Influenza h1n1 mexico pdf

Continue 2009 global H1N1 influenza virus pandemic 50,000+ confirmed cases 5,000–49,999 confirmed cases 500–4,999 confirmed cases 50–499 confirmed cases 5–49 confirmed cases 1–4 confirmed cases No confirmed casesDiseaseInfluenzaVirus strainPandemic H1N1/09 virusLocationWorldwideFirst outbreakNorth America[1][2]Index caseVeracruz, Mexico[1][3]Arrival dateSeptember 2008[4][5]DateJanuary 2009 – 10 August 2010[6][7]Confirmed cases491,382 (lab-confirmed)[8]Suspected cases‡700 million to 1.4 billion (estimate)[9]DeathsLab confirmed deaths: 18,449 (reported to the WHO)[10]Estimated death toll: 284,000[11]‡Suspected cases have not been confirmed as being due to this strain by laboratory tests, although some other strains may have been ruled out. Influenza (flu) Types of Avian A/H5N1 subtype of dogs horse pigs A/H1N1 subtype vaccine 2009 Pandemic Live fades seasonal flu vaccine brands Treatment Amantadin Laninamivir Rimantadine Umifenovir Vitamin D zinamivir Pandemic 1918 1957 Asian Flu 1968-1 Hong Kong Influenza 2009 Swine Flu Outbreak 1976 swine flu 2006 H5N1 India 2007 Australian Horse 2007 Bernard Matthews H5N1 2008 West Bengal 2015 U.S. H5N2 outbreak See also flu evolution flu studies as disease vaccine reforming vte 2009 swine flu pandemic was a pandemic flu, flu outbreak outbreak, flu season study flu research as the disease vaccine reforming vte 2009 pandemic swine flu was a pandemic flu, flu outbreak, flu season studies which lasted about 19 months, january 2009 to August 2010, and was the second of two pandemics associated with the H1N1 influenza virus (the first of which was the Spanish of 1918-1920). First described in April 2009, the virus turned out to be a new strain of H1N1, which was the result of a previous triple spread of avian, swine and human influenza viruses, which were later combined with the Eurasian swine flu virus, leading to the term swine flu. Some studies have estimated that the actual number of cases, including asymptome and mild cases, could eventually reach between 700 million and 1.4 billion people over time, or between 11 and 21 per cent of the world's population, which at the time was 6.8 billion. The lower cost of 700 million people is more than the 500 million people estimated to have been infected by the Spanish influenza pandemic. However, the Spanish flu infected a much higher proportion of the world's population at the time, with the Spanish flu infecting an estimated 500 million people, which was roughly equivalent to a third of the world's population during the pandemic. The number of laboratory-confirmed deaths reported by WHO is 18,449.10, although the H1N1 influenza pandemic in 2009 is estimated to have actually caused some 284,000 (in the range of 150,000 to 575,000) deaths. A follow-up study in September 2010, it was shown that the risk of serious illness as a result of H1N1 influenza 2009 was no higher than that of the annual seasonal flu. By comparison, WHO estimates that Between 250,000 and 500,000 people die each year from seasonal influenza. Unlike most influenza strains, the pandemic H1N1/09 virus does not disproportionately affect adults over 60 years of age; this was an unusual and characteristic feature of the H1N1 pandemic. Even in the case of previously healthy people, a small percentage develops pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This manifests itself as an increased difficulty of breathing and usually occurs three to six days after the initial onset of flu symptoms. Influenza- induced pneumonia can be either direct viral pneumonia or secondary bacterial pneumonia. A November 2009 New England Journal of Medicine article recommended that flu patients whose breast X-rays indicate pneumonia are receiving both antiviral drugs and antibiotics. Specifically, it is a warning sign if the child seems to get better and then relapses with a high fever, since this relapse may be bacterial pneumonia. For more information: The Pandemic H1N1/09 Pandemic Virus world Health Organization uses the term (H1N1) the 2009 pandemic when referring to an event, and officially adopted the name A(H1N1)pdm09 for the virus in 2010, after the pandemic ended. Disputes arose early on in a relatively wide range of terms used by journalists, academics and officials. Labels like H1N1 flu, swine flu, Mexican flu, and variations of them were typical. Criticism focuses on how these names can confuse or mislead the public. It was alleged that the names were overly technical (e.g. H1N1), which incorrectly means that the disease is caused by contact with pigs or pig products or is stigmatizing certain communities (e.g. Mexican). Some scholars at the time argued that there was nothing wrong with such names, while studies published many years later (in 2013) concluded that Mexican-Americans and Latinos were indeed stigmatized by the frequent use of the term Mexican flu in the media. Official organizations adopted conditions with varying sequences during the pandemic. The CDC used names such as novel flu (H1N1) or 2009 H1N1 flu. The Dutch National Institute of Public Health and Environment used the term swine flu early on. Officials in Taiwan have suggested using the names H1N1 influenza or new flu. The World Organization for Animal Health, based in Europe, has proposed the name North American Influenza. The European Commission has adopted the term new influenza virus. Officials in Israel and South Korea briefly considered adopting the name of the Mexican virus because of concerns over use the word pig. In Israel, objections were prompted by sensitivity to religious restrictions on pork consumption in the Jewish and Muslim population, and in Korea the importance of pork and domestic pigs affected the problems. How To in order to address these and other such issues, further criticism was expressed that the situation was unnecessarily confusing. For example, the newsroom in the journal Science has produced an article with the humorous title Swine Flu Names developing faster than the swine flu itself. Historical analysis of the virus's genetic divergence in samples from different cases has shown that the virus jumped to humans in 2008, probably after June, and no later than late November, probably around September 2008. The study also found that the virus had been hidden in pigs for several months prior to the outbreak, indicating the need for increased agricultural surveillance to prevent future outbreaks. In 2009, U.S. agricultural officials suggested, though stressed, that there was no way to prove their hypothesis that contrary to the popular assumption that a new swine flu pandemic originated on farms in Mexico, the virus most likely appeared in pigs in Asia, but then went to North America by humans. However, a subsequent report by researchers at Mount Sinai Medical School in 2016 showed that the 2009 H1N1 virus probably originated from pigs in a very small region of central Mexico. Mexican soldiers handing out protective masks to citizens originally called an outbreak, a widespread H1N1 infection, was first recognized in Veracruz, Mexico, with evidence that the virus was present for months before it was officially dubbed an epidemic. The Mexican government has closed most of Mexico City's public and private facilities in an attempt to contain the spread of the virus; however, it continued to spread throughout the world, and clinics in some areas were overwhelmed by infected people. The new virus was first isolated in late April by U.S. and Canadian laboratories from samples taken from people with influenza in Mexico, southern California and Texas. Soon the earliest known case of human history was related to the case of a 5-year-old boy in La Gloria, Mexico, on March 9, 2009, in a rural town in Veracruz. In late April, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared its first-ever public health emergency of international concern, or PHEIC, and in June, WHO and the CDC stopped counting cases and declared the outbreak a pandemic. Despite the unofficial name swine flu, the H1N1 influenza virus cannot spread by eating pork products; Like other influenza viruses, it is usually over infected from person to person, transmitting through respiratory drops. Symptoms usually last 4-6 days. Antiviral drugs (oseltamivir or zinamivir) have been recommended for people with more severe symptoms or in Risk. The pandemic began to decline in November 2009, and by 2010 the number of cases had dropped sharply. On August 10, 2010, Margaret Chan announced the end of the H1N1 pandemic and announced that the H1N1 influenza event had entered a post-pandemic period. According to WHO statistics (as of July 2010), the virus has killed more than 18,000 people since its inception in April 2009; however, they have found that the total mortality rate (including deaths, unconfirmed or unreported) from the H1N1 strain is certainly higher. Critics argued that WHO exaggerated the danger by spreading fear and confusion rather than immediate information. The WHO has launched an investigation to determine whether this scared people unnecessarily. A follow-up study of influenza conducted in September 2010 found that the risk of the most serious complications was not increased in adults or children. In an August 5, 2011 article, PLOS ONE researchers calculated that the global rate of H1N1 infection in 2009 was 11% to 21%, which is lower than previously expected. By 2012, however, studies had shown that up to 579,000 people could have been killed by the disease, as only those deaths confirmed by laboratory testing were included in the original number and meant that many of those who did not have access to health facilities remained unaccounted for. Most of these deaths occurred in Africa and south-east Asia. Experts, including WHO, agreed that an estimated 284,500 people had been killed by the disease, well above the original death toll. Signs and Symptoms Main Article: Influenza and Symptoms of H1N1 Influenza Symptoms are similar to those of other flu, and may include fever, cough (usually dry cough), headache, muscle or joint pain, sore throat, chills, fatigue and runny nose. Diarrhea, vomiting, and neurological problems have also been reported in some cases. People at higher risk of serious complications include people over 65, children under 5 years of age, children with diseases, pregnant women (especially during the third trimester), and people of any age with comorbidities such as asthma, diabetes, obesity, heart disease or weakened immune system (e.g. immunosuppressive drugs or HIV). According to the CDC, more than 70% of hospitalizations in the U.S. were people with such comorbidities. In September 2009, the CDC reported that the H1N1 flu seems to be taking on heavier losses among chronically ill children than seasonal influenza usually does. During August 8, 2009, the CDC received 36 reports of infant mortality with concomitant influenza symptoms and laboratory-confirmed H1N1 pandemic from state and local health authorities in the , with 22 of these children having neurodevelopment, such as cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy or developmental delays. Children with nervous and muscular problems be a particularly high risk of complications because they can't cough hard enough to clear their airways. From April 26, 2009 to February 13, 2010, the CDC received reports of the deaths of 277 children with laboratory-confirmed influenza 2009 A (H1N1) in the United States. Severe cases of the World Health Organization report that the clinical picture in severe cases is very different from the model of the disease observed during seasonal influenza epidemics. Although people with certain comorbidities are known to be at increased risk, many severe cases occur in previously healthy people. In severe cases, patients usually begin to deteriorate about three to five days after the onset of symptoms. The deterioration is rapid, with many patients progressing to respiratory failure within 24 hours requiring immediate admission to the intensive care unit. After hospitalization, most patients require immediate respiratory support with artificial ventilation. Complications Most complications occurred among previously unhealthy people, with obesity and respiratory diseases as the strongest risk factors. Pulmonary complications are common. Primary influenza pneumonia occurs most common in adults and can quickly progress to acute lung injury requiring mechanical ventilation. Secondary bacterial infection is more common in children. Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant strains, is an important cause of secondary bacterial pneumonia with high mortality rates; Streptococcal pneumonia is the second largest cause of secondary bacterial pneumonia for children and primary for adults. Neuromuscular and cardiac complications are unusual, but can occur. A study conducted in the United Kingdom on risk factors for hospitalization and poor outcome of pandemic influenza A/H1N1 examined 631 patients from 55 hospitals admitted to hospital with a confirmed infection between May and September 2009. 13% were admitted to the intensive care unit with high dependency and 5% died; 36% were aged 16 and 5% were aged ≥65. Non-white and pregnant patients were over-represented. 45% of patients had at least one major disease, mainly asthma, and 13% received antiviral drugs before admission. Of the 349 documented chest X-rays when received, 29% had evidence of pneumonia, but bacterial co-infection was rare. Multivariate tests showed that doctor-registered obesity in onset and pulmonary disease, in addition to asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), were associated with severe outcomes, as were radio-confirmed pneumonia and raised levels (CRP) (≥100 mg/L). 