakia Suspended 3. The unconditional most - favored - nation On March 23 the President by proclamation policy; suspended the operation of the trade agreement with 4. Results of the trade-agreements program. Czechoslovakia, effective April 22, 1939. 298 TENNESSEE by British naval wireless to the Tennessee. One (Continued from page 259) day I received a telegram from Captain Decker: the salute had been acknowledged and returned, “Tennessee arriving tomorrow afternoon with 1,500 the Secretary was received by Captain Decker. Soon Jewish refugees.” That telegram fell as a bomb¬ we learned that the Assistant Secretary had come shell on the Egyptian and British officials and the aboard to accompany $10,000,000 in U. S. gold des¬ international communities in Alexandria. It was tined for London to facilitate the repatriation of the first contingent of the ten thousand more or less American citizens who had been stranded in Europe of those unfortunate Jews of allied nationality who through the break-down of exchange facilities and during the ensuing several months were brought to lack of transportation. As the first kegs of gold Alexandria, principally on American naval vessels. were being hoisted over the side our State Depart¬ Later the Tennessee went its way for ultimate re¬ ment contingent set off for a day’s necessary shop¬ habilitation in structure and name and so became ping in New York. It proved my last day on the U.S.S. Memphis. American soil for more than five years. Upon re¬ Before the homeward bound pennant floated from turning to the Tennessee at 6 o’clock we were ad¬ its mast, the officers and available ship’s company vised that the State Department men owing to lack were given a “Gala Evening” at one of the leading of accommodations were to proceed by the U.S.S. cinema theatres by “Le Comite des Refugees de North Carolina from the Boston Navy Yard the Palestine” and the “Society l’O. I. Bene Berith.” following evening. This was a bit of mix-up. We There were speeches of “reconnaissance” and with our baggage returned to New York, and the praises of the officers and men. The ship was pre¬ next morning set off for Boston by train and sailed sented with a plaque of repousse silver mounted on from the Boston Navy Yard on the U.S.S. North a polished slab of basalt. The design depicted the Carolina at sunset that evening. Besides a special Tennessee, the tablets from Mount Sinai and a group representative of Secretary Bryan our company em¬ of refugees, all based on Psalms 78:13. braced Minister Garrett who was on a special mis¬ In 1922 while on my inspection trip through the sion to Vienna. Consuls General Denby at Vienna West Indies, I saw the Tennessee again a wreck on and Horton at Smyrna, Consuls Garrels at Alexan¬ the coral reefs of Santo Domingo harbor. On my dria, Egypt, Cooke at Patras, Greece, Seltser at evening walks along the tree-shaded avenue that Breslau, Young at Karlsbad, Leonard at Colombo, skirts the waterfront I experienced many a nostalgic de Witt Poole who was serving as Vice and Deputy twinge at the sad sight of the historic vessel. Consul General at Berlin, and Reed Paige Clark who was returning to his post at Monrovia as Gen¬ VISITORS eral Receiver of Customs and Financial Adviser to the Liberian Government. The following visitors called at the Department The voyage to Falmouth where we were joined during the past month: March by the Tennessee and the subsequent day ashore Francis H. Styles, Ottawa 13 motoring about Cornwall is another story. When Claude G. Bowers, Madrid 13 1 saw the four funnels of the Tennessee disappear John C. Wiley, Riga i . 13 John M. Cabot, Gautemala 14 in the haze the next morning as the North Carolina W. Henry Robertson, retired 15 set out for Cherbourg, France, I did not know that W. Garland Richardson, Tokyo 16 I was to see it and its complements of officers and Robert M. McClintock, Ciudad Trujllo 16 men again in the waters of the eastern Mediter¬ W. T. Costello, Moscow 17 ranean with a base at my post, Alexandria. Ameri¬ B. R. Johansen, Harbin 17 Courtland Christiani, Newcastle on Tyne__ 20 can interests in Palestine, Syria and Constantinople Robert S. Ward, Foochow 20 demanded the presence of an American armed vessel Robert J. Clarke, Victoria 24 in those waters as a precautionary measure. First Earl Brennan, Surabaya, Java 29 came the North Carolina; then the Tennessee, later Walter W. Ostrow, Zurich 29 Agnes W. Rother, Trindad J 30 the DesMoines, the Chester and the colliers Caesar John McArdle, Buenos Aires 30 and Vulcan. Through the intermediation of Am¬ April bassador Morganthau at Constantinople, funds F. W. Jandrey, Naples 1 William W. Walker, Port Limon 3 were supplied from various sources to the Zionist C. B. Chiperfield, Athens 3 colonies in Palestine. The Tennessee on two occa¬ Henry W. Antheil, Jr., Moscow 4 sions took consignments of gold sovereigns which I Andrew W. Edson, study detail at Harvard 4 procured by drafts on the American Ambassador C. Burke Elbrick, Warsaw 4 Arnold Van Benschoten, Antwerp 5 