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7.5 X 12 Long Title.P65 Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-16512-9 - Discoveries of the Census of Marine Life: Making Ocean Life Count Paul V. R. Snelgrove Index More information INDEX abundance of species, 235, 239 see also kelps; seaweeds abyssal plains, 23 allopatric speciation, 127 bedrock, 35 allozymes, 48 bioregions, 182 Alphaproteobacteria, 147 biota, 14, 35, 54, 182 Alvin submersible, 50–1, 75–6, 175–8 new species, 45 see also submersibles, manned nutrients, 35, 34–5 American lobster, 5, 104 species distribution, 188 ammonium cycling, 152 water pressure, 35 Amperima rosea, 191 Abyssochrysidae, 176 amphipods, 6, 17, 33 acidification of oceans, 106, 136, 153, 194, Antarctic, 127 223, 237 Arctic, 33, 128, 130, 132, 133 Acipenser medirostris, 161 Amundsen Sea, 135 Acipenser transmontanus, 161 anadromous fishes, 80, 157, 161 acoustic sensors, 72, 73, 77–8 anchovies, 156, 165, 211 arrays of, 150, 158 anglerfish, 7 hydrophones, 78, 80 Antarctic Circumpolar Current, 126, 129 imaging, 235 Antarctic Convergence, 126, 127, multibeam, 74 129, 137 and sampling, 77 Antarctic marbled rockcod, 124 tags, 80 Antarctic Ocean,31 Aequorea macrodactyla, 150 area, 124 Africa, unknown marine bacteria, 152 fauna, 100 biodiversity, 31, 135 Alaria fistulosa, 101 biological isolation, 126 albacore tuna, 165 continental shelf, 30, 126, 132, 135 albatrosses, 5, 73, 165, 237 ecoregions, 124 Aleutian Islands, 16 fisheries, 136 alewife, 27, 216 human influence, 124 Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, 10 Larsen B area, 130, 184 algae, 128, 152 national claims, 136–7 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-16512-9 - Discoveries of the Census of Marine Life: Making Ocean Life Count Paul V. R. Snelgrove Index More information 256 Index Antarctic Ocean (cont.) seeps, 188 national research, 124 standard research methodology, 83 new species, 45 warming, 133, 135, 156 pelagic species, 129 whales, 129, 133 seal tagging, 98 see also polar oceans slope biodiversity, 181 Arctica islandica, longevity, 5 tourism, 136 Argentina, 97 tropic emergence, 126–7 Aristotle, 47 warming, 136 Astrotoma agassizii, 126 see also Southern Ocean Atlantic gray whales, 217 Antimora rostrata, 190 auks, 86, 121, 217 apex predators, 221, 223 Aulacoctena, 122 aquaria, 98 Aureophycus aleuticus, 97 Archaea Austrodoris kerguelenensis, 127 abundance, 152 Aurora Australis, 184 ammonium cycling, 152 Australia, fisheries decline, 215–16 Arctic, xiii, 134, 135 Austropallene cornigera, 123 numbers of, 146 Ausubel, Jesse, 10, 16, 76 in vents, 37 Autonomous Benthic Explorer archeology, evidence from, 107, 211, 212, (ABE), 196 214, 218–19 Autonomous Reef Monitoring archival tags, 81 Structure (ARMS), 83, 98, 103, 110 Arctic Ocean Diversity (ArcOD) project, autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), xiii, 14 xiv, 24, 72, 239 Arctic biogeographical history, 126 Autonomous Benthic Explorer, 196 collaboration, 124, 134, 237 REMUS, 51 methodology and sampling standards, untethered, 76 83, 134 Azores, 36 new species, 132–3 project research conditions, 121 bacteria, 9, 150 Arctic Council, 237 Arctic, xiii, 134, 135 Arctic Ocean, xiii, 14, 30, 50 diversity of, xiii area, 124 nitrogen-fixing, 153 biodiversity, 31, 102 numbers of, xiii cod, 130 in vents, 37 continental shelf, 124–6, 132 bacterial respiration, 180 deep-ocean biodiversity, 135 bait, 75 differences from Antarctic, 126 Baja California, 166, 237 ecoregions, 124 Balaena mysticetus, longevity, 5 fisheries, 136 Baltic Sea, herring, 211, 214 human influence, 124 Banco Chinchorro reef, 104 hydrothermal vents, 135 barcoding, xii–xiii, 48, 74, ice cover, 128–9, 135 82–3 ice-water interface, biota, 128 ArcOD project, 134 light penetration, 128, 129 CAML project, 134 microbes, xiii, 152 CMarZ project, 82, 154–5 migration into, 126 CReefs project, 102–3 prospecting in, 136 coral reef organisms, 102–3 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-16512-9 - Discoveries of the Census of Marine Life: Making Ocean Life Count Paul V. R. Snelgrove Index More information Index 257 future development of, 239 “blue highways,” 164 method for, 52–3 blue mussels, 53 naming of new species, 103 blue sharks, 165 whalefish, 56 blue whales, 124, 165 zooplankton, 82, 154–5 bluefin tuna, 6, 79 Barents Sea fisheries, 136, 211 migration, 5, 163, 164, 165 barges, 161 in northern European, 220–1 bathyal habitats, 58 size decline, 219 bathymetry, 48 blue-green bacteria see Cyanobacteria bathypelagic zones, exploration bongo nets, 50 of, 238 bottles, 50, 74 Bay of Fundy, 211 Bouchet, Philippe, 61 Beagle, voyage of, 48, 49 bowhead whale, longevity, 5 Beaufort Sea, 33, 50 box corer, 50 Beebe, William, 175 Brazil, seagrass beds, 100 Benguela Current, zooplankton, 156 break points, 