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SUDAN CASE STUDY WEISS, SAMUEL A. the Pivot from Conflict

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SUDAN CASE STUDY WEISS, SAMUEL A. the Pivot from Conflict SUDAN CASE STUDY WEISS, SAMUEL A. The Pivot from Conflict to Peace: A Case Study on the Second Sudanese Civil War and its Aftermath By Sam Weiss Bachelor of Arts in International Studies ‘20 Specialization in Development Studies Minors in Arabic and Philosophy Submitted to the Journal of Undergraduate Research at Ohio State September 7, 2020 [email protected] (818) 282 – 6782 18240 Shepley Pl, Porter Ranch, CA 91326 Dr. Teri Murphy The Mershon Center for International Security Studies [email protected] Ms. Victoria Gurevich, PhD Candidate The Ohio State University Department of International Studies [email protected] 1 SUDAN CASE STUDY WEISS, SAMUEL A. Table of Contents A c r o n y m s .................................................................................................................................................................. 5 M ap of Sudan ......................................................................................................................................................... 6 Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 7 Foundations of the Conflict ........................................................................................................................... 8 Before the Imposition of Foreign Ideals ................................................................................................................... 9 Religion under Colonialism ....................................................................................................................................... 9 The Fight for Control ....................................................................................................................................... 10 Islamization and Arabization................................................................................................................................... 10 The October Revolution .......................................................................................................................................... 11 “Everything Must Change”: a Military Coup ........................................................................................................... 11 Communism vs. Socialism ....................................................................................................................................... 11 Potential for Peace ........................................................................................................................................... 12 Addis Ababa Peace Agreement of 1972.................................................................................................................. 12 Resources Drive the Conflict ................................................................................................................................... 12 The Unity State – Al -Wahida .................................................................................................................................. 12 Solidifying Power by Fractioned Governance ......................................................................................................... 13 Sharia Law: A Catalyst ............................................................................................................................................. 13 Complexities and Initial Steps Towards Peace .................................................................................. 13 Domestic Calls to Action ......................................................................................................................................... 14 Ethnicity Breaks Unity ............................................................................................................................................. 14 Regional Effort for Peace ........................................................................................................................................ 15 The Machakos Protocol .......................................................................................................................................... 16 Darfur: A Domino Effect .......................................................................................................................................... 16 International P e a c e E f f o r t s .......................................................................................................................... 17 The Comprehensive Peace Agreement ................................................................................................................... 17 United Nations Advance Mission in Sudan ............................................................................................................. 17 The Abuja Talks and AU Mission in Sudan .............................................................................................................. 18 Genocide: UN Mission in Sudan .............................................................................................................................. 18 The Darfur Peace Agreement ................................................................................................................................. 19 Expansion of UNMIS and Establishment of UNAMID ............................................................................................. 19 Referendum and Closure ........................................................................................................................................ 20 The Pivot from Conflict to Justice ............................................................................................................ 21 Strings Untied: The Failures of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement .................................................................. 21 Al-Bashir Diverges from Justice and Reunification ................................................................................................. 22 2 SUDAN CASE STUDY WEISS, SAMUEL A. South to south Reconciliation: the Wunlit peace process .......................................................... 22 People-to-People: the Dinka and Nuer ................................................................................................................... 22 Building Confidence: A Prerequisite ....................................................................................................................... 22 Conference Proceedings ......................................................................................................................................... 23 The Evolution Post-Conference .............................................................................................................................. 23 Darfur to Darfur Reconciliation: the Darfur Peace Agreement ................................................ 23 African Union Leads a Regional Effort .................................................................................................................... 23 DPA: Power-Sharing ................................................................................................................................................ 24 DPA: Wealth-Sharing .............................................................................................................................................. 24 DPA: Security Arrangements ................................................................................................................................... 24 Fatal Flaws of the Darfur Peace Agreement ........................................................................................................... 24 International Attempts at Justice ............................................................................................................. 25 Referral and Investigation ....................................................................................................................................... 25 Warrant for Al-Bashir: War Crimes, Crimes against Humanity, and Genocide ....................................................... 25 Flaws of the International Criminal Court ............................................................................................................... 26 National Mechanisms for Justice .............................................................................................................. 26 A Review of Transitional Justice ............................................................................................................... 26 Peacebuilding in Sudan ................................................................................................................................... 27 T o p - Down Approach by the UNHCR: The return of refugees and IDPS ................................. 27 Logistical Capacity and Facilitating Voluntary Repatriation .................................................................................... 28 Creating Conditions Conducive to Return............................................................................................................... 28 Developing and Implementing a Protection-Based Framework for Return and Reintegration ............................. 29 Peacebuilding in Countries of Asylum .................................................................................................................... 29 Impediments and Evaluation .................................................................................................................................
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