at London. All orders for the Tennessee came in Edward J. Nathan, retired ___ 5 code to the Consulate, were decoded and forwarded Clinton E. MacEachran, Halifax 7 299 COMMENT ON ALBANIA PERSONAL SHOPPING SERVICE (Continued from page 256) IN NEW YORK CITY No SERVICE CHARGE military academy which Octavius (later Augustus) For you when you are at your post abroad, with you Caesar was attending when he received notice of the when you are in the ^ity, thus saving your time and showing you the most economical way to buy. References assassination of his uncle, Julius Caesar, and a re¬ from Service Families. You may have all the American quest to return to Rome and share in the rule of things you need and are accustomed to have at home. the empire. MONOGRAM OR OWN NAME MATCH BOOKS Mark Antony, on at least one occasion, according and PLACE CARDS—Price $3.50 to $5.50 per hundred to historians of my acquaintance, led reinforce¬ MISS E. J. TYNER ments to Caesar over the present site of Tirana. Hotel Peter Cooper, 130 E. 39th St., New York City The very mountains of Albania, which are as TELEPHONE CABLE ADDRESS numerous as the peaks of Switzerland, echo the CALEDONIA 5-5479 TYNERPOIL glories of an illustrious past, and one has no difficul¬ ty assuming that the stoic, courageous, friendly Albanian of today is little changed in characteristics from the ancient inhabitants who tilled the soil with FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL a crooked stick and tended flocks on the hillsides in that ancient time when Albania was the granary of SPECIAL SUBSCRIPTIONS the Roman Empire. And whatever may happen, I doubt if events to Your relatives and friends will welcome come ever will radically transform the interesting this intimate news about the Service, customs and picturesque costumes of the always the people in it and its work. chivalrous, charming Albanians who, though having been led into embracing the theology of Moham¬ med, never accepted the Prophet’s license to prac¬ Send them a subscription at our tice polygamy. special rate. Inhabitants of the lowlands along the Adriatic and some of the central valleys such as the site of Tirana will never cease to be grateful for the W'ork T„, JOURNAL offers to each active and as¬ of Dr. Lewis W. Hackett of the Rockfeller Founda¬ sociate member of the American Foreign Serv¬ tion in stamping out the mosquito which brought a ice Association the privilege of subscribing malaria to many portions of Albania. for the JOURNAL for or on behalf of rela¬ As to King Zog, whom I once knew as Ahmet Zogu, no one ever will question his personal cour¬ tives and friends at the rate of $2 per year. age. Of this quality he gave a remarkable demon¬ Each member may use up to five of these stration in the year preceding my arrival. One day as he was entering Parliament a would-be assassin special subscriptions. Please use the coupon fired on him. With two bullets in his body Zog below. broke away from his companions, pursued, caught and overpowered his assailant. Nothwithstanding SPECIAL OFFER his wounds he insisted on going through with the scheduled session of Parliament before placing him¬ AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, self in the hands of doctors. Care Department of State, His conduct on that occasion I regard as typical Washington, D. C. of almost every Albanian, all of w'hom seek to emulate the bravery of Scanderbeg, national hero, Please send the JOURNAL for one year who once ruled supreme from his citadel at Cruja. The bones of Scanderbeg rest under the principal To mosque in Allesio which is reported to have been destroyed in the recent fighting. Other distingu¬ ished Albanians of modern history, by descent, Send bill for $ were the late Prince Minister Francesco Crispi of Italy and the late King Fuad of Egypt. To 1 (Editors Note: An article on “Albania and Its Eagle-Men,” by Minister Post Wheeler, was pub¬ lished in the Journal for August 1934.) 300 SIX-MAN FOOTBALL Foreign Service officers may occasionally find opportunity to teach a group of youngsters this new variety of football, developed by a school teacher in Chester, Nebraska, and reported in the Nation s Business for November, 1938. It is designed to re¬ duce the casualties and at the same time permit more boys to play than has been possible in the regular game. The new variety appears to be a hybrid between PARENTS “tag” football and the original parent. A team consists of three line-men and three backfielders— YOU can give your child a superior one center, two ends, a quarter-back, a half-back education from kindergarten up to and a full-back. The field is reduced from 300x160 high school . . . while traveling and liv¬ ing abroad . . . with the world-famous Calvert School Home Instruction Courses. Used successfully for 30 years to educate the children of American Foreign Service officials, Army and Navy officers, mission¬ aries and world travelers. Write today for your copy of the new Calvert School Catalog. CALVERT SCHOOL 131 E. TUSCANY ROAD BALTIMORE, MD.