100–1 benthic boundary layer, new species, 132 brine pools, 180 Benthoctopus rigbyae, 17 Britain, fisheries decline, 215 Bering Strait, 126 brittle stars, 126, 132, 184 Beverton, R. J. H., 216 bryozoans, 5, 133 billfish, latitudinal diversity, 155 bubble gum coral, 108 binomial nomenclature, 47 Bucklin, Ann, 74 biodiversity bull kelp, 110 Census discoveries, 233–5 bycatch, 221–3, 237 definition, 8 global estimate, 9–10 Caboto, Giovanni (John Cabot), 48, 214 see also under individual ecosystems; Calanus finmarchicus, 129 organisms and projects calcareous sponges, 133 Biogeography of Deep-Water Chemosynthetic California Current, 164, 165–6, 189 Ecosystems (ChEss) project, 14, 178 California Marine Sanctuaries chemosynthetic environment protection, 237 cameras, 71, 75, 77 hydrothermal vent investigation HabCam, 112 code, 237 torpedo, 77 sampling, 76 video, 75, 76 vent discoveries, 188 CAML see Census of Antarctic Marine Life biologging, 25, 34, 78, 80–2 project see also tagging Canada Basin, 33, 122, 132, 133 biological oceanography, xi Canadian Healthy Oceans Network (CHONe), bipolar species, 134, 152 184, 242 bivalve mollusks, 126, 180, 183 Canary Current, 189 Black Sea, 152, 156, 184 canyons, 34, 189, 193 black smoker vents, 76 capelin, 129 see also hydrothermal vents Captain Arutyunov mud volcano, 16 black-footed albatross, 165, 237 carbon cycling, 147, 152, 154, 184, 190 Block, Barbara, 81 carbon dioxide, x, 194, 223 blue chromis, 17, 104 Caretta caretta, migration, 163 blue crabs, 79 Caribbean, 46, 53, 59, 100 blue hake, 190 Carson, Rachel, 8, 10 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-16512-9 - Discoveries of the Census of Marine Life: Making Ocean Life Count Paul V. R. Snelgrove Index More information 258 Index Cashes Ledge, 100 cerianthid anemones, 110 CEAMARC 2008 joint expedition, 123 chaetognath arrow worms, 154, 155 CeDAMar see Census of Diversity of Abyssal Challenger expedition, 48, 49, 72 Marine Life project Champsocephalus gunnari, 124 CenSeam see Global Census of Marine Life on Chelonia mydas, longevity, 5 Seamounts project chemical oceanography, xi Census of Antarctic Marine Life (CAML) chemicals, sensing of, 72, 76 project, xiii, 14 chemosynthetic environment protection, 237 collaboration, 124 Chesapeake oyster beds, 217 launch of, 133–4 ChEss see Biogeography of Deep-Water new species, 133 Chemosynthetic Ecosystems project and Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems, 237 Chile, 100, 101 Census of Coral Reef Ecosystems (CReefs) chimneys, 191 project, xiii, 14, 95 Chinese ocean biota, species checklists, 83 reef management tools, 237 chinook salmon, 157–62, 160–1 and reef monitoring structure, 83 chlorophyll, 81, 101–2, 148 sampling methods, 102–7, 103–6 Chromis abyssus, 17 Census of Diversity of Abyssal Marine Life Chromis cyanea, 104 (CeDAMar) project, 14, 178 Chuckchi Sea, 133, 136 corers, 75 cinema, 76–7 and endemic abyssal species, 193 clams, 3, 191 manganese nodule area conservation, 237 Clarke, Arthur C., 3 new Antarctic species, 133 climate change, 54 Porcupine Abyssal Plain study, 190 see also global warming standardized sampling, 83, 180 Clione limacina, 122 taxonomic revision, 183 Clupea harengus, 129, 211 Census of Marine Life Cluzaud, Jacques, 76 applications and results, 236–7, 241 CMarZ see Census of Marine Zooplankton future developments, 242 project inception, 9 cnidarians, longevity, 5 national participation, 12, 13 coastal zones, 25–30 objectives, 11 biomass decline, 219 project study areas, 15 Census projects, 95–7 projects, 12, 15 hypoxia, 223 rediscovered species, 235 latitudinal biodiversity, 155 research method, xi–xii new species, 45 species discovered, 12–13, Cobscook Bay, 101 16–17, 155 cod zooplankton barcoding, 155 Arctic, 33, 128 Census of Marine Zooplankton (CMarZ) as medieval staple, 214 project, xiii, 14 farming of, 224 and evolutionary relationships, 87 Newfoundland decline, 29, 211, 214, and holoplankton, 153–4 215, 223 methods, 154 size decline, 218 sampling, 45 coho salmon, 160, 216 species identification, 61–2, 74, 82, 83 COI barcoding see barcoding cephalopods, 101, 155, 181 “cold spots,” xii, 13 see also octopuses; squid cold-water corals, 36, 221 ceratoid anglerfish, 7 Columbus, 48, 72 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-16512-9 - Discoveries of the Census of Marine Life: Making Ocean Life Count Paul V. R. Snelgrove Index More information Index 259 COMARGE see Continental Margin bleaching, 106 Ecosystems on a Worldwide Scale project bubblegum, 108 comb jellies, 122, 156 cold-water, 36, 221 Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic deep-water, 35, 108, 130, 180, 185 Marine Living Resources, 237 diversity hot spots, 101 conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD)
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