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Ritual and Architecture in a Context of Emergent Complexity: a Perspective from Cerro Lampay, a Late Archaic Site in the Central Andes

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Ritual and Architecture in a Context of Emergent Complexity: a Perspective from Cerro Lampay, a Late Archaic Site in the Central Andes Ritual and Architecture in a Context of Emergent Complexity: A Perspective from Cerro Lampay, a Late Archaic Site in the Central Andes Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Vega-Centeno, Rafael Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 27/09/2021 22:31:40 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195041 RITUAL AND ARCHITECTURE IN A CONTEXT OF EMERGENT COMPLEXITY: A PERSPECTIVE FROM CERRO LAMPAY, A LATE ARCHAIC SITE IN THE CENTRAL ANDES by Rafael Vega-Centeno Sara-Lafosse _____________________ Copyright © Rafael Vega-Centeno Sara-Lafosse 2005 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2 0 0 5 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Rafael Vega-Centeno entitled Ritual and Architecture in a Context of Emergent Complexity: A Perspective from Cerro Lampay, a Late Archaic Site in the Central Andes. and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 4/15/2005 Dr. Barbara J. Mills _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 4/15/2005 Dr. Michael B. Schiffer _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 4/15/2005 Dr. Izumi Shimada _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 4/15/2005 Dr. Frances M. Hayashida _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 4/15/2005 Dr. Ana M. Alonso _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 4/15/2005 Dr. Richard R. Stoffle Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ________________________________________________ Date: 4/15/2005 Dissertation Director: Dr. Barbara J. Mills 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: ___Rafael Vega-Centeno____________ 4 AKNOWLEDGMENTS A dissertation is intended to be an individual’s accomplishment. Nevertheless, I would have not been able to finish mine without the help and support of many people. First and foremost, I want to thank my parents Violeta and Máximo for their constant support during my graduate studies, the conduct of fieldwork, and the final writing. This dissertation benefited greatly from the direction, advice, and encouragement received from Barbara J. Mills. Her insights were fundamental in the final orientation and results of my work. I also had the opportunity to learn from the advice and comments of Izumi Shimada, Frances Hayashida, Michael Schiffer and Peter Kaulicke. During my time in Tucson, I was lucky to count on good friends, who not only gave me all their support, but helped me in several and concrete ways to get my degree. Thanks to Patricia Azuara, Jenny Cano, Hortensia Caballero, Thomas Fenn, Emiliano Gallaga, Julie Kunen, Amy Margaris, Jacqueline Messing, Gillian Newell, Zandro Villanueva, and specially, Aniko Bezur. During fieldwork in Peru, I was able to secure the professional assistance of Cristina Rospigliosi, who accompanied me throughout the six months of excavation at Cerro Lampay. Several times, when I was not able to be in the field, Cristina took in charge the project direction. Throughout those months, Carola Madueño, Natalia Guzmán and Cecilia Camargo helped me with specific excavation tasks, and towards the end, I also counted on the participation of Luz Bautista, Catalina Benavidez, Gabriela Cervantes, Natalí López, Alejandra Mendoza del Solar, Úrsula Muñoz, Claudia Pereyra, and César Trigoso; students from Catholic and San Marcos Universities. Laboratory analyses were conducted in the facilities of the Archaeology Seminar of the Instituto Riva Agüero. These facilities were kindly offered by Dr. Mercedes Cárdenas, my former professor at the Catholic University. During laboratory work, I was assisted by Natalí López, Roxana Lazo, and Gerbert Ascencios. In addition, the analyses and identification of archaeological remains were possible thanks to the professional collaboration of several scholars. Carmela Alarcón analyzed the botanic remains, while Luis Miranda did the same with fish bones, Maricarmen Vega with human bones, and Patricia