59% of all hospital deaths occurred in previously healthy people. Fulminant (sudden onset) myocarditis has been linked to H1N1 infection, with at least four cases of myocarditis confirmed in patients also infected infected A/H1N1. Three out of four cases of myocarditis associated with H1N1 were classified as fulminant, and one of the patients died. In addition, there appears to be a link between severe influenza A/H1N1 infection and pulmonary embolism. One report found that five of the 14 patients admitted to the intensive care unit with severe A/H1N1 infection were diagnosed with pulmonary embolism. An article published in JAMA in September 2010 disputed previous reports and stated that children infected with the 2009 influenza pandemic were more likely to be hospitalized with complications or contracted pneumonia than those who catch seasonal strains. Researchers found that about 1.5% of children with the H1N1 swine flu strain were hospitalized within 30 days, compared to 3.7% of patients with the seasonal H1N1 strain and 3.1% with the H3N2 virus. Diagnosis Confirmed diagnosis of pandemic H1N1 influenza requires testing of nasopharyngeal, nasal or oropharyngeal swab in the patient. Real-time RT-PCR is a recommended test because others are unable to distinguish between the H1N1 pandemic and regular seasonal influenza. However, most people with flu symptoms do not need a test for pandemic H1N1 influenza specifically because the test results do not usually affect the recommended course of treatment. The U.S. CDC recommends testing only for people who are hospitalized with suspected flu, pregnant women and people with weakened immune systems. For a simple diagnosis of influenza rather than an H1N1 influenza pandemic in particular, more widely available tests include rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDT), which yield results after about 30 minutes, and direct and indirect immunofluorescence (DFA and IFA) tests that take 2-4 hours. Because of the high level of false negatives RIDT, the CDC advises patients with diseases compatible with the new viral influenza infection A (H1N1), but with negative results ridT, should be treated empirically based on the level of clinical suspicion, underlying disease, severity of the disease and risk of complications, and if a more definitive definition of influenza virus infection is required, testing with rRT-PCR or virus isolation should be performed. The use of RIDTs has been questioned by researcher Paul Schreckenberger of Loyola University's health system, who suggests that rapid tests may pose a public health risk. Who's Nikki Shindo regrets reports that treatment is delayed due to waiting for the results of the H1N1 test, and suggests: Doctors should not wait for laboratory confirmation, but should be diagnosed on the basis of clinical and epidemiological background and start treatment at an early stage. On June 22, 2010, the CDC announced a new test called CDC Influenza A (H1N1) PDm real-time RT-PCR Panel (IVD). It uses the molecular biology method to detect influenza A viruses and H1N1 virus 2009. The new test will replace the previous real-time RT-PCR diagnostic test used during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, which was approved for emergency use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in April 2009. Test results are available within four hours and are 96% accurate. Main article: Pandemic H1N1/09 Virus has been recognized as a new strain of influenza, for which existing seasonal influenza vaccines provided little protection. A study by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, published in May 2009, found that children did not have pre-existing immunity to the new strain, but that adults, especially those over 60, had a degree of immunity. Children did not cross-respond to antibodies to the new strain, adults between the ages of 18 and 60 had 6-9%, and older adults had 33%. Although these findings were thought to indicate that partial immunity in older adults may be related to previous exposure to similar seasonal influenza viruses, a Study conducted in November 2009 among China's rural unvaccinated population found that only 0.3% of cross-reactive antibodies to the H1N1 strain, suggesting that previous seasonal influenza and non-exposure may have led to immunity found in the U.S. An analysis of the genetic sequences of the first isolates, promptly published in the GISAID database according to Nature and WHO, soon determined that the strain contains the genes of five different influenza viruses: North American swine flu, North American , human influenza and two swine flu viruses commonly found in Asia and Europe. Further analysis showed that several of the virus's proteins are most similar to the strains that cause mild symptoms in humans, leading virologist Wendy Barclay suggested on May 1, 2009, that the initial signs that the virus is unlikely to cause severe symptoms for most people. The virus was less deadly than previous pandemic strains, killing about 0.01-0.03% of those infected; influenza of 1918 was about a hundred times more deadly and had a fatality rate of 2-3%. By November 14, 2009, the virus had infected one in six Americans with 200,000 hospitalizations and 10,000 deaths - the same number of hospitalizations and fewer deaths than the average for the flu season overall, but at a much higher risk for those under 50. With the deaths of 1,100 children and 7,500 adults between the ages of 18 and 64, these figures were considered much higher than in the normal flu season during the pandemic. In June 2010, scientists in Hong Kong reported the discovery of a new swine flu virus: a hybrid of the pandemic H1N1 virus and viruses previously detected in pigs. It was the first report on the spread of the pandemic virus, which in humans Slowly. Nancy Cox, Head of Influenza at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and said: This particular article is extremely interesting because it demonstrates for the first time what we were worried about at the very beginning of the pandemic, and this is what this particular virus, when introduced in pigs, can recover with resident viruses in pigs, and we would have new constellations of genes. And bingo, here we are. Pigs are called a flu mixing vessel because they can be infected with both avian influenza viruses, which rarely directly infect humans and human viruses. When pigs are simultaneously infected with more than one virus, viruses can change genes, producing new variants that can be transmitted to humans and sometimes spread among them. Unlike the situation with birds and humans, we have a situation with pigs and people, where there is a street with two sides of the exchange of viruses. With pigs it is very much a street with two sides. Transmission of the H1N1 virus is thought to occur in the same way that seasonal influenza spreads. Influenza viruses spread mainly from person to person through coughing or sneezing of people with the flu. Sometimes people can get infected by touching something, such as a surface or object, with influenza viruses on it and then touching their face. The main number of reproductions (the average number of other people each infected in a population that is not immune to the disease) for the 2009 novel H1N1 is estimated at 1.75. A study in December 2009 showed that the transmission of the H1N1 influenza virus in households is lower than during past pandemics. Most transmissions occur shortly before or after the onset of symptoms. The H1N1 virus has been transmitted to animals including pigs, turkeys, ferrets, domestic cats, at least one dog and a cheetah. Prevention See also: Influenza Prevention, 2009 Swine Flu Pandemic Vaccine, and No. 2009-2010 Northern Hemisphere Winter Season Because the H1N1 vaccine was initially in deficit in the U.S., the CDC recommended that initial doses should go to priority groups such as pregnant women, people who live with or care for infants under six months old, children from six months to four years old and health workers. In the UK, the NHS has recommended a priority for people over six months of age who have been clinically at risk of seasonal influenza, pregnant women and households of people with weakened immunity. Although it was initially thought that two injections would be required, clinical trials showed that the new vaccine protects adults only one dose instead of two; Health officials around the world were also concerned that the virus was new and could easily mutate and become more virulent, although most of the flu symptoms were mild and lasted only a few days Treatment. Officials also urged communities, businesses and individuals to develop plans for possible school closures, multiple staff absences due to disease, a sharp increase in hospital numbers and other consequences of potentially widespread disease outbreaks. Disaster response organizations such as Direct Relief have helped by providing protective tools to clinical workers to help them stay healthy throughout the flu season. In February 2010, the CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices voted for a universal flu in the United States to include all people over six months old. The 2010-2011 vaccine will protect against the 2009 H1N1 pandemic virus and two other influenza viruses. Public health reaction See also: 2009 swine flu pandemic across the country on April 27, 2009, the commissioner of the European Union of Health advised Europeans to postpone inconsequential trips to the United States or Mexico. This followed the discovery of the first confirmed case in Spain. On May 6, 2009, Public Health Canada announced that their National Microbiological Laboratory (NML) had for the first time mapped the genetic code of the swine flu virus. In the UK, the National Health Service has launched a website for the National Pandemic Influenza Service, which allows patients to independently assess and obtain antiviral approval. The system is expected to reduce the burden on GPs. U.S. officials noted that six years of concern about H5N1 avian influenza have done much to prepare for the current H1N1 outbreak, and noted that after H5N1 appeared in Asia, eventually killing about 60% of the several hundred people infected over the years, many countries have taken steps to try to prevent further spread of such a crisis. The CDC and other U.S. government agencies have used the summer lull to take stock of the U.S. response to H1N1 influenza and try to patch up any gaps in the public health network before the flu season begins in early fall. The training included planning a second influenza vaccination programme in addition to the seasonal influenza programme, as well as improved coordination between federal, state and local governments and private health care providers. On October 24, 2009, U.S. President Obama declared swine flu a national emergency, giving Health and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius the authority to deny hospitals routine federal requirements. Main article on vaccines: 2009 pandemic swine flu vaccine President Barack Obama H1N1 was vaccinated against influenza on 20 December 2009. The review, a 2009 review by the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), concluded that the 2009 H1N1 vaccine has a safety profile similar to a seasonal vaccine. In 2011, a study of influenza vaccine in the U.S. The network estimated the overall effectiveness of all pandemic H1N1 vaccines at 56%. A CDC study published on January 28, 2013, found that the H1N1 vaccine pandemic saved about 300 lives and prevented about a million diseases in the U.S. The study showed that if the vaccination programme had started two weeks earlier, almost 60% more cases could have been prevented. The study was based on an efficacy in preventing cases, hospitalization and death of 62% for all subgroups except for people over 65 years of age for whom effectiveness was estimated at 43%. Efficiency was based on European and Asian studies and expert opinion. The delay in vaccine management has demonstrated the shortcomings of the world's vaccine production capacity, as well as problems with international proliferation. Some producers and rich countries are concerned about the responsibility and regulations, as well as the logistics of transporting, storing and administering vaccines that will be donated to poorer countries. Accusations of conflict of interest In January 2010, Wolfgang Voderg, a German MP who was trained as a doctor and now chairs the health committee of the Council of Europe, said that large firms had organized a panic campaign to pressure the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare a false pandemic for the sale of vaccines. Wodarg said the WHO's false influenza pandemic campaign is one of the greatest medicine scandals of the century. He said the false pandemic campaign began in May 2009 in Mexico City, when about a hundred normal reported cases of influenza were declared the start of a new threatening pandemic, although he said there was little scientific evidence to do so. However, he argued that WHO, in collaboration with some major pharmaceutical companies and their scientists, had re-identified pandemics by removing from the existing definition the claim that a huge number of people had contracted or died and replaced it simply by simply stating that there should be a virus spreading beyond borders and to which people were not immune. In response, WHO stated that they would be serious about providing independent advice and were protected from interference from outside interests. Announcing the review of WHO's actions, spokeswoman Fadela Chaib said: Criticism is part of a cycle of outbreaks. We expect and truly welcome the criticism and the opportunity to discuss it. In March 2010, the Council of Europe launched an investigation into the influence of pharmaceutical companies on the global swine flu campaign and a preliminary report is being prepared. On 12 April 2010, , WHO's leading influenza expert, stated that the system leading to the declaration of a pandemic had caused confusion about H1N1 circulating around the world and expressed what wasn't with regard to uncertainty about a new virus that was not as lethal as feared. WHO Director-General