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Marine Ecosystem Response to Late Pleistocene Rapid Climate Change in the Salish Sea

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Marine Ecosystem Response to Late Pleistocene Rapid Climate Change in the Salish Sea Western Washington University Western CEDAR WWU Graduate School Collection WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship Winter 2021 Marine Ecosystem Response to Late Pleistocene Rapid Climate Change in the Salish Sea Alex Victor Hernandez Western Washington University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwuet Part of the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Hernandez, Alex Victor, "Marine Ecosystem Response to Late Pleistocene Rapid Climate Change in the Salish Sea" (2021). WWU Graduate School Collection. 1014. https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwuet/1014 This Masters Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in WWU Graduate School Collection by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Marine Ecosystem Response to Late Pleistocene Rapid Climate Change in the Salish Sea By Alex Victor Hernandez Accepted in Partial Completion of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science ADVISORY COMMITTEE Dr. Robyn M. Dahl, Chair Dr. Douglas H. Clark Dr. Marco B.A. Hatch GRADUATE SCHOOL David Patrick, Dean Master’s Thesis In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a master’s degree at Western Washington University, I grant to Western Washington University the non-exclusive royalty-free right to archive, reproduce, distribute, and display the thesis in any and all forms, including electronic format, via any digital library mechanisms maintained by WWU. I represent and warrant this is my original work, not infringing or violating any rights of others. I warrant that I have obtained written permissions from the owner of any third party copyrighted material included in these files. I acknowledge that I retain ownership rights to the copyright of this work, including but not limited to the right to use all or part of this work in future works, such as articles, books, or any publication of any kind. Library users are granted permission for individual, research and non-commercial reproduction of this work for educational purposes only. Any further digital posting of this document requires specific permission from the author. Any copying or publication of this thesis for commercial purposes, or for financial gain, is not allowed without my written permission. AVH March 8, 2021 Marine Ecosystem Response to Late Pleistocene Rapid Climate Change in the Salish Sea A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Western Washington University In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science by Alex Victor Hernandez March 2021 Abstract The ecologic response of marine invertebrates during collapse of the Cordilleran Ice-sheet through the Late Pleistocene has been insufficiently studied across the lowlands of northwestern Washington State and southern Fraser Valley, British Columbia. Assessment of the response of these nearshore marine assemblages to climatic shifts will improve our understanding of closely related modern taxa in analogous climate-stressed conditions. If we understand the former vulnerability of related genera, meaningful predictions may thus be provided for extant taxa in current and future time. In this thesis, I establish a compilation dataset of all relevant specimens collected within the Salish Sea and Puget lowland regions that integrate newly recovered specimens in tandem with studies completed over the last century. Prior research applied marine fossil occurrences to track, interpret, and model ice-sheet dynamics, often overlooking the ecological information the fossils contain. This investigation utilizes micro- and macro-invertebrate assemblage measures and linear ecologic regressions to capture paleoenvironments, identify meaningful relationships among assemblages and sedimentary facies, and better refine interpretation of depositional sequences. Using multivariate quantitative analyses, my data reveal an overall disparity in species diversity, evenness, and richness among a generally northern and southern assemblage in both micro- and macrofaunas. South of Bellingham, WA, assemblages are diverse and dominated by shallow-water taxa capable of inhabiting variable salinities ranging from brackish to normal (approximately 20‰ to 30‰). Environments represent salinity-reduced, likely riverine and marine water mixing zones where pulses (fluxes of food and sediment) were discharged into the region. North of Bellingham assemblages exhibit low overall diversity of relatively deeper water taxa inhabiting near normal marine salinities (>30‰). Substrates become finer-grained and include larger occurrences of Arctic species. The