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Rapport Standard Groowi SURVEY OF PCB IN MATERIALS AND INDOOR AIR CONSOLIDATED REPORT 10 DECEMBER 2013 Grontmij/Cowi consortium ADDRESS Grontmij A/S Granskoven 8 DK-2600 Glostrup CONTACT Majbrith Langeland [email protected] Tel.: +45 9879 9876 Marie Kloppenborg Jensen [email protected] Tel.: +45 5640 6715 PAGE 3/235 SURVEY OF PCB IN MATERIALS AND INDOOR AIR CONSOLIDATED REPORT 10 DECEMBER 2013 PROJECT NO. A030835 DOCUMENT NO. A4 VERSION 03 DATE OF PUBLICATION 10 December 2013 PREPARED BY CRL CHECKED BY MKJN/QMO APPROVED BY MLS SURVEY OF PCB IN MATERIALS AND INDOOR AIR – CONSOLIDATED REPORT 5 / 235 CONTENTS Foreword 9 1 Summary and conclusion 10 1.1 PCB in materials 10 1.1.1 Survey of PCB in materials 10 1.1.2 Presence of PCB in materials in buildings in Denmark 14 1.2 PCB in indoor air 15 1.2.1 Survey of PCB in indoor air 15 1.2.2 Relationship between PCB in indoor air and materials 17 1.2.3 PCB in indoor air in buildings in Denmark 20 1.3 General conclusion 21 2 Introduction 22 2.1 Objective 22 2.2 Background 22 2.3 Implementation of the survey 25 2.3.1 The elements and phases of the survey 25 2.3.2 Statistical model and method 26 2.3.3 Selection of buildings for the study of PCB in materials 28 2.3.4 Presence of PCB in sealed glazing units and fluorescent lamp capacitors 31 2.3.5 Selection of buildings for the study of PCB in indoor air 31 2.3.6 Contact with contributors 32 3 Results of measurements of PCB in materials 33 3.1 PCB in sealant, paint and flooring 33 3.1.1 Sampling and analysis 33 6/235 KORTLÆGNING AF PCB I MATERIALER OG INDELUFT – SAMLET RAPPORT - UDKAST 3.1.2 Results across materials and building categories 34 3.1.3 PCB in paint 41 3.1.4 PCB in sealants 44 3.1.5 PCB in flooring 47 3.1.6 Presence in detached and semi-detached houses 48 3.1.7 Presence in blocks of flats 49 3.1.8 Presence in office buildings and public institutions 49 3.1.9 Primary versus tertiary sources 51 3.1.10 Distribution functions 60 3.1.11 Temporal distribution 62 3.1.12 Extent of materials in the buildings 63 3.1.13 Statistical test of observed frequencies 64 3.1.14 Summary and partial conclusion 65 3.2 PCB in sealant tape and sealant adhesive in sealed glazing units 67 3.2.1 Background 67 3.2.2 Sampling and analysis 68 3.2.3 Results of the study 70 3.2.4 Summary and partial conclusion 74 3.3 PCB in fluorescent lamp capacitors 75 3.3.1 Background 75 3.3.2 Sampling and analysis 80 3.3.3 Results of the study 81 3.3.4 Summary and partial conclusion 84 3.4 Migration of PCB to adjoining materials 85 3.4.1 Background 85 3.4.2 Sampling and analysis 86 3.4.3 Results of the study 87 3.4.4 PCB amounts in secondary contaminated materials 95 3.4.5 Summary and partial conclusion 101 4 Measurements of PCB in indoor air 103 4.1 Background 103 4.1.1 Parameters that affect indoor air concentration 103 4.1.2 Variations within the individual building and between buildings and building types 107 4.2 Sampling and analysis 108 4.3 Results of the study 110 4.3.1 PCB in indoor air 110 4.3.2 Relationships between primary, secondary and tertiary sources of PCB 113 4.3.3 Relationship between PCB concentration, building use and temperature 118 SURVEY OF PCB IN MATERIALS AND INDOOR AIR – CONSOLIDATED REPORT 7 / 235 4.3.4 Ventilation in surveyed buildings 120 4.3.5 Congener composition of PCB27 in indoor air 123 4.3.6 Relationships between congener profiles in materials and indoor air 127 4.3.7 Other factors 131 4.4 Relationships between the concentration of PCB in materials and indoor air 136 4.5 Summary and partial conclusion 144 5 Results of other studies of PCB in materials and indoor air 149 5.1 Surveys carried out in municipalities 149 5.1.1 PCB in materials 155 5.1.2 PCB in indoor air 164 5.1.3 Buildings erected before the PCB period 170 5.2 PCB in Danish Defence buildings 171 5.2.1 PCB in materials in Danish Defence buildings 171 5.2.2 PCB in indoor air in Danish Defence buildings 177 5.3 Housing association surveys 178 5.4 Danish Environmental Protection Agency’s study of PCB in materials from renovations and demolitions 179 5.5 Summary and partial conclusion 182 6 The presence of PCB in materials in buildings in Denmark 184 6.1 The number of buildings containing PCB in materials 184 6.1.1 Proportion and number of buildings from the PCB period containing PCB in materials 184 6.2 The number of buildings containing PCB in indoor air broken down by building types 189 6.2.1 The number of schools with PCB in indoor air 193 6.3 Summary and partial conclusion 