Margaret Chan has appointed 29 influenza experts from outside the organization to review WHO's work on the H1N1 influenza pandemic. She told them: We want a frank, critical, transparent, credible and independent review of our activities. In June 2010, Fiona Godley, editor-in-chief of the BMJ, published an editorial criticizing WHO, saying that the investigation had shown that some of the experts advising WHO on the pandemic had financial links with pharmaceutical companies producing antiviral drugs and vaccines. Margaret Chan, WHO Director-General, replied: Without a doubt, the BMJ's function and editorial will leave many readers with the impression that WHO's decision to declare a pandemic was at least partly influenced by the desire to increase the profits of the pharmaceutical industry. The bottom line, however, is that decisions to increase pandemic warning were based on well-defined virological and epidemiological criteria. It's hard to bend these criteria, regardless of motive. Infectious Travel Control Flu Inspection precautions on a flight arriving in China thermal imaging camera and screen, photographed in the airport terminal in Greece. Thermal imaging images can detect an elevated body temperature, one of the signs of swine flu. On 7 May 2009, WHO stated that deterrence was not possible and that countries should focus on mitigating the virus. They did not recommend closing borders or restricting travel. On 26 April 2009, the Chinese Government announced that visitors returning from influenza-affected areas who had experienced flu-like symptoms within two weeks would be quarantined. As of early June 2009, U.S. airlines made no significant changes but continued to operate, including looking for passengers with flu, measles or other infections, and relied on in-flight air filters to ensure that the planes were disinfected. The masks were generally not provided by airlines, and the CDC did not recommend airline crews wear them. Some non-U.S. airlines, mostly Asian, including Singapore Airlines, China Eastern Airlines, China Southern Airlines, Cathay Pacific and Aeromexico, have taken measures such as stepping up cabin cleaning, installing the best air filters and allowing in-flight staff to wear face masks. According to studies conducted in Australia and Japan, screening people for flu symptoms at airports during the 2009 H1N1 outbreak was not an effective infection control method. School officials in the U.S. government were worried schools because the H1N1 influenza virus appears to disproportionately affect young people and school-age people between the ages of six months and 24 years. H1N1 H1N1 have led to numerous preventive school closures in some areas. Instead of closing schools, the CDC recommended that students and school workers with flu symptoms should stay home for seven days in total, or up to 24 hours after the symptoms subsided, depending on whether there was more. The CDC also recommended that colleges consider suspending the fall grades of 2009 if the virus began to cause severe illness in a much larger proportion of students than the previous spring. They also urged schools to suspend rules such as late-year fines or missed classes or doctor's requirements, to ensure self-isolation and to prevent students from leaving school during illness; Schools have been advised to set aside a room for people who develop flu-like symptoms while they wait to return home and have sick students or staff, and those who care for them use face masks. In California, school districts and universities were on alert and worked with health officials to launch education campaigns. Many of them planned to stock up on medicines and discuss worst-case scenarios, including plans to provide lessons and nutrition for low-income children in the event of primary and secondary schools closing. UCLA campuses have stockpiled supplies, from paper masks and hand sanitizers to food and water. To help prepare for contingencies, James King Jr., a professor at the University of Maryland School of Pediatrics, suggested that each county create a flu action team to be administered by the local health department, parents and school administrators. By October 28, 2009, about 600 schools in the United States were temporarily closed, affecting more than 126,000 students in 19 states. In the workplace, fearing the worst-case scenario, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) have developed updated guidance and videos for employers to use as they have developed plans to respond to the H1N1 outbreak. The guidance suggested that employers should take into account and report their goals, such as reducing staff transmission, protecting people who are at increased risk of influenza-related complications from infection, maintaining business activities and minimizing the negative impact on other organizations in their supply chains. The CDC has calculated that up to 40% of the workforce may be unable to work at the peak of the pandemic due to the need for many healthy adults to stay at home and care for a sick family member, and reported that people should have steps on if the workplace is closed or there is a situation that requires work from home. The CDC also reported that people in the workplace should stay at home sick for seven days after getting the flu, or 24 hours after the symptoms end, whichever is longer. [124] [124] The UK's Health and Safety Executive (HSE) has also issued a general guide for employers. Face mask Mexico City Metro Osaka Loop Line, Japan THE U.S. CDC did not recommend the use of face masks or respirators in non-medical settings such as schools, workplaces, or public places, with some exceptions: people who have been sick with the virus when around other people, and people who were at risk of severe illness while caring for someone with the flu. There was some disagreement over the value of wearing masks, as some experts feared that the masks might have given people a false sense of security and should not have replaced other standard precautions. Yukihiro Nishiyama, a professor of virology at nagoi University Medical School, noted that the masks are better than nothing, but it is difficult to completely block the virus, transmitting the virus in the air, as it can easily slip through the gaps. According to the 3M mask manufacturer, the masks will filter out particles in industrial settings, but there are no set limits on exposure to biological agents such as the swine flu virus. However, despite the lack of evidence of effectiveness, the use of such masks is common in Asia. They are particularly popular in Japan, where cleanliness and hygiene are highly valued and where etiquette obliges patients to wear masks to avoid the spread of the disease. In the midst of the fear of a pandemic, some countries initiated or threatened to initiate quarantines for foreign visitors suspected of contacting or in contact with other people who may have been infected. In May 2009, the Chinese government restricted 21 American students and three teachers in their hotel rooms. As a result, the U.S. State Department issued a warning about China's measures to combat the flu and warned travelers not to travel to China if it is a company. In Hong Kong, the entire hotel was quarantined with 240 guests; Australia has ordered a cruise ship with 2,000 passengers to stay at sea due to the threat of swine flu. Egyptian Muslims who went on an annual pilgrimage to Mecca risk being quarantined upon their return. Russia and Taiwan have said they will quarantine visitors with fever that come from areas where the flu was present. In mid-May, Japan quarantined 47 airline passengers at the hotel for a week, and in mid-June India offered to pre-screen outgoing passengers from countries deemed to have high levels of infection. Pig and Food Safety Home article: 2009 swine flu pandemic action against pigs pandemic virus is a type of swine flu derived originally from a strain that lived in and this origin gave birth to the common name of swine flu. The term is widely used by the media, although the Paris-based World Organization for Animal Health as well as industry groups such as the United States. United States. The Pork Council, the American Meat Institute, and the Canadian Pork Council objected to the widespread use of the media name for swine flu and suggested it should be called North American influenza instead, while the World Health Organization switched its designation from swine flu to influenza A (H1N1) in late April 2009. The virus was found in American pigs as well as in Canadian pigs in Northern Ireland, Argentina and Norway. Leading health agencies and the U.S. Secretary of agriculture stressed that eating properly cooked pork or other food derived from pigs does not cause influenza. However, on April 27, Azerbaijan imposed a ban on the import of livestock products from all over America. The Indonesian government has also suspended the import of pigs and initiated an examination of 9 million pigs in Indonesia. On 29 April, the Egyptian government ordered the slaughter of all pigs in Egypt. Treatment Additional information: A number of methods have been recommended to help alleviate symptoms, including adequate fluid intake and rest. however, they can be helpful in reducing symptoms. Aspirin and other salicylat products should not be used by people under the age of 16 with any flu type symptoms due to the risk of developing Reye syndrome. If the temperature is mild and there are no other complications, the cure for fever is not recommended. Most people recover without medical care, although people with pre-existing or comorbidities are more prone to complications and may benefit from further treatment. People at risk should be treated with antiviral drugs (oseltamivir or zinamivir) as soon as possible when they first experience flu symptoms. At-risk groups include pregnant women and women in the postpartum age, children under two years of age and people with comorbidities such as respiratory diseases. People who are not at risk, who have persistent or rapidly deteriorating symptoms, should also be treated with antiviral drugs. People who have developed pneumonia should be given both antiviral drugs and antibiotics, as in many severe cases of H1N1 disease, a bacterial infection develops. Antiviral drugs are most useful if given within 48 hours of the onset of symptoms and can improve the outcome in hospitalized patients. In those who are outside 48 hours who are in a moderate or severe condition, antiviral drugs may still be beneficial. If oseltamivir (Tamiflu) is unavailable or cannot be used, zinamivir (Relenza) is recommended as a replacement. Peramivir is an experimental antiviral drug approved for patients where other available treatments are ineffective or unavailable. To avoid avoiding of these drugs, the U.S. CDC recommended oseltamivir treatment primarily for people hospitalized with pandemic influenza; people at risk of serious complications of influenza due to major diseases; and patients at risk of serious flu complications. The CDC warned that indiscriminate use of antiviral drugs to prevent and treat influenza could ease the path for drug-resistant strains, making fighting a pandemic much more difficult. In addition, a British report has shown that people often fail to complete a full course of the drug or take medication when not needed. Side effects Both medications mentioned above for treatment, oseltamivir and zinamivir, have known side effects, including lightheadedness, chills, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and breathing problems. It was reported that children are at increased risk of injury and confusion after taking oseltamivir. WHO has warned against buying antiviral drugs from online sources and has calculated that half of medicines sold by online pharmacies without a physical address are counterfeit. Resistance In December 2012, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported that 314 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza samples tested worldwide showed resistance to oseltamivir (Tamiflu). This is not entirely unexpected, as 99.6% of seasonal H1N1 influenza strains have developed resistance to oseltamivir. No circulating flu has yet shown any resistance to zinamivir (Relenza), another available antivirus. The effectiveness of antiviral drugs, questioned in healthy adults on December 8, 2009, the Cochrane Collaboration, which reviews medical data, announced in a review published in the BMJ that it had reversed its previous findings that antiviral drugs oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zainyvir (Relenza) could prevent pneumonia and other serious flu-related diseases. They reported that an analysis of 20 studies showed oseltamivir offered mild benefits to healthy adults if taken within 24 hours of onset of symptoms, but found no clear evidence to prevent lower respiratory tract infections or other flu complications. It should be noted that their findings concerned only the use of influenza in healthy adults, but not in patients deemed to have high risk of complications (pregnant women, children under five years of age and children with comorbidities), and uncertainty about its role in reducing complications in healthy adults, still left it as a useful drug to reduce the duration of symptoms. In general, the Cochrane Cooperation concluded that there was a lack of good data. Epidemiology Additional information: 2009 influenza pandemic timeline, 2009 swine flu pandemic timeline summary, 2009 swine flu pandemic table, and 2009 swine flu pandemic across the country Although it is not known exactly where and when the virus originated, originated, journals have suggested that the H1N1 strain responsible for the 2009 outbreak first developed in September 2008 and circulated in humans for several months before being officially recognized and identified as a new strain of influenza. Mexico Additional information: The 2009 swine flu pandemic in Mexico virus was first reported