Landa with textile remains. Radiocarbon samples were run at the AMS Laboratory of the University of Arizona. Samples were received and processed thanks to the support of Dr. A. J. Timothy Jull. I am also grateful for the support and collaboration of Mitzi de Martino, of the AMS Laboratory staff. I cannot finish without acknowledging the importance of Sandra, my wife, during this adventure. Sandra accompanied, supported, encouraged, and provided important insights to my work, all at the same time with a huge amount of patience to deal with my stress, bad moods and tiredness. It is because of her and all the mentioned people, that the work is finally done. 5 To my family: Sandra, Viole, Max, Pablo, Ceci, Sara, and Matías 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS…………………………………………………………... 9 LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………………..... 13 ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………….….. 14 1. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………….…… 15 2 ARCHITECTURE AND RITUAL IN THE STUDY OF SOCIAL COMPLEXITY. 24 2.1 Social complexity, public architecture and archaeological research…………… 25 2.2 Social processes and social practices…………………………………………… 30 2.2.1 Social practice and social complexity…………………………………....... 34 2.2.2 Social practice and architectural design……...…………………………… 38 2.3 The social significance of ritual……………………………………………… ... 42 2.3.1 Self-referential messages…………………………………………………... 44 2.3.2 Canonical messages………………………………………………………... 45 2.3.3 Transmission and participation…………………………………………….. 47 3 THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY OF RITUAL………………………………… 50 3.1 Ritual activities…………………………………………………………………. 50 3.2 Ritual and material culture……………………………………………………… 55 3.2.1 Ritual objects………………………………………………………………. 55 3.2.2 Ritual facilities……………………………………………………………... 57 3.3 Ritual and archaeological correlates……………………………………………. 58 3.3.1 Ritual objects and discard processes………………………………………. 58 3.3.2 Ritual facilities and architectural design…………………………………… 64 3.3.2.1 Construction process……………………………………………………67 3.3.2.2 Spatial structure……………………………………………………….. 70 3.3.2.3 Perceptual structure…………………………………………………… 76 3.3.3 Summary ………………………………………………………………….. 80 4 RESEARCH ON THE ANDEAN LATE ARCHAIC PERIOD……………………. 82 4.1 The 1940’s and 1950’s. The identification of a “Preceramic” Stage…………... 86 4.2 The 1960’s. The identification of large settlements and public architecture…… 89 4.3 The 1970’s. New data and the definition of cultural patterns……………………93 4.4 The 1980’s and early 1990’s. Meetings, syntheses, and discussion themes…….100 4.5 Recent finds and contributions. The Caral Project and the North Central Coast. 105 4.6 Current Problems and Perspectives……………………………………………. 109 5 EXCAVATIONS AT CERRO LAMPAY…………………………………………. 121 5.1 The site………………………………………………………………………… 121 5.2 Excavation procedures………………………………………………………… 126 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS – Continued 5.3 Stratigraphy……………………………………………………………………. 129 5.4 Architectural sequence………………………………………………………… 137 5.4.1 The First Compound………………………………………………………. 138 5.4.2 The Sunken Circular Court………………………………………………... 143 5.4.3 The Second Compound……………………………………………………. 148 5.4.4 Possibility of a third compound………………………………………….. 151 5.4.5 The entombment process…………………….………………………….... 154 5.4.5.1 The first filling stage………………………………………………… 154 5.4.5.2 New rooms and spaces………………………………………………. 162 5.4.5.3 Activity remains in the new spaces…………………………………… 165 5.4.5.4 The second filling stage……………………………………………… 170 5.4.5.5 New spaces and activity remains…………………………………… 171 5.4.5.6 The last filling stage………………………………………………… 174 5.4.6 Post abandonment processes……………………………………………… 177 5.5 Activity femains………………………………………………………………. 179 5.5.1 Floor features……………………………………………………………… 179 5.5.2 Offering sets………………………………………………………………. 181 5.5.3 Burnt areas………………………………………………………………… 185 5.5.4 Trash deposits…………………………………………………………….. 185 5.6 Absolute chronology…………………………………………………………… 189 6 CONSTRUCTION EVENTS AND USE OF SPACE AT CERRO LAMPAY …… 200 6.1 Building and related activities…………………………………………………. 200 6.1.1 Construction stages and events…………………………………………… 201 6.1.2 Activity
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