195 7 Residual amounts of PCB in building materials 197 7.1.1 Residual amounts of PCB in sealant, paint and flooring 197 7.1.2 Residual amounts of PCB in sealed glazing units 202 7.1.3 Residual amounts of PCB in light fittings 204 7.1.4 Secondary and tertiary presence of PCB 207 7.1.5 Summary and partial conclusion 207 8 Summary 209 8.1 PCB in materials 209 8/235 KORTLÆGNING AF PCB I MATERIALER OG INDELUFT – SAMLET RAPPORT - UDKAST 8.2 PCB in indoor air 210 8.3 Need for further knowledge 211 9 Abbreviations and acronyms 213 10 References 214 Annex 1 Sampling and analysis methods 217 Annex 2 Ventilation and air exchange 224 Annex 3 Selected cases 232 Annex 4 Example of analysis and study report 233 Annex 5 Photographic documentation of sealed glazing units, including sealant tape and sealant adhesive 234 Annex 6 Photographic documentation of capacitors and light fittings 235 SURVEY OF PCB IN MATERIALS AND INDOOR AIR – CONSOLIDATED REPORT 9 / 235 Foreword This report presents the consolidated results of the project entitled “Survey of PCB in materials and indoor air”. The results of the survey of PCB in materials have previously been published in a phase 2 report. The surveys of PCB in sealed glazing units and fluorescent lamp capacitors and the assessment of PCB in building materials with secondary PCB contamination have been presented in an unpublished phase 3 report. The results of the survey of PCB in materials formed the basis for the selection of buildings for further investigations into PCB in indoor air in phase 4 of the project, which are published in this consolidated report. The results in this report are presented in a way which ensures that it is impossible to link individual results to particular buildings or building owners which have contributed to the survey. This survey is referred to below as the “ENS survey”. The ENS survey has been monitored by an interministerial group consisting of representatives of the following: › Danish Energy Agency › Danish Environmental Protection Agency › Danish Working Environment Authority › Ministry of Housing, Urban and Rural Affairs › Danish Health and Medicines Authority. For the sake of clarity, it is implicit throughout the report that, unless stated 3 otherwise, mg/kg and ng/m refer to the concentration of PCBtotal in materials and indoor air respectively. The survey was conducted by a consortium consisting of Grontmij A/S and COWI A/S, with IMM Statistical Consulting Center, DTU Dataanalyse acting as sub- consultant as regards statistical analysis. 10/235 KORTLÆGNING AF PCB I MATERIALER OG INDELUFT – SAMLET RAPPORT - UDKAST 1 Summary and conclusion A survey of materials containing PCB has been carried out in 352 buildings, split between three building types: detached and semi-detached houses, blocks of flats and office buildings and public institutions (collectively referred to as “the ENS survey”). The results were compared with the results of surveys of PCB in materials in 669 public institutions and office buildings from surveys conducted by municipal authorities across the country, as well as results of other surveys. Based on a structural review and concentration levels in the building materials, a total of 67 buildings were selected within the three building categories in which PCB measurements were taken in indoor air. This part of the survey was supplemented by a summary of results of surveys concerning PCB in indoor air in 507 public institutions and office buildings from surveys conducted by municipal authorities across the country. 1.1 PCB in materials 1.1.1 Survey of PCB in materials Sealants, paint and The survey of materials in the 352 buildings focused on the primary presence of flooring PCB in sealants, certain types of paint and flooring. Two other sources, sealed glazing units and capacitors, were surveyed separately. Materials containing PCB at a concentration ≥0.1 mg/kg, which means that they must be destroyed upon disposal in accordance with the recommended thresholds, were found in more than 75% of the buildings surveyed. This result is consistent with the outcome of the survey of Danish Defence’s buildings and data collected concerning refurbishments and demolitions reported by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency in 2012. Paint containing PCB occurs in a higher than expected proportion of the buildings and is responsible for the very widespread presence of materials containing PCB at relatively low concentrations.
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