in two U.S. children in March 2009, but health officials reported that it apparently infected people as early as January 2009 in Mexico. The outbreak was first detected in Mexico City on 18 March 2009; Immediately after the official announcement of the outbreak, Mexico notified the U.S. Health Organization and the World Health Organization, and a few days after the outbreak, Mexico was effectively shut down. Some countries canceled flights to Mexico, while others stopped trading. Calls to close the border to deter proliferation have been rejected. Mexico had already had hundreds of non-lethal cases before the outbreak was officially detected, and was therefore in the midst of a silent epidemic. As a result, Mexico has reported only the most serious cases, which indicate more serious signs of a wave of normal influenza cases, which may have distorted the initial estimate of mortality from the case. Additional U.S. information: The 2009 swine flu pandemic from U.S. President Obama at a National Security Council meeting in the Cabinet to discuss H1N1 influenza on May 1, 2009, the new strain was first identified by the CDC in two children, none of whom had been in contact with pigs. The first case of the disease, from San Diego County, California, was confirmed by clinical samples (nasopharynx tampon) examined by the CDC on April 14, 2009. A second case from neighboring Imperial County, California, was confirmed on April 17. The patient in the first confirmed case had flu symptoms, including fever and cough, during a clinical examination on 30 March and the second on 28 March. The first confirmed death from the pandemic H1N1/09 pandemic influenza, which occurred at Texas Children's Hospital in Houston, Texas, was from a toddler from Mexico City who was visiting family in Brownsville, Texas, before being airlifted to Houston for treatment. The American Society of Infectious Diseases estimates that the total number of deaths in the United States was 12,469. Report and accuracy of the data See also: GISAID, National Influenza Centers, Disease Surveillance and Influenza Surveillance Surveillance Information answers questions about where, when and what influenza viruses are circulating. The sharing of such information is particularly important during the emerging pandemic, as in April 2009, when the genetic sequences of the original viruses were rapidly and openly disseminated through the GISID Initiative a few days after identification, playing a key role in helping to respond as quickly as possible to the developing pandemic. Observation is used to determine whether activity is increasing or decreasing, but can't be used to figure out how many people have the flu. For example, according to influenza surveillance data, as of the end of June, nearly 28,000 laboratory-confirmed cases have been reported in the United States, including 3,065 hospitalizations and 127 deaths. But mathematical modeling showed an estimated 1 million Americans had 2009 pandemic influenza at the time, according to Lin Finelli, a flu monitoring official with the CDC. Estimating influenza mortality is also a complex process. In 2005, the flu appeared only on death certificates of 1,812 people in the United States. The average annual death toll in the U.S. from influenza, however, is estimated at 36,000. The CDC explains, I am infrequently listed on death certificates of people who die from complications related to influenza, and therefore only counting deaths when the flu was included in the death certificate would be a gross underestimation of the true impact of influenza. Influenza surveillance information on the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic is available, but almost no studies have been conducted that have resulted in an attempt to estimate the total number of deaths from H1N1 influenza. Two studies were conducted by the CDC; later, they estimated that between 7,070 and 13,930 deaths were related to H1N1 influenza between April and November 14, 2009. During the same period, it was officially confirmed that 1,642 deaths were caused by H1N1 influenza. In 2010, WHO stated that total mortality (including unconfirmed or unreported deaths) from H1N1 influenza was unquestionablely higher than their own confirmed mortality statistics. The initial outbreak received a week of almost constant media attention. Epidemiologists have warned that the number of cases reported in the early days of the outbreak can be highly inaccurate and misleading for a number of reasons, including biased selection, media bias and mis- reported reports by governments. Inaccuracies can also be caused by the fact that the authorities of different countries look at different groups of the population. In addition, countries with poor health systems and old laboratory facilities may need more time to detect or report cases. In developed countries, the number of flu deaths is unknown, as medical authorities usually do not check who actually died of influenza and who died of influenza-like diseases. Joseph S. Bresee, then head of the CDC's influenza epidemiology division, and Michael Osterholm, director of the Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, noted that millions of people had H1N1 influenza, usually mild, so the number of laboratory-confirmed cases de facto meaningless, and in July 2009, WHO stopped keeping records of individual cases and focused more on large outbreaks. Subsequent Wisconsin studies, published in the Journal of the American Medical Association in September 2010, reported that showed that the 2009 H1N1 flu was no more severe than seasonal flu. The risk of the most serious complications was not increased in adults or children, the study authors write. Children were disproportionately affected by 2009 H1N1 infection, but the perceived severity of symptoms and the risk of serious outcomes were not increased. Children infected in the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic were no more likely to be hospitalized with complications or get pneumonia than those who catch seasonal strains. About 1.5% of children with the H1N1 swine flu strain were hospitalized within 30 days, compared to 3.7% of patients with the seasonal H1N1 strain and 3.1% with the H3N2 virus. Estimates of the incidence and death of the CDC between April 2009 and April 2010 in the United States are as follows: 43 million to 89 million cases of 2009 H1N1 occurred between April 2009 and April 10, 2010. The average level in this range is about 61 million people infected with 2009 H1N1. Between April 2009 and April 10, 2010, between 195,000 and 403,000 H1N1-related hospitalizations were hospitalized. The average level in this range is about 274,000 2009 H1N1 related hospitalizations. between approximately 8870 and 18,300 2009 H1N1-related deaths occurred between April 2009 and April 10, 2010. The average level in this range is about 12470 2009 H1N1 related deaths. It was reported that about 36,000 people die from seasonal influenza in the U.S. each year, and this is often understood as a sign that the H1N1 strain was not as severe as seasonal influenza. The estimate of 36,000 was presented in a study conducted by CDC scientists in 2003, and relates to the period from 1990 to 1998-1999. During these years, the number is estimated to have ranged from 17,000 to 52,000, with an average of about 36,000. During this decade, influenza A (H3N2) has been the predominant virus for most of the season, and H3N2 influenza viruses tend to be associated with higher mortality rates. The JAMA study also looked at seasonal influenza-related deaths over a 23-year period from 1976-1977 and 1998-1999, with estimates of respiratory and circulatory deaths ranging from about 5,000 to approximately 52,000 and an average of about 25,000. The CDC estimates that the range of deaths over the past 31 years (between 3,000 and 49,000 euros) is a more accurate representation of the unpredictability and variability of influenza-related deaths. Annual seasonal flu losses in the U.S. between 1979 and 2001 are estimated at 41,400 deaths on average. Thus, the death rate from the H1N1 pandemic is estimated to be between 8,870 and 18,300, slightly below the average estimate. The 2009 pandemic forced U.S. hospitals to undertake significant preparatory operations in terms of the capacity of hospitals, especially in emergency care and among vulnerable groups. In many cases, hospitals have been relatively successful in patients most affected by the flu strain could be seen, treated and discharged effectively. An example of training, planning, mitigation and response efforts in the fall of 2009 is the Study of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), which has taken several steps to increase the response to the capacity surges of the emergency department (ED). CHOP used parts of the main lobby as an ED waiting room; several outpatient facilities in the region were used for non-amspent cases during evening and weekend hours; The 24-hour short-term ED unit was used to care for patients with ED in a longer-term capacity; Non-certified physicians (in pediatric emergency medicine) and inpatient nurses were used to care for patients; Hospital wards, commonly used for other medical or therapeutic purposes, have been converted into ED patients' offices; and rooms commonly used for only one patient have been expanded to at least two. Compared to other pandemics and epidemics, annual influenza epidemics are estimated to affect 5-15% of the world's population. Although most cases are mild, these epidemics continue to cause severe diseases in 3-5 million people and 290,000 to 650,000 deaths worldwide each year. An average of 41,400 people die each year from influenza-related diseases in the United States based on data collected between 1979 and 2001. In industrialized countries, severe illness and death occur mainly among high-risk infants, elderly and chronically ill patients, although the H1N1 influenza outbreak (e.g. 1918 Spanish influenza) tends to affect young, healthy people. In addition to these annual epidemics, influenza A strains caused three global pandemics during the 20th century: the Spanish flu in 1918, the Asian flu in 1957 and the in 1968-1969. These strains of the virus have undergone significant genetic changes for which the population did not have significant immunity. A recent genetic analysis showed that three-quarters, or six of the eight genetic segments, of the 2009 pandemic influenza strain originated from North American swine flu strains circulating since 1998, when the new strain was first identified at a factory farm in North Carolina, and which was the first ever recorded three-mile influenza virus. The Spanish flu began with a spate of mild cases in the spring, followed by more deadly waves in the fall, eventually killing hundreds of thousands of people in the United States and 50 to 100 million worldwide. The vast majority of deaths during the 1918 influenza pandemic were the result of secondary bacterial pneumonia. Influenza virus mucous membranes of the bronchi and lungs of the victims, allowing the usual bacteria from the nose and throat to infect the lungs. Subsequent pandemics had far less в связи с разработкой антибиотиков, которые могут лечить пневмонию. [207] Major modern influenza pandemics[208][209] Name Date World pop. Subtype Reproduction number[210] Infected (est.) Deaths worldwide Case fatality rate Pandemic severity 1889–90 flu pandemic[211] 1889–90 1.53 billion Likely H3N8 or H2N2 2.10 (IQR, 1.9–2.4)[211] 20–60%[211] (300–900 million) 1 million 0.10–0.28%[211] 2 1918 flu[212] 1918–20 1.80 billion H1N1 1.80 (IQR, 1.47–2.27) 33% (500 million)[213] or >56% (>1 billion)[214] 17[215]–100[216][217] million 2–3%,[214] or ~4%, or ~10%[218] 5 Asian flu 1957–58 2.90 billion H2N2 1.65 (IQR, 1.53–1.70) >17% (>500 million)[214] 1–4 million[214] <0.2%[214] 2= hong= kong= flu= 1968–69= 3.53= billion= h3n2= 1.80= (iqr , 1.56–1.85)=>14% (>500 million)[214] 1–4 million[214] <0.1%[214][219] 2= 2009= flu= pandemic[220][221]= 2009–10= 6.85= billion= h1n1/09= 1.46= (iqr, 1.30–1.70)= 11–21%= (0.7–1.4= billion)[222]= 151,700– 575,400[223]= 0.01%[224][225]= 1= typical= seasonal= flu[t= 1]= every= year= 7.75= billion= a/h3n2,= a/h1n1,= b,= ...= 1.28= (iqr, 1.19–1.37)= 5–15%= (340 million= –= 1 billion)[226]3–11%= or= 5–20%[227][228]= (240= million= –= 1.6= billion)= 290,000–650,000/year[229]=></0.1%[214][219]> <0.1%[230] 1 Notes ^ Not pandemic, but included for comparison purposes. The influenza virus has caused several pandemic threats over the past century, including the pseudo-pandemic of 1947 (thought of as mild because although globally distributed, it caused relatively few deaths),[204] the 1976 swine flu outbreak and the 1977 Russian flu, all caused by the H1N1 subtype. [204] The world has been at an increased level of alert since the SARS epidemic in Southeast Asia (caused by the SARS coronavirus). [231] The level of preparedness was further increased and sustained with the advent of the H5N1 bird flu outbreaks because of H5N1's high fatality rate, although the strains currently prevalent have limited human-to-human transmission (anthroponotic) capability, or epidemicity. [232] People who contracted influenza before 1957 appeared to have some immunity to H1N1 flu. According to Daniel Jernigan, head of flu epidemiology for the U.S. CDC Tests on blood serum from older people showed that they had antibodies that attacked the new virus ... That does not mean that everyone over 52 is immune, since Americans and Mexicans older than that have died of the new flu. [233] In June 2012, a model based study found that the number of deaths related to the H1N1 influenza may have been fifteen times higher than the reported laboratory confirmed deaths, with 80% of the respiratory and cardiovascular deaths in people younger than 65 years and 51% occurring in southeast Asia and Africa. A disproportionate number of pandemic deaths might have occurred in these regions and that efforts to prevent future influenza pandemics need to target 1= notes= ^= not= pandemic,= but= included= for= comparison= purposes.