feet to 240x120. As a safetv measure, the back- fielder who receives the ball from the center must pass it—forward, backward or laterally—before crossing the line of scrimmage. This serves to open up the game and slow down the offense sufficiently to take the edge off those bruising line plunges. Every player is eligible to receive a pass. Goal kicks score four points instead of the usal three, as a further inducement to opening up the game. Other changes are minor, all being designed to make the game safer by encouraging open running, passing and kicking at the expense of line plunges and close formations, where “piling on” is so apt to occur, with its attendant dangers. The game develops more stars, because the play¬ ers have a more even chance of scoring. The open playing makes it easier to follow the ball, espe¬ cially for the more casual spectators. In Kansas and Nebraska countrysides the game has drawn large crowds, many of whom have never seen football before. The American Boy has distributed thou¬ sands of booklets of rules, prepared by the origi¬ nator. Last fall over two thousand High Schools, too small to support eleven-man teams, were playing six-man football. And there is every reason to expect a greater increase in the years to come. 301 MARIHUANA—HASHISH IN basing effect on the moral standards of every city MODERN DRESS and town. The authorities of the Federal government re¬ (Continued from page 265) sponsible for the prevention of crime and those in most advanced forms cause assault and murder. charged with the prevention and cure of narcotic Amnesia often occurs, and the mania is frequently drug addiction have not been slow in recognizing so acute that the heavy the seriousness of the smoker becomes tempo¬ situation. The Bureau of rarily insane. Narcotics of the Treas¬ Police records can tes¬ ury Department has tak¬ tify to the cause and ef¬ en the lead in advocat¬ fect relation between ing new laws and stricter marihuana and crime. enforcement. Since the It is true, of course, that drug made its appear¬ in some cases the drug ance in the United States is only a contributory as a drug of abuse, the factor. Many individuals Bureau of Narcotics has with criminal tendencies initiated research and are marihuana habitues. experimental projects The drug is widely em¬ designed to widen ployed a m ong many knowledge concerning members of the under¬ the growing plant and world to bolster up their its narcotic properties so courage for contemplat¬ that law enforcement au¬ ed crimes, for the drug U. S. Treasury Department thorities everywhere can often gives the illusion Typical methods of transporting: marihuana illegally. more readily combat the of increased physical These specimens were seized by Federal authorities. evil. On October 1, strength. Mentally un¬ 1937, a new Federal law balanced people have also used the drug, thus went into effect, imposing certain taxes with respect aggravating their condition. There are many other to the production, manufacture, sale and transfer of instances, however, in which marihuana has been marihuana. While this law is an internal revenue more than an adjunct to the criminal act—in fact, measure, an indirect result of its enforcement should it has been directly responsible for the crime itself. be to limit the use of the narcotic element to proper medical channels in accordance with the aim and These cases appear in the daily newspapers, and purpose of practically all state laws regulating the often as not, it has not been discovered until later marihuana traffic. The Bureau of Narcotics was that the assault has been made under the influence largely instrumental in bringing about the enact¬ of marihuana. Hold-up shootings, attacks on ment of this law. It will be several years before its women and children and cold-blooded murders effects can be estimated. have been committed by marihuana-crazed persons. It has been estimated that as many as one-half the MOVING PICTURE POST violent crimes committed in certain districts in¬ REPORTS habited by Mexicans, Filipinos, Latin Americans, The manager of Bell and Howell (Moving Pic¬ Spaniards and Negroes are attributed to mari¬ ture) Company’s export division has made two in¬ huana abuse. A prosecuting attorney in New Or¬ teresting suggestions to the Department. First, leans claims 50 per cent of the murders in his city that facilities might be arranged in Washington are traced to marihuana. The statement has been for visiting officers to have their moving pictures made, supported by statistics of the Department of demonstrated, because of their value to officers at Justice, that the narcotic law violator is a major Washington as true-to-life pictures of local affairs criminal in this country. The abuse of marihuana and customs at their foreign posts. Second, that by school children, vagrant youths, criminal char¬ officers who are considering buying motion picture acters of the underworld and various irresponsible cameras should be encouraged to choose the 16- individuals is now a recognized menace. Besides millimeter size. Apparently this is the most fre¬ increasing the occupancy of the country’s peniten¬ quently used size, and the more widely it is adopt¬ tiaries and insane asylums and adding greatly to ed, the greater the chances will be of organizing the cost of crime prevention, it has a general de¬ facilities for demonstrating them. 302 JHE AMERICAN fOREIGN $ERVICE JOURNAL DIRECTORY OF SELECTIVE FIRMS ABROAD