study concludes that most genera that colonized the Salish Sea and Puget lowlands during glacial collapse originated from populations already inhabiting the region, alongside limited arctic faunas that had earlier migrated south with glaciation following their appropriate temperature zones. iv Acknowledgements Foremost, I would like to acknowledge the original inhabitants and stewards of this land: the Semiahma, the Katzie, the Tsawwassen, the Sto:lō, the W̱ SÁNEĆ, the Stz’uminus, the Kwantlen, the Lhaq'temish, the Nooksack, the Nuwhaha the Sdohobsh and their successors the Tulalip Tribes, the Samish, the Klallam, the Upper Skagit, the Swinomish, the Suquamish, and the Aqokúlo people who since time immemorial have taken care of, hunted, fished, and gathered on the lands upon which I reside and study. I respect their sovereignty, their right to self- determination, and I honor their sacred spiritual connection with the land and water. I would like to thank everyone who assisted me on this journey—Robyn for your patience, Doug for taking me under your wing early on, Marco for willing to collaborate, department staff, field volunteers Brandon McClain, Eric Brown, and Presley Malcolm, Dr. Elizabeth Nesbitt and the Burke Museum staff, Dr. Mike Kraft, and special thanks to Dr. Mike Anderson for his support. Blampy and Michio Kaku don’t go unnoticed. v Table of Contents Abstract. ………………………………………………………………………………………… iv Chapter 1 – Introduction. ………………………………………………………………………… 1 1.1 Significance. ………………………………………………………………………..... 1 1.2 Research Goals. ……………………………………………………………………… 2 1.3 Funding. ……………………………………………………………………………… 4 1.4 Geographic Setting. ………………………………………………………………….. 4 1.5 Geologic Setting. …………………………………………………………………….. 6 1.6 Glacial Setting. ……………………………………………………………………..... 7 Chapter 2 – Summary of Previous Studies. ……………………………………………………... 10 2.1 Previous Efforts. ……………………………………………………………………. 10 2.2 Paleontological Data. ……………………………………………………………….. 11 2.3 Previous Lithological Descriptions. ………………………………………………… 13 2.3.1 Central Sound. ………………………………………………………….. 15 2.3.2 Whidbey Island. ………………………………………………………… 16 2.3.3 Fidalgo-Mount Vernon. ………………………………………………… 16 2.3.4 San Juan County. ……………………………………………………….. 17 2.3.5 Bellingham. .……………………………………………………………. 18 2.3.6 Goshen. …………………………………………………………………. 18 2.3.7 Fraser Valley. …………………………………………………………… 19 Chapter 3 – Data Collection Methods. ………………………………………………………….. 22 3.1 Methods of Data Collection. ………………………………………………………... 22 3.2 Field Sampling and Processing. …………………………………………………….. 22 3.3 Museum Collections Data. ………………………………………………………….. 23 Chapter 4 – Data Analysis Methods. ……………………………………………………………. 26 4.1 Statistical Methods. ………………………………………………………………… 26 4.2 Diversity Statistics. …………………………………………………………………. 26 4.2.1 Species Richness. ……………………………………………………….. 26 vi 4.2.2 Shannon Diversity Index. ……………………………………………….. 27 4.2.3 Pielou’s Evenness Index. ……………………………………………….. 27 4.3 Linear Regressions and Ordinations. ……………………………………………….. 28 Chapter 5 – Results. …………………………………………………………………………….. 30 5.1 Assemblage Statistics. ……………………………………………………………… 30 5.2 Diversity Statistics. …………………………………………………………………. 43 5.3 Cluster Analysis. ……………………………………………………………………. 45 5.4 Ordination Analyses. ……………………………………………………………….. 47 Chapter 6 – Paleoecological Interpretation. …………………………………………………….. 51 6.1 Paleoecology and Interpretation. …………………………………………………… 51 Chapter 7 – Discussion. …………………………………………………………………………. 61 7.1 Taphonomic Considerations. ……………………………………………………….. 62 7.2 Faunal Characterization. ……………………………………………………………. 64 7.3 Deglacial Environments. …………………………………………………………… 66 Chapter 8 – Conclusions. ……………………………………………………………………….. 68 8.1 Conclusions and Future Research Recommendations. ……………………………… 68 Chapter 9 – Reference. ………………………………………………………………………….. 71 Appendix A – Plates of Dominant Taxa. ………………………………………………………... 79 Appendix B – List of Localities and Specimen Counts. ………………………………………... 82 Appendix C – Systematic List of Taxa. ………………………………………………………... 128 Appendix D – Description of Localities. ………………………………………………………. 137 vii List of Tables Table 5-1. Summary of macro-invertebrates from Everson-age deposits. ……………………… 30 Table 5-2. Summary of micro-invertebrates from Everson-age deposits. ……………………… 32 Table 5-3. Regional Diversity Statistics. …………………………………….………………….. 43 Table 5-4. PERMANOVA results of sedimentary facies. ………………………………………. 49 Table 6-1. Dominant Faunal Assemblages. ……………………………………………………. 51 List of Figures Figure 1-1. Regional Map showing the Salish Sea and area of study. ……….…………………... 5 Figure 1-2. Map showing regional tectonic features. ………………….……….………………… 7 Figure 1-3. Map showing extent of Cordilleran ice during last glaciation. ……………………… 8 Figure 1-4. Map showing maximum ice extent of the Puget and Juan de Fuca lobes. …………..
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