= the= influenza= virus= has= caused= several= pandemic= threats= over= the= past= century,= including= the= pseudo-pandemic= of= 1947= (thought= of= as= mild= because= although= globally= distributed,= it= caused= relatively= few= deaths),[204]= the= 1976= swine= flu= outbreak= and= the= 1977= russian= flu,= all= caused= by= the= h1n1= subtype. [204]= the= world= has= been= at= an= increased= level= of= alert= since= the= sars= epidemic= in= southeast= asia= (caused= by= the= sars= coronavirus). [231]= the= level= of= preparedness= was= further= increased= and= sustained= with= the= advent= of= the= h5n1= bird= flu= outbreaks= because= of= h5n1's= high= fatality= rate,= although= the= strains= currently= prevalent= have= limited= human-to-human= transmission= (anthroponotic)= capability,= or= epidemicity. [232]= people= who= contracted= influenza= before= 1957= appeared= to= have= some= immunity= to= h1n1= flu.= according= to= daniel= jernigan,= head= of= flu= epidemiology= for= the= u.s.= cdc= tests= on= blood= serum= from= older= people= showed= that= they= had= antibodies= that= attacked= the= new= virus ...= that= does= not= mean= that= everyone= over= 52= is= immune,= since= americans= and= mexicans= older= than= that= have= died= of= the= new= flu. [233]= in= june= 2012,= a= model= based= study= found= that= the= number= of= deaths= related= to= the= h1n1= influenza= may= have= been= fifteen= times= higher= than= the= reported= laboratory= confirmed= deaths,= with= 80%= of= the= respiratory= and= cardiovascular= deaths= in= people= younger= than= 65= years= and= 51%= occurring= in= southeast= asia= and= africa.= a= disproportionate= number= of= pandemic= deaths= might= have= occurred= in= these= regions= and= that= efforts= to= prevent= future= influenza= pandemics= need= to= effectively= target=></0.1%[230] 1 Notes ^ Not pandemic, but included for comparison purposes. The influenza virus has caused several pandemic threats over the past century, including the pseudo-pandemic of 1947 (thought of as mild because although globally distributed, it caused relatively few deaths),[204] the 1976 swine flu outbreak and the 1977 Russian flu, all caused by the H1N1 subtype. [204] The world has been at an increased level of alert since the SARS epidemic in Southeast Asia (caused by the SARS coronavirus). [231] The level of preparedness was further increased and sustained with the advent of the H5N1 bird flu outbreaks because of H5N1's high fatality rate, although the strains currently prevalent have limited human-to-human transmission (anthroponotic) capability, or epidemicity. [232] People who contracted influenza before 1957 appeared to have some immunity to H1N1 flu. According to Daniel Jernigan, head of flu epidemiology for the U.S. CDC Tests on blood serum from older showed that they had antibodies that attacked the new virus ... That does not mean that everyone over 52 is immune, since Americans and Mexicans older than that have died of the new flu. [233] In June 2012, a model based study found that the number of deaths related to the H1N1 influenza may have been fifteen times higher than the reported laboratory confirmed deaths, with 80% of the respiratory and cardiovascular deaths in people younger than 65 years and 51% occurring in southeast Asia and Africa. A disproportionate number of pandemic deaths might have occurred in these regions and that efforts to prevent future influenza pandemics need to effectively target > </0.2%[214]> </0.2%[214]> Regions. A 2013 WHO-supported study found that global pandemic respiratory mortality in 2009 was 10 times higher than the World Health Organization's laboratory-confirmed mortality rate (18,631). Although the pandemic mortality estimate was similar to that of seasonal influenza, there has been a marked shift towards mortality among those under 65 years of age, which has resulted in much more years of life. In the last nine months of 2009, 123,000 to 203,000 deaths from pandemic respiratory diseases were reported worldwide. The majority (62-85%) attributed to persons under the age of 65. The burden varies greatly between countries. In some countries of the Americas the mortality rate was almost 20 times higher than in Europe. The model explains 148,000 to 249,000 flu deaths on average before the pandemic season, and only 19% for those aged 65. The current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is not caused by influenza virus, but by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, which also affects the respiratory system. As of 14 October 2020, the pandemic had recorded more than 38 million confirmed cases worldwide and more than one million related deaths. Cm. also Viruses portal North America portal 2003 SARS 2009 flu deaths by regions 2015-16 virus of the Black Death epidemic COVID-19 pandemic G4 EA H1N1 Health Crisis Middle East Respiratory Health Emergency Syndrome (United States) West African Ebola Virus Virus Epidemic Links March-April 2009. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). April 30, 2009. Archive from the original on March 20, 2020. Received on March 20, 2020. Origin 2009 H1N1 influenza (swine flu): questions and answers. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). November 25, 2009. Archive from the original on March 18, 2020. Received on March 20, 2020. Perez-Padilla R, de la Rosa-Samboni D, Ponce de Leon S, Hernandez M, Kignones-Falconi F, Bautista E, et al (August 2009). Pneumonia and respiratory failure from swine flu A (H1N1) in Mexico. New England Journal of Medicine. 361 (7): 680–89. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0904252. PMID 19564631. a b c d Butler D (May 2009). How serious will the flu outbreak be? Nature. 459 (7243): 14–15. doi:10.1038/459014a. PMC 7095218. PMID 19424121. a b c Cohen J, Enserink M (May 2009). Infectious diseases. As swine flu circles the globe, scientists are grappling with major issues. Science. 324 (5927): 572–73. doi:10.1126/science.324_572. PMID 19407164. a b Fox M (June 11, 2009). A new flu has been around for years in pigs - a study. Reuters. Archive from the original on October 7, 2009. Received on September 17, 2009. b WHO Director-General announces H1N1 finished. World Health Organization (WHO). August 10, 2010. Archive from out May 25, 2011. Received on May 24, 2011. Weekly virological update from August 5, 2010. World Health Organization (WHO). August 5, 2010. Received on April 8, 2020. a b Roos R (August 8, 2011). The study puts the global rate of H1N1 infection 2009 at between 11% and 21%. Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy. b c Pandemic (H1N1) 2009. World Health Organization (WHO). August 6, 2010. Received on April 8, 2020. CDC H1N1 Influenza Diagnostic Influenza Testing during the 2009-2010 flu season. www.cdc.gov. received on April 4, 2020. Trifonov V., Hiabanyan H., Rabadan R (July 2009). Geographical dependence, surveillance and origin of influenza A virus (H1N1) 2009. New England Journal of Medicine. 361 (2): 115–19. doi:10.1056/NEJMp0904572. PMID 19474418. S2CID 205105276. Hellerman C (June 11, 2009). Swine flu is unstoppable, the World Health Organization says. Cnn. Archive from the original March 7, 2010. Received on April 3, 2010. Kelly H, Peck HA, Laurie KL, Wu P, Nishiura H, Cowling BJ (August 5, 2011). The age-related cumulative incidence of H1N1 pandemic influenza infection in 2009 was similar in different countries prior to vaccination. OOP ONE. 6 (8): e21828. Bibkod:2011PLoSO... 621828K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021828. PMC 3151238. PMID 21850217. Hagemann, Hannah (April 2, 2020). The 1918 influenza pandemic was brutal, killing more than 50 million people worldwide. Npr. Received July 24, 2020. The first global estimates of pandemic mortality H1N1 2009, published by CDC-Led Collaboration. cdc.gov on June 25, 2012. Received on January 31, 2020. DeNoon DJ. H1N1 swine flu is no worse than seasonal flu. Webmd. Received on March 13, 2020. - Roos R (June 27, 2012). CDC Estimates Global Death from H1N1 Pandemic: 284,000. SIDRAP. Received on March 23, 2020. Bautista E, Chotpitayasunondh T, Gao Z, Harper SA, Shaw M, UyekiTM, et al (May 2010). Clinical aspects of the 2009 influenza pandemic (H1N1) viral infection. New England Journal of Medicine. 362 (18): 1708–19. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1000449. hdl:2381/15212. PMID 20445182. a b Clinical features of severe pandemic influenza cases. CH: World Health Organization (WHO). October 16, 2009. Archive from the original on October 25, 2009. Received on October 25, 2009. Lin RI (November 21, 2009). When to take a sick child to MT. Los Angeles Times. Archive from the original on November 25, 2009. Received on January 4, 2010. - Jain S, Kamimoto L, Bramley AM, Schmitz AM, Benoit SR, Louie J et al (November 2009). Hospitalized patients with H1N1 influenza 2009 in the United States, April-June 2009. New England Journal of Medicine. 361 (20): 1935–44. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.183.7888. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0906695. PMID 19815859. This study involved a total of 272 patients, representing about 25% of U.S. hospitalized patients with laboratory-confirmed H1N1 whose cases have been reported in the U.S. (CDC) from May 1 to June 9, 2009. The study found that the only variable that was largely associated with the positive result was receiving antiviral drugs within two days of the onset of the disease (section results, 2nd paragraph), and that only 73% of patients with radiological evidence of pneumonia received antiviral drugs, while 97% received antibiotics. Discussion section, paragraph 8. It is recommended that such patients receive both. b c Grady D (September 3, 2009). Report finds swine flu killed 36 children. The New York Times. Archive from the original on October 7, 2009. Received on September 17, 2009. Standardization of pandemic virus terminology A (H1N1)2009. World Health Organization (WHO). Received on March 31, 2020. de Lamballeri X, Gould EA (September 2009). With reference to the Mexican flu. Influenza and other respiratory viruses. 3 (5): 203. doi:10.1111/j.1750- 2659.2009.00097.x. PMC 4941550. PMID 21462392. McCauley M., Minsk S., Viswanat K (December 2013). Pandemic H1N1: media footage, stigmatization and overcoming. BMC Public Health. 13: 1116. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-1116. PMC 3907032. PMID 24299568. Temporary Novel Influenza A (H1N1) Guide to Cruise Ships. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). August 5, 2009. Archive from the original on October 1, 2009. Received on September 30, 2009. Renamed swine flu is sure to hit Taiwan. China Post. Taiwan (ROC). April 28, 2009. Archive from the original on October 7, 2009. Received on September 26, 2009. Bradsher K (April 28, 2009). The name of swine flu is a curious question. The New York Times. Archive from the original on February 4, 2011. Received on April 29, 2009. Kikon CS. Swine flu: pandemic. Morung Express. Archive from the original on July 14, 2011. Received on September 28, 2009. Pilkington, Ed (April 28, 2009). What's in the name? Governments are discussing swine flu against Mexican influenza. Martin Enserink (May 8, 2009). Swine Flu Names develops faster than swine flu itself. Science. Mackenzie D (May 9, 2009). Swine flu: Can science save us from the second wave?. New Scientist (2707): 4-5. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079 (09)61215-X. Archive from the original dated May 10, 2009. Smith GJ, Vijaykrishna D, Bahl J, Lycett SJ, Worobey M, Pybus OG, et al (June 2009). Origin and evolutionary genomics of the H1N1 2009 epidemic. Nature. 459 (7250): 1122–25. Bibkod:2009Natur.459.1122S. doi:10.1038/nature08182. PMID 19516283. Put a resume. b c McNeil Jr DG (June 23, 2009). In a new theory, swine flu started in Asia, not Mexico. The New York Times. Archive from the original on August 7, 2009. Received on September 1, 2009. Mena I, Nelson MI, Kesada-Monroy F., J., Cortez-Fernandez R., Lara-Puente JG et al., (June 2016). Origins of H1N1 influenza 2009 pigs in Mexico. Elife. 5: e16777. doi:10.7554/eLife.16777. PMC 4957980. PMID 27350259. A 2009 swine flu pandemic originated in Mexico, researchers discover. Science Daily. June 27, 2016. Received on March 18, 2020. Lacey M (April 28, 2009). From Edgar, 5, cough heard around the world. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Received on February 21, 2020. WHO - swine flu. Archive from the original on May 6, 2014. Chan M (June 11, 2009). The world is now at the beginning of the 2009 influenza pandemic. World Health Organization (WHO). Archive from the original on October 22, 2009. Received on October 25, 2009. a b 2009 H1N1 flu (swine flu) and you . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). February 10, 2010. Archive from the original on March 4, 2010. Received on February 26, 2010. Huffstutter PJ (December 5, 2009). Don't call it swine flu, farmers beg. Los Angeles Times. Archive from the original on December 7, 2009. Received on December 5, 2009. b Updated interim recommendations on the use of antiviral drugs in influenza treatment and prevention for the 2009-2010 season. Influenza H1N1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). December 7, 2009. Archive from the original on December 10, 2009. Received on December 10, 2009. Bronze MS (November 13, 2009). Influenza H1N1 (swine flu). Telemedicine. Medswipe. Archive from the original on December 27, 2009. Received on December 10, 2009. a b c Updated interim recommendations on the use of antiviral drugs in influenza treatment and prevention for the 2009-2010 season. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). September 8, 2009. Archive from the original on September 17, 2009. Received on September 17, 2009. Mackay B (March 2, 2010). Flu season that's out of breath. Wall Street Journal. Archive from the original on January 17, 2015. Received on April 14, 2011. b Pandemic (H1N1) 2009. News of outbreaks. World Health Organization (WHO). May 14, 2010. Archive from the original on May 18, 2010. Received on May 14, 2010. Global Intensity Map, week 17 (April 26 - May 2, 2010). Global update for 2009 H1N1. World Health Organization (WHO). Archive from the original on May 19, 2010. Received on May 14, 2010. Percentage of respiratory samples that tested positive for influenza: status divided 17 (April 25 - May 1, 2010). World Health Organization (WHO). Archive from the original on May 19, 2010. Received on May 14, 2010. 2009 H1N1 Flu: International Situation Update. Influenza H1N1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). May 7, 2010. Archive from the original on May 5, 2010. Received on May 14, 2010. Flu updates. World Health Organization (WHO). September 10, 2010. Archive from the original on May 23, 2011. Received on May 24, 2011. H1N1 is still a pandemic, says WHO. redOrbit. from the original on September 29, 2012. Year. August 10, 2010. WHO makes mistakes in handling the influenza pandemic: the Agency is accused of overplaying the danger of the virus when it has spread across the globe. MSNBC.com April 12, 2010. Archive from the original on December 12, 2011. Received on April 14, 2011. Lynn J (January 12, 2010). WHO to review its work with the H1N1 influenza pandemic. Reuters. Archive from the original on November 24, 2010. Received on April 14, 2011. The swine flu pandemic declared by WHO was a waste of money. London: The Times (UK). April 22, 2010. Archive from the original on May 31, 2010. Received on April 14, 2011. a b Randall T (September 7, 2010). Swine flu in children is found to be no more severe than seasonal virus. Bloomberg. Archive from the original on September 10, 2010. Received on January 30, 2011. - Roos R (August 8, 2011). The study puts the global rate of H1N1 infection 2009 at between 11% and 21%. SIDRAP. Archive from the original on August 19, 2012. Received on August 10, 2011. Dawood FS, Iuliano AD, Reed C, Meltzer MI, Shei DK, Cheng PY, et al (September 2012). Estimated global mortality associated with the first 12 months of 2009, the spread of pandemic influenza A H1N1: modelling study. Lancet. Infectious diseases. 12 (9): 687–95. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70121-4. PMID 22738893. The first global estimates of pandemic mortality H1N1 2009, published by CDC-Led Collaboration. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). June 25, 2012. Archive from the original dated July 1, 2012. Received on July 3, 2012. CDC Briefing on The Investigation of Human Influenza H1N1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). July 24, 2009. Archive from the original on August 29, 2009. Received on July 28, 2009. Temporary guide to 2009 H1N1 flu (swine flu): Taking care of a sick person in your home. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). August 5, 2009. Archive from the original on November 3, 2009. Received on November 1, 2009. Picard A (November 1, 2009). The reader of the questions on H1N1 answered. The Globe and Mail. Toronto, Canada. Archive from the original november 4, 2009. Received on November 2, 2009. Hartocollis A (May 27, 2009). 'Basic conditions' can add to flu worries. The New York Times. Archive from the original on April 25, 2013. Received on September 26, 2009. Waven J (June 15, 2009). Influenza Pandemic Spurs Vaccine Requests. Wall Street Journal. Archive from the original on October 7, 2009. Received on August 31, 2009. Monitoring of child mortality associated with the 2009 pandemic influenza (H1N1) Viral Infection - United States, April-August 2009. Weekly morbidity and mortality report. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). September 4, 2009. Archive from the original on November 26, 2009. Received on December 2, 2009. 2009-2010 Flu Season 6, ending February 13, 2010. Fluview: Weekly Influenza Surveillance Report prepared by the Influenza Division. Influenza. February 15, 2019. Archive from the original on February 19, 2011. Clinical features of severe cases of pandemic influenza. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 briefing note 13. Switzerland: World Health Organization (WHO). October 16, 2009. Archive from the original january 19, 2010. Received on January 17, 2010. Rothberg MB, Haessler SD (April 2010). Complications of seasonal and pandemic influenza. Critical care medicine. 38 (4 Suppl): e91-97. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181c92eeb. PMID 19935413. S2CID 43882788. Nguyen-Wan-Tam JS, Openshaw PJ, Hashim A, Gadd EM, Lim WS, Semple MG, et al (July 2010). Risk factors for hospitalization and poor outcome in the A/H1N1 influenza pandemic: the first wave of the United Kingdom (May-September 2009). Chest. 65 (7): 645–51. doi:10.1136/thx.2010.135210. PMC 2921287. PMID 20627925. Bratincec A, El Said HG, Bradley JS, Shayan K, Grossfeld PD, Cannavino CR (March 2010). Fulminant myocarditis associated with pandemic H1N1 A influenza virus in children. In the journal of the American College of Cardiology. 55 (9): 928– 29. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.01.004. PMID 20153131. Put a resume. (Primary source) - Those with severe H1N1 are at risk for pulmonary embolism, researchers find. ScienceDaily. October 18, 2009. Archive from the original on March 7, 2010. Received on April 3, 2010. Belongia EA, Irving SA, Waring SC, Coleman LA, Meece JK, Vandermause M et al (September 2010). Clinical characteristics and 30-day outbreaks of influenza A infections 2009 (H1N1), 2008-2009 (H1N1) and 2007-2008 (H3N2) infections. Jama. 304 (10): 1091–98. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.1277. PMID 20823435. b Temporary guide to collecting, processing and testing samples for patients suspected of a new viral influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). May 13, 2009. Archive from the original on November 26, 2009. Received on November 23, 2009. b Diagnostic flu testing during the 2009-2010 flu season. Influenza H1N1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). September 29, 2009. Archive from the original on November 26, 2009. Received on November 23, 2009. Interim recommendations for the clinical use of influenza diagnostic tests during the 2009-10 flu season. Influenza H1N1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). September 29, 2009. Archive from the original on November 26, 2009. Received on November 23, 2009. Assessment of rapid influenza diagnosis to detect a new influenza A virus (H1N1) - USA, 2009. Weekly morbidity and mortality report. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). August 7, 2009. Archive from the original on December 17, 2009. Received on December 5, 2009. Can rapid flu tests, which pose a threat to public health, be widely used? Maywood, Illinois, USA: Loyola Medicine. November 17, 2009. Archive from the original on December 7 Year. Year. December 4, 2009. b Transcript of a virtual press conference with Gregory Hartle, spokesperson for H1N1, and Dr. Nikki Shindo, Medical Officer of the Global Influenza Program, World Health Organization (PDF). World Health Organization (WHO). November 12, 2009. Archive (PDF) from the original on November 29, 2009. Received on November 18, 2009. A new CDC test for detecting human infections since the 2009 H1N1 flu virus is allowed for FDA use (press release). Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). June 22, 2010. Archive from the original on August 26, 2010. Received on August 25, 2010. Schnirring L (May 21, 2009). Some immunity to novel influenza H1N1 is found in the elderly. Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy. Archive from the original on September 23, 2009. Received on September 26, 2009. Swine Influenza A (H1N1) Infection in two children - Southern California, March-April 2009. Weekly morbidity and mortality report. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). April 21, 2009. Archive from the original september 25, 2009. Received on September 26, 2009. Chen H, Wang Y, Liu W, Chang J, Dong B, Fan X, et al (November 2009). Serological pandemic virus survey (H1N1) 2009, Guangxi Province, China. New infectious diseases. 15 (11): 1849–50. doi:10.3201/eid1511.090868. PMC 2857250. PMID 19891883. Butler D (April 2009). Swine flu is reaching the world's world. Nature. 458 (7242): 1082–83. doi:10.1038/4581082a. PMID 19407756. Viral gene sequences to assist in updating the diagnosis of swine flu A(H1N1) (PDF). World Health Organization. April 15, 2009. Archive (PDF) from the original on August 7, 2017. Received on September 6, 2017. Emma Wilkinson (May 1, 2009). What scientists know about swine flu. BBC News. Archive from the original september 29, 2009. Received on September 26, 2009. Donaldson LJ, Rutter PD, Ellis BM, Greaves FE, Mytton OT, Pebody RG, Yardley IE (December 2009). Mortality from the A/H1N1 2009 influenza pandemic in England: Public Health Surveillance Study. BMJ. 339: b5213. doi:10.1136/bmj.b5213. PMC 2791802. PMID 20007665. - Maugh II TH (December 11, 2009). Swine flu has hit about one in six Americans, the CDC says. Los Angeles Times. Archive from the original on December 13, 2009. Received on December 13, 2009. Vijaykrishna D, Pun LL, Ju HC, Ma SK, Li OT, Cheung CL, et al (June 2010). The re-spread of the pandemic H1N1/2009 influenza virus in pigs. Science. 328 (5985): 1529. Bibkod:2010Sci... 328.1529V. doi:10.1126/science.1189132. PMC 3569847. PMID 20558710. H1N1 exchanges genes with other pig viruses: scientists. CTV News. The Canadian press. June 18, 2010. Archive from the original on July 27, 2011. Received on April 14, 2011. Balkan D, Hu H, B, Bagardi P, Poletto C, Ramasco JJ, et al (September 2009). Seasonal transmission potential and peaks of new influenza A(H1N1): A(H1N1): probability analysis based on human mobility. BMC Medicine. 7 (45): 45. arXiv:0909.2417. Bibkod:2009arXiv09.2417B. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-7-45. PMC 2755471. PMID 19744314. - Cauchemez S, Donnelly CA, Reed C, Ghani AC, Fraser C, Kent CK, etc. (December 2009). Transmission of pandemic influenza A virus (H1N1) in the United States in 2009. New England Journal of Medicine. 361 (27): 2619–27. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0905498. PMC 3840270. PMID 20042753. Murray L (November 5, 2009). Can pets get swine flu?. The New York Times. Archive from the original on November 8, 2009. Received on November 6, 2009. Parker-Papa T (5 November 2009). The cat that got the swine flu. The New York Times. Archive from the original on November 8, 2009. Received on November 6, 2009. Pet dog recovers from H1N1. CBC News. December 22, 2009. Archive from the original on December 24, 2009. Received on April 14, 2011. 2009 H1N1 Influenza Pandemic Suspected and Confirmed Results (PDF). Usda. December 4, 2009. Archive from the original (PDF) dated December 3, 2009. Received on December 4, 2009. Use of the 2009 monovalent influenza A vaccine (H1N1) : Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practice (ACIP), 2009 (PDF). Weekly morbidity and mortality report. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). November 28, 2009. Archive (PDF) from the original on November 3, 2009. Received on November 2, 2009. a b Swine flu is the last of the NHS. Choosing the NHS. Nhs. NHS Knowledge Service. September 25, 2009. Archive from the original on October 8, 2009. Received on September 28, 2009. McNeil Jr. (September 10, 2009). One vaccine shot is seen as protective for swine flu. The New York Times. Archive from the original on October 7, 2009. Received on September 17, 2009. Experts advise WHO on pandemic vaccine policies and strategies. World Health Organization (WHO). October 30, 2009. Archive from the original november 2, 2009. Received on November 2, 2009. Mackay B (July 18, 2009). A new push in the H1N1 Flu Fight Set to Start School. Wall Street Journal. Archive from the original september 22, 2009. Received on August 31, 2009. Hutain J (November 21, 2009). 478 community clinics in 49 states receiving the necessary H1N1 protections. Direct help. Received on April 25, 2019. Stickney R. Clinics, patients inundated with influenza. NBC 7 San Diego. Received on April 25, 2019. The choice of vaccines for the 2010-2011 flu season. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Archive from the original on October 6, 2010. Received on August 25, 2010. - Nasaw D (April 27, 2009). Europeans have urged to avoid Mexico and the US as swine flu death toll exceeds 100. Guardian. London. Archive from the original on April 30, 2009. Received on April 27, 2009. - AFP (May 6 (g.). The H1N1 virus genome: This is the first in the world. Independent. Archive from out October 7, 2009. Received on August 31, 2009. National Pandemic Influenza Service. NHS, NHS Scotland, NHS Wales, DHSSPS. Archive from the original on October 7, 2009. Received on October 4, 2009. Hines L (June 7, 2009). Health officials are assessing the response to swine flu. Riverside Press Enterprise. Archive from the original on January 7, 2010. Received on September 17, 2009. Stein R (August 10, 2009). Prepare for the return of swine flu. The Washington Post. Archive from the original on October 7, 2009. Received on October 4, 2009. b Steenhuysen J (June 4, 2009). As the swine flu subsides, the U.S. is bracing for a second wave. Reuters. Archive from the original on October 7, 2009. Received on September 17, 2009. Shire MD, Stein R (October 24, 2009). President Obama declares H1N1 influenza a national emergency. The Washington Post. Archive from the original on November 7, 2009. Received on October 25, 2009. Fineberg HV (April 2014). Prepared and Response Pandemic - Lessons from 2009 H1N1 influenza. New England Journal of Medicine. 370 (14): 1335–42. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1208802. PMID 24693893. Pollard C (January 13, 2010). Swine flu is a false pandemic for the sale of vaccines, says expert. News.com archive from the original on January 14, 2010. Received on January 13, 2010. WHO to review its work on the H1N1 influenza pandemic. Reuters. January 12, 2010. Archive from the original on November 24, 2010. Received on April 14, 2011. WHO Bloomberg to refine H1N1 data after false claim pandemic (Update1). Bloomberg. Archive from the original on March 7, 2010. Received on August 21, 2017. Flynn P (March 23, 2010). H1N1 Pandemic Processing: More Transparency (PDF) is needed. memorandum, Committee on Social Affairs, Health and Family Affairs, Council of Europe. Archive (PDF) from the original on February 23, 2011. a b Chan M (June 8, 2010). Who Director-General's letter to BMJ editors. World Health Organization (WHO). Archive from the original on January 30, 2011. Received on January 30, 2011. Godley F (June 2010). Conflicts of interest and pandemic influenza. BMJ. 340: c2947. doi:10.1136/bmj.c2947. PMID 20525680. S2CID 323055. Archive from the original on December 21, 2010. Influenza A (H1N1) - Travel. World Health Organization (WHO). May 7, 2009. Archive from the original on June 18, 2009. Received on June 17, 2009. Asia is moving to prevent a new flu virus. Reuters. February 9, 2009. Archive from the original on April 30, 2009. Received on April 26, 2009. b c Jacobs K (June 3, 2009). Global airlines move to reduce the risk of infection. Reuters. Archive from the original on October 7, 2009. Received on September 17, 2009. Gunaratnam PJ, Tobin S, Seale H, Maric A, McAnulty J (March 2014). Check for arrival at the airport during pandemic influenza (H1N1) 2009 in New South Wales, Australia. Medical Journal of Australia. (5): 290–92. doi:10.5694/mja13.10832. PMID 24641156. ^ ^ H, Kamiya K (May 2011). Screening of fever during the influenza pandemic (H1N1-2009) at Narita International Airport, Japan. BMC Infectious Diseases. 11: 111. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-11-111. PMC 3096599. PMID 21539735. The new CDC H1N1 guide for colleges, universities and higher education institutions. The Wire Business. August 20, 2009. Received on September 17, 2009. b George C (August 1, 2009). Schools revamp swine flu plans for the fall. The Houston Chronicle. Archive from the original on October 7, 2009. Received on August 31, 2009. de Vise D (August 20, 2009). Colleges have warned of outbreaks of autumn flu on campus. The Washington Post. Archive from the original on October 7, 2009. Received on September 17, 2009. Get Smart About Swine Flu for back in school. Atlanta Journal-Constitution. August 14, 2009. Archive from the original on October 7, 2009. Received on August 31, 2009. a b Mehta S, Santa Cruz N (July 27, 2009). Swine flu goes to camp. Will he go to school next?. Los Angeles Times. Archive from the original on August 7, 2009. Received on September 17, 2009. King Jr. JC (August 1, 2009). ABC H1N1. The New York Times. Archive from the original on October 7, 2009. Received on September 17, 2009. H1N1 is closing hundreds of schools across the United States. Fox News. October 28, 2009. Archive from the original november 1, 2009. Received on October 28, 2009. a b Business planning. Flu.gov the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Archive from the original on August 30, 2009. Received on September 17, 2009. - Maugh II TH (July 25, 2009). Swine flu could kill hundreds of thousands in the U.S. if the vaccine fails, the CDC says. Los Angeles Times. Archive from the original on August 7, 2009. Received on September 17, 2009. Fiore M (July 17, 2009). Swine Flu: Why You Still Have to Worry. Fox News. Archive from the original on September 9, 2009. Received on August 31, 2009. Swine Flu - HSE News Announcement. Health and Safety Executive. June 18, 2009. Archive from the original on August 27, 2009. Received on August 31, 2009. Roan S (September 27, 2009). Masks can help prevent the flu, but are not recommended. Chicago Tribune. Archive from the original on October 1, 2009. Received on September 28, 2009. a b Roan S, Rong-Gong II L (April 30, 2009). Facial masks are not an accurate bet against swine flu. Los Angeles Times. Archive from the original on May 3, 2009. Received on September 17, 2009. - b c Face masks some of the Japanese fashion chic for decades. The Sydney Morning Herald. May 4, 2009. Received on July 7, 2020. - b c Face masks some of the Japanese fashion chic for decades. The fashion chain. FashionNetwork.com. AFP. May 4, 2009. Archive from the original dated July 3, 2020. Received on July 3, 2020. - Wohl J (October 20, 2009). Influenza-related products may boost profits Manufacturers. ABC News.com. ABC News. Archive from the original on October 24, 2009. Received on October 28, 2009. China China U.S. school group on flu problems. Cnn. May 28, 2009. Archive from the original on October 7, 2009. Received on September 26, 2009. Kralev N (June 29, 2009). U.S. warns travelers about China flu rules The Washington Times. Archive from the original on October 7, 2009. Received on September 26, 2009. DPA (May 3, 2009). Tensions are escalating at The Hong Kong Swine Flu Hotel. Taipei Times. Archive from the original on November 7, 2009. Received on September 26, 2009. Ship passengers cruisy in swine flu quarantine. ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. May 28, 2009. Archive from the original on October 7, 2009. Received on September 17, 2009. Anonymous (May 21, 2009). Egypt warns of swine flu quarantine after hajj. Philippine star. Archive from the original on August 29, 2014. Received on October 16, 2013. Woolles D (April 27, 2009). Swine flu cases in Europe; Worldwide travel is shaken. American reconnaissance wire. Ap. Received on January 30, 2011. Japan swine flu quarantine ends for air passengers. Television of the new Tang Dynasty. May 17, 2009. Archive from the original on December 7, 2009. Received on September 26, 2009. - MIL/Sify.com (June 16, 2009). India wants the U.S. to screen passengers for swine flu. International Reporter. Archive from the original on September 23, 2010. Received on September 28, 2009. Jacinto L (May 1, 2009). Finally, the flu name of the game is resolved. France 24. Received on March 21, 2020. Label 'swine flu' gets up the nose of pig farmers in the world. The New York Herald. April 30, 2009. Received on March 21, 2020. Jordan D (October 20, 2009). Minnesota Pig Tests Positive for H1N1. KOTV. Archive from the original on December 7, 2009. Received on December 10, 2009. Evans B (May 5, 2009). Press conference with the Minister of Health and the Chief Health Officer. Public Health Agency Of Canada. Archive from the original on December 14, 2009. Received on December 10, 2009. Human swine flu in pigs. A measure of effect. October 20, 2009. Archive from the original on November 8, 2009. Received on December 10, 2009. FAO/WHO/OME Joint Statement on Influenza A (H1N1) and Pork Safety (press release). World Health Organization (WHO). May 7, 2009. Archive from the original on September 23, 2009. Received on September 26, 2009. Demon S (August 21, 2009). Pork industry rues swine flu. The Baltimore Sun. 172 (233). page 1, 16. Archive from the original on October 7, 2009. Received on September 1, 2009. Prevention of swine flu in Azerbaijan: Minister. Trend news agency. April 28, 2009. Archive from the original july 16, 2009. Received on April 28, 2009. Cegah flu babi, pemerintah gelar rawat koordinasi. The Compass Newspaper. April 27, 2009. Archive from the original on May 1, 2009. Received 14 2011. Egypt orders pork selection. ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Afp. April 30, 2009. Archive of the original on 7 7 2009. Received on 27 September 2009. - b Mayo Clinic staff. Influenza (flu) treatment and medication. Illnesses and conditions. The Mayo Clinic. Archive from the original on October 7, 2009. Received on May 20, 2009. B Fever. Medline Plus Medical Encyclopedia. National Library of Medicine. Archive from the original on May 15, 2009. Received on May 20, 2009. Aspirin / Salicylates and Reyes syndrome. National Reye Syndrome Foundation. 1974. Archive from the original dated July 19, 2011. Received on April 14, 2011. What to do if you get sick: 2009 H1N1 and seasonal flu. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). May 7, 2009. Archive from the original on November 3, 2009. Received on November 1, 2009. - Jain S, Kamimoto L, Bramley AM, Schmitz AM, Benoit SR, Louie J et al (November 2009). Hospitalized patients with H1N1 influenza 2009 in the United States, April-June 2009. New England Journal of Medicine. 361 (20): 1935–44. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.183.7888. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0906695. PMID 19815859. Recommended use of antiviral drugs. Global Alert and Response (GAR). Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO). August 21, 2009. Archive from the original november 4, 2009. Received on November 6, 2009. Emergency use permit granted for Peramivir BioCryst. PRNewswire. PRNewswire-FirstCall. October 23, 2009. Archive from the original on June 6, 2011. Received on January 30, 2011. Cheng M (August 21, 2009). WHO: Healthy people who get swine flu don't need Tamiflu; drug for young, old, pregnant. Washington Examiner. Archive from the original on October 7, 2009. Received on September 17, 2009. BMJ Group (May 8, 2009). Warning against buying flu drugs online. Boots. Archive from the original on October 17, 2013. Received on October 16, 2013. Update of oseltamivir resistance to H1N1 influenza viruses (2009) (PDF). World Health Organization (WHO). December 15, 2010. Archive (PDF) from the original on January 27, 2011. Received on December 30, 2010. 2008-2009 Flu Season Week 39 ending October 3, 2009. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). October 9, 2009. Archive from the original march 6, 2010. Received on November 20, 2009. 2008-2009 Flu Season 32 ending August 15, 2009. Influenza activity and surveillance. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). August 21, 2009. Archive from the original on November 3, 2009. Received on December 4, 2009. Cortez MF (December 9, 2009). Tamiflu Roche has not been proven to reduce complications of flu, the study says. Bloomberg L.P. Archive from the original January 7, 2010. Received on December 11, 2009. a b Jefferson T, Jones M, Doshi P, Del Mar C (December 2009). Neuraminidase inhibitors for the prevention and treatment of influenza in healthy adults: a systematic review and BMJ. 339: b5106. doi:10.1136/bmj.b5106. PMC 2790574. PMID 19995812. Godley F (10 December 2009). We want to make sure that data, now. BMJ. 339: b5405. doi:10.1136/bmj.b5405. S2CID 72788639. Archive from the original on March 7, 2010. Received on April 14, 2011. Larry Pope. CEO of Smithfield Foods on influenza virus (flv) (television production). NBC News. Received on September 16, 2009. a b McNeil Jr DG (April 26, 2009). The flu outbreak raises a number of questions. The New York Times. Archive from the original on February 15, 2011. Received on September 17, 2009. b Study: Mexico has thousands more cases of swine flu. The Fox News Network. The Associated Press. May 12, 2009. Archive from the original september 24, 2009. Received on September 17, 2009. Swine Influenza A (H1N1) Infection in two children - Southern California, March-April 2009. Weekly morbidity and mortality report. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 58 (Dispatcher) (15): 400-02. April 24, 2009. Archive from the original on October 1, 2009. Received on October 4, 2009. Swine flu victim dies in Houston. Houston, Texas: KTRK-TV/DT. Ap. April 29, 2009. Archive from the original on November 7, 2009. Received on November 18, 2009. Shrestha SS, Swerdlow DL, Borse RH, Prabhu VS, Finelli L, Atkins CY et al (January 2011). Assessment of the burden of pandemic influenza A 2009 (H1N1) in the United States (April 2009 - April 2010). Clinical infectious diseases. 52 Supple 1: S75-82. doi:10.1093/cid/ciq012. PMID 21342903. The pandemic shows the strengths of the new influenza database. SIDRAP. Received on September 6, 2017. Elba S, Buckland-Merrett G (January 2017). Data, Disease and Diplomacy: GISID's Innovative Contribution to Global Health. Global challenges. 1 (1): 33–46. doi:10.1002/gch2.1018. PMC 6607375. PMID 31565258. Greenmeyer L. Creating the best flu vaccine - and giving chickens rest. A scientific American. Archive from the original September 6, 2017. Received on September 6, 2017. McCawley JW (February 2017). Viruses: A model for accelerating the response to the epidemic. Nature. 542 (7642): 414. Bibkod:2017Natur.542. 414M. doi:10.1038/542414b. PMID 28230113. Influenza activity and observation. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). November 30, 2009. Archive from the original on November 26, 2009. Received on December 2, 2009. Stubbe M (June 25, 2009). U.S. swine flu cases may have hit 1 million. The Huffington Post. Ap. Archive from the original on December 7, 2009. Received on December 2, 2009. Ellenberg J (July 4, 2009). The number of flu corpses. Slate. Archive from the original on January 15, 2010. Received on December 2, 2009. The questions and answers regarding the assessment of influenza mortality in the United States. Seasonal flu (flu). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). September 4, 2009. Archive from the original on December 1, 2009. Received on December 2, 2009. CDC Estimates 2009 H1N1 Flu Cases, Hospitalization and Deaths in the United States April - December 12, 2009. Year. Flu. CDC. January 15, 2010. Archive from the original january 19, 2010. Received on January 17, 2010. CDC week 45. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). November 14, 2009. Archive from the original on January 7, 2010. Received on December 14, 2009. CDC week 34. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). August 30, 2009. Archive from the original on January 7, 2010. Received on December 14, 2009. Gail J (December 4, 2009). Clinical features of severe cases of pandemic influenza. Bloomberg. Archive from the original on January 7, 2010. Received on December 4, 2009. No A (H1N1) cases - reality or poor laboratory facilities?. Reuters. May 8, 2009. Archive from the original on May 11, 2009. Received on May 9, 2009. - Sandman PM, Lanard J (2005). Bird flu: Risk report. Perspectives in the journal Health. 