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303 THE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

EDITORS’ COLUMN IN MEMORIAM (Continued from page 266) Cora Goold, daughter of Consul General and Mrs. Herbert S. Goold, on February 19 at Casablanca, of a lecture note-book. There was inserted in the . schedule a four-week period of experimental work, Robert L. Potter, minor son of Consul and Mrs. for which the class was divided into four groups, Kennett F. Potter, on February 26 at Prague. with each group spending a week in each of four important divisions—FA, PD, VD, and A-M/C. The first seven weeks of the course were given over to CHAO YUNG-KUEI lectures on all the aspects of administration—ac¬ The many Foreign Service Officers who have counts, passports, visas, commercial and all the oth¬ served at Peiping will learn with regret of the ers. After a month of practical observation and death on February 18 of T’ing-ch’ai (Messenger) work in the divisions, the closing portion of the Chao Yung-kuei. term was devoted to expositions of the state of the T’ing-ch’ai Chao first entered the American ser¬ world by various members of the geographic divi¬ vice in 1900, at the time of the Boxer Rebellion, sions. when he was in the employ of the American mili¬ As in previous years, each member of the class tary forces in Peking. Immediately afterward he wrote a theme, or short thesis of 10,000-15,000 became Number One “Boy” in the Students’ Mess words, but in the case of the present School, the as¬ of the then Legation, serving in that capacity until signment of subjects was based on the idea that the 1909, when he was engaged as head t’ing-ch’ai at seventeen themes should form a whole—a symposi¬ the Legation Chancery. In that post he served con¬ um on American foreign relations and the nature stantly and faithfully until paralysis partially in¬ and work of the Department and the Foreign Ser¬ capacitated him. A fourth stroke was the cause of vice. his death, at the age of 54. Throughout his many The School is over, and everyone in it has had a years of service he had worked from 12 to 16 hours chance to ask all the questions that stimulated or a day, never permitting himself to take a vacation plagued him. No longer is “the Department” a dis¬ because of his deep sense of responsibility. tant and unknown quantity. The friendliness and T’ingch’ai Chao gained the affection and respect helpfulness of those in the Department at all times of all Americans at Peking. Devoted, intelligent, has impressed every member of the class, and has faithful, and efficient, he was a man of exceptional gone far to make the brief time in Washington one character and personality. His hold on the respect of value, interest, and pleasure and the members of and affection of Americans who knew him is at¬ the School are grateful to all those who have inter¬ tested by the fact that in 1937 a fund of almost rupted their own work to lecture and otherwise $2,000 was contributed by former American assist. Ministers and other Americans who had served at the Embassy during his incumbency and by a MARRIAGE considerable number of American Army, Naval, and Marine officers who had known him, as well as Shillock-Hess. Miss Mary Louise Hess of Chi¬ other Americans who had resided or still reside in cago and John C. Shillock, Jr., Consul at Lisbon, Peiping. With this fund an annuity was purchased were married on March 17, 1939. to provide for him after he was unable to work any longer. The annuity now will be paid to his widow BIRTHS and children for 15 years. L. E. S. A son, Stephen Benjamin, was born on January 24 to Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Mayham Hulley in DEPARTMENT OF EASY ANSWERS Paris, where Mr. Hulley is Consul. New York, N. Y., April 8, 1939. A daughter, Mary Stuart, was born on February The Honorable 14 to Mr. and Mrs. Arthur R. Ringwalt in Peiping, The Secretary of State. where Mr. Ringwalt is Third Secretary. Dear Sir: A son, Edward Rutledge, was born on February I am contemplating a trip through the Mediter¬ 23 to Mr. and Mrs. Edward S. Maney in London, ranean this summer and I would appreciate it if you where Mr. Maney is Consul. would give me your advice as to the probability of A son, Dennis Michael, was born on March 22 to a European War in the near future. Mr. and Mrs. Vernon L. Fluharty in Ciudad Juarez, Yours very truly, where Mr. Fluhartv is Vice Consul. 304 *★★★*★★★***■★★★*★********* ★ ★★★★★★★★★★★★★ DIPLOMACY SUGGESTS

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