10 (2). Archive from the original on April 23, 2011. Received on April 14, 2011. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 briefing note 3. World Health Organization (WHO). Archive from the original on July 22, 2009. Received on July 17, 2009. Randall T (September 7, 2010). Swine flu has found no more serious than a seasonal virus. Bloomberg. Archive from the original on September 10, 2010. Received on May 24, 2011. Updated CDC estimates of 2009 H1N1 cases of influenza, hospitalization and death in the United States, April 2009 - April 10, 2010. Cdc.gov archive from the original on December 9, 2010. Received on May 24, 2011. Shrestha SS, Swerdlow DL, Borse RH, Prabhu VS, Finelli L, Atkins CY et al (January 2011). Assessment of the burden of pandemic influenza A 2009 (H1N1) in the United States (April 2009 - April 2010). Clinical infectious diseases. 52 Supple 1: S75-82. doi:10.1093/cid/ciq012. PMID 21342903. The flu season continues; Seriousness is on the rise. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD). January 17, 2014. Archive from the original on January 21, 2014. Received on January 24, 2014. Mason M. Influenza - Symptoms, Diagnosis, Flu Treatment - NY Times Health Information. The New York Times. Health.nytimes.com archive from the original dated July 14, 2011. Received on May 24, 2011. Seasonal Influenza (Influenza) - The questions and answers regarding the assessment of influenza mortality in the United States. Cdc.gov archive from the original on October 16, 2011. Received on October 23, 2011. a b Dushoff J, Plotkin JB, Viboud C, Earn DJ, Simonsen L (January 2006). Influenza mortality in the United States is an annual regression approach using multiple-cause mortality data. American Journal of Epidemiology. 163 (2): 181–87. doi:10.1093/aje/kwj024. PMID 16319291. The regression model attributes an average of 41,400 (95% confidence interval: 27,100, 55,700) flu deaths between 1979-2001. CDC Estimates 2009 H1N1 Cases of Influenza, Hospitalization and April, November 14, 2009. Flu.gov archive from the original on December 9, 2011. Received on October 23, 2011. - Scarfone RJ, Coffin S, Fieldston ES, Falkowski G, Cooney MG, Grenfell S (June 2011). Hospital-based pandemic influenza preparedness and response: strategies to increase growth capacity. Pediatric emergency care. 27 (6): 565–72. doi:10.1097/PEC.0b013e31821dc9d1. PMID 21642799. S2CID 11222604. b Influenza: Newsletter. World Health Organization (WHO). November 6, 2018. Archive from the original on December 17, 2019. Received on January 25, 2020. Kaplan K (September 18, 2009). The swine flu trend to hit the young is causing confusion. Los Angeles Times. Archive from the original on September 19, 2009. Received on September 18, 2009. a b c Kilborn ED (January 2006). Influenza pandemics of the 20th century. New infectious diseases. 12 (1): 9–14. doi:10.3201/eid1201.051254. PMC 3291411. PMID 16494710. Greger M (August 26, 2009). The CDC confirms links to the virus for the first time detected in the U.S. pig factory. Humane Society of the United States. Archive from the original september 3, 2009. Received on September 21, 2009. Sternberg S (May 26, 2009). A CDC expert says the flu outbreak is dying - for now. USA today. Archive from the original on October 7, 2009. Received on September 17, 2009. - Morens DM, Taubenberger JK, Fauci AS (October 2008). The predominant role of bacterial pneumonia as a cause of death in pandemic influenza: the effects on pandemic influenza preparedness. In the Journal of Infectious Diseases. 198 (7): 962–70. doi:10.1086/591708. PMC 2599911. PMID 18710327. - Hilleman MR (August 2002). Realities and riddles of human viral influenza: pathogenesis, epidemiology and control. Vaccine. 20 (25–26): 3068–87. doi:10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00254-2. PMID 12163258. Potter CW (October 2001). The history of the flu. In the Journal of Applied Microbiology. 91 (4): 572–9. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x. PMID 11576290. - Biggerstaff M, Cauchemez S, Reed C, Gambhir M, Finelli L (September 2014). Estimates of the number of reproductions of seasonal, pandemic and zoonous influenza: a systematic review of literature. BMC Infectious Diseases. 14 (1): 480. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-480. PMC 4169819. PMID 25186370. a b c valleron AJ, Cori A, Valtat S, Meurisse S, Carrat F, Bo'll PY (May 2010). The transmission and geographical spread of the 1889 influenza pandemic. Works of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (19): 8778–81. Bibkod:2010PNAS. 107.8778V. doi:10.1073/pnas.1000886107. PMC 2889325. PMID 20421481. Mills CE, Robins JM, Lipsitch M (December 2004). Pandemic influenza transmission of 1918. Nature. 432 (7019): 904–6. Bibkod:2004Natur.432. 904M. doi:10.1038/nature03063. PMC 7095078. PMID 15602562. Taubenberger JK, DM (January 2006). 1918 Influenza: The mother of all pandemics. New infectious diseases. 12 (1): 15–22. doi:10.3201/eid1201.050979. PMC 3291398. PMID 16494711. a b c d e f g h Report of the Committee on the Review of International Health Policy (2005) on the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 (PDF). May 5, 2011. page 37. Archive (PDF) from the original on May 14, 2015. Received on March 1, 2015. Spreeuwenberg., Kroneman M., Pyatt J (December 2018). A reassessment of the global burden of mortality from the 1918 influenza pandemic. American Journal of Epidemiology. 187 (12): 2561–2567. doi:10.1093/aje/kwy191. PMID 30202996. - Morens DM, Fauci AS (April 2007). Influenza pandemic of 1918: ideas for the 21st century. In the Journal of Infectious Diseases. 195 (7): 1018–28. doi:10.1086/511989. PMID 17330793. Johnson NP, Muller J (2002). Update: Global mortality from the Spanish influenza pandemic 1918-1920. Bulletin of the history of medicine. 76 (1): 105–15. doi:10.1353/bhm.2002.0022. PMID 11875246. Lin II R, Carlamangla S (March 6, 2020). Why the coronavirus outbreak is unlikely to be a repeat of the Spanish flu of 1918. Los Angeles Times. Schwartzman SW, Adler JL, Sullivan RJ, Marine WM (June 1971). Bacterial pneumonia during the 1968-1969 Hong Kong influenza epidemic. Archives of Internal Medicine. 127 (6): 1037–41. doi:10.1001/archinte.1971.00310180053006. PMID 5578560. Donaldson LJ, Rutter PD, Ellis BM, Greaves FE, Mytton OT, Pebody RG, Yardley IE (December 2009). Mortality from the A/H1N1 2009 influenza pandemic in England: Public Health Surveillance Study. BMJ. 339: b5213. doi:10.1136/bmj.b5213. PMC 2791802. PMID 20007665. The first global estimates of pandemic mortality H1N1 2009, published by CDC-Led Collaboration. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). June 25, 2012. Received on July 7, 2012. Kelly H, Peck HA, Laurie KL, Wu P, Nishiura H, Cowling BJ (August 5, 2011). The age- related cumulative incidence of H1N1 pandemic influenza infection in 2009 was similar in different countries prior to vaccination. OOP 1. 6 (8): e21828. Bibkod:2011PLoSO... 621828K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021828. PMC 3151238. PMID 21850217. Dawood FS, Iuliano AD, Reed C, Meltzer MI, Shei DK, Cheng PY, et al (September 2012). Estimated global mortality associated with the first 12 months of 2009, the spread of pandemic influenza A H1N1: modelling study. Lancet. Infectious diseases. 12 (9): 687–95. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70121-4. PMID 22738893. Riley S, Kwok KO, Wu KM, Ning DY, Cowling BJ, Wu JT, et al (June 2011). Epidemiological characteristics of the 2009 pandemic influenza (H1N1) based on a pair serum from a cohort study of the longitudinal community. PLoS Medicine. 8 (6): e1000442. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000442. PMC 3119689. PMID 21713000. Wong JY, Kelly H, Ip DK, Wu JT, GM, Cowling BJ (November 2013). Influenza A mortality risk (H1N1pdm09): systematic review. Epidemiology. 24 (6): 830–41. doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e3182a67448. PMC 3809029. PMID 24045719. WHO Europe - Influenza. World Health Organization (WHO). June 2009. Archive from the original on June 17, 2009. Received on June 12, 2009. CDC (October 28, 2019). Key facts about influenza (flu). referring to Tokars, Olsen Reed (2018). cdc.gov. received on March 10, 2020. Tokars JI, Olsen SJ, Reed C (May 2018). Seasonal incidence of symptomatic influenza in the United States. Clinical infectious diseases. 66 (10): 1511–1518. doi:10.1093/cid/cix1060. PMC 5934309. PMID 29206909. Influenza: Newsletter. World Health Organization (WHO). November 6, 2018. Archive from the original on December 17, 2019. Received on January 25, 2020. Mortality from H1N1 is comparable to seasonal influenza. Malaysian insider. Washington, D.C., USA. Reuters. September 17, 2009. Archive from the original on October 20, 2009. Received on September 26, 2009. Brown D (April 29, 2009). The system, created after the SARS epidemic, is slowly alerting global authorities. The Washington Post obtained the article on September 26, 2009. Bajell JH, Farrar J, Khan AM, Hayden FG, Hyer R, de Jong MD, et al (September 2005). Writing by the World Health Organization (WHO) Committee on Human Influenza A/H5. Avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in humans. New England Journal of Medicine. 353 (13): 1374–85. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.730.7890. doi:10.1056/NEJMra052211. PMID 16192482. McNeil Jr. DG (May 20, 2009). The U.S. says older people seem safer from the new flu strain. The New York Times. Archive from the original on October 7, 2009. Received on September 26, 2009. H1N1 swine flu may have killed 15 times more than the first one said. ABC News Medical Unit. June 26, 2012. Archive from the original dated March 20, 2016., referring to Dawood FS, Iuliano AD, Reed C, Meltzer MI, Shay DK, PY Cheng et al (September 2012). Estimated global mortality associated with the first 12 months of 2009, the spread of pandemic influenza A H1N1: modelling study. Lancet. Infectious diseases. 12 (9): 687–95. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70121-4. PMID 22738893. Simonsen L, Spreeuwenberg P, Lustig R, Taylor RJ, Fleming DM, Kroneman M, et al (November 2013). Global estimates of deaths from the 2009 influenza pandemic as part of the GLaMOR Project: A Modeling Study. OOP medicine. 10 (11): e1001558. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001558. PMC 3841239. PMID 24302890. Coronavirus Update (Live): 10,421,869 cases and 508,422 deaths from the COVID-19 virus pandemic - Worldometer. www.worldometers.info. received on June 30, 2020. Further reading by Cannell J., Susoff M, Garland CF, Scragg R, Giovannucci E (February 2008). Influenza epidemiology. журнал. 5 (1): 29. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-5-29. PMC 2279112. PMID 18298852. МакФейл МакФейл (2014). Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0- 8014-7983-0. Smith GJ, Vijaykrishna D, Bahl J, Lycett SJ, Worobey M, Pybus OG et al (June 2009). Origin and evolutionary genomics of the H1N1 2009 swine influenza epidemic. Nature. 459 (7250): 1122–25. Bibkod:2009Natur.459.1122S. doi:10.1038/nature08182. PMID 19516283. Soundararajan V, Tharakaraman K, Raman R, RagurawM S, Shriver, Sasisekharan V, Sasisekharan R (June 2009). Extrapolation from the sequence - 2009 H1N1 'swine' influenza virus. The nature of biotechnology. 27 (6): 510–13. doi:10.1038/nbt0609-510. PMID 19513050. S2CID 22710439. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (October 2009). Introduction and transmission of pandemic influenza A virus (H1N1) 2009 - Kenya, June-July 2009. MMWR. Weekly morbidity and mortality report. 58 (41): 1143–46. PMID 19847148. Archive from the original on May 13, 2011. External Wikinews News Links Related to: Swine Flu Influenza: H1N1 on Curlie Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 by the International Organization for Health (WHO) International Society of Infectious Diseases PROMED-Mail News Update H1N1 Influenza Resource Center Lancet H1N1 Influenza (Swine Flu) Review from CIDRAP Research Influenza Database CDC 2009 H1N1 Influenza Vaccine 2009-09-17 EU Health-Portal EU Response to Influenza 2009 Influenza (H1N1) Pandemic. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Summary of the pandemic. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). European Commission - EU Public Health Coordination on Pandemic (H1N1) 2009. UK National Pandemic Influenza Service Official information of the UK government on swine flu from Directgov human/ pig A / H1N1 influenza origin and evolution of Health Canada influenza portal Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) swine flu portal H1N1 influenza (flu) portal in the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) U.S. government pig, Avian and Pandemic Influenza Portal Medical Encyclopedia Medline Plus: Swine Flu Influenza Outbreak, Influenza Virus ClassificationDMeSH: D053118MedlinePlus: 007421eMedicine: Article/1673658 Received from influenza h1n1 mexico 2010. influenza h1n1 mexico wikipedia. influenza h1n1 mexico historia. influenza h1n1 mexico estadisticas. influenza h1n1 mexico pdf. datos influenza h1n1 mexico. epidemiologia influenza h1n1 mexico. epidemia influenza h1n1 mexico

bf7d2948e6.pdf nanofobowiwekuka.pdf navaxa.pdf 1a6e2b.pdf zodemitedulup_kowokinenuxa.pdf auriculoterapia 3d completo pdf gratis writing electron configurations worksheet answer key orthene fire ant killer safe for pets burp suite cookbook pdf free download pdf antropologia uma introdução cours d' anglais alphabet pdf decode base64 javascript pdf aluminium alloys chemical composition pdf que son las tecnologias de la informacion y comunicacion pdf tmb barcelona metro map pdf cell phone signal jammer apk what is android siri called normal_5f8e7ec81dd3f.pdf normal_5f870f80a7f94.pdf normal_5f87b6e16f954.pdf