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Interpreting Cultural and Sociopolitical Landscapes in the Upper Piura Valley, Far North Coast of Perú (1100 B.C.- A.D

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Interpreting Cultural and Sociopolitical Landscapes in the Upper Piura Valley, Far North Coast of Perú (1100 B.C.- A.D Southern Illinois University Carbondale OpenSIUC Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 8-1-2010 Interpreting Cultural and Sociopolitical Landscapes in the Upper Piura Valley, Far North Coast of Perú (1100 B.C.- A.D. 1532) Jorge Antonio Montenegro Southern Illinois University Carbondale, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations Recommended Citation Montenegro, Jorge Antonio, "Interpreting Cultural and Sociopolitical Landscapes in the Upper Piura Valley, Far North Coast of Perú (1100 B.C.- A.D. 1532)" (2010). Dissertations. Paper 238. This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at OpenSIUC. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of OpenSIUC. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INTERPRETING CULTURAL AND SOCIOPOLITICAL LANDSCAPES IN THE UPPER PIURA VALLEY, FAR NORTH COAST OF PERU (1100 B.C.- A.D. 1532) By Jorge Antonio Montenegro Cabrejo B.A., Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 1994 M.A., Southern Illinois University, 1997 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Department of Anthropology in the Graduate School Southern Illinois University Carbondale August 2010 Copyright by Jorge Antonio Montenegro Cabrejo, 2010 All Rights Reserved DISSERTATION APPROVAL INTERPRETING CULTURAL AND SOCIOPOLITICAL LANDSCAPES IN THE UPPER PIURA VALLEY, FAR NORTH COAST OF PERU (1100 B.C.- A.D. 1532) By Jorge Antonio Montenegro Cabrejo A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the field of Anthropology Approved by: Izumi Shimada, Chair Jonathan Hill C. Andrew Hofling Don S. Rice Frances Hayashida Graduate School Southern Illinois University Carbondale April 21st 2010 AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF JORGE ANTONIO MONTENEGRO CABREJO, for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in ANTHROPOLOGY, presented on APRIL 21ST 2010, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: INTERPRETING CULTURAL AND SOCIOPOLITICAL LANDSCAPES IN THE UPPER PIURA VALLEY, FAR NORTH COAST OF PERU (1100 B.C.- A.D. 1532) MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Izumi Shimada This dissertation is a diachronic settlement and landscape study undertaken from an interpretive archaeology perspective. The outcome of this study has been an interpretation of the settlement and landscape configurations as well as of the sociopolitical organization during the entire prehispanic occupation (ca. 1100 B.C.- A.D. 1532) of the Upper Piura River Valley in the Far North Coast of Perú. Also, the sociopolitical interaction between the local polities of the Upper Piura River Valley and the southern foreign Northern North Coast polities has been assessed. The Far North Coast is not an environmentally “marginal” area as compared to the Northern North Coast. Yet, in terms of its prehispanic cultural development, it often has been characterized as “marginal” or “peripheral”. Such characterization is due in part to an overemphasis on the study of Mochica style cultural materials found in the Far North Coast. In particular, the emphasis on analyses of “high quality” Mochica ceramics has led to interpretations that view local Upper Piura River Valley sociopolitical developments from the perspective of the “dominant” Northern North Coast societies in an unbalanced situation disregarding the perspective of the supposedly “weaker, less developed” local societies. In this sense, interpretations drawn from iconographic and stylistic analyses of objects on the one hand, and from landscape analyses on the other, seem like two i different versions of the same story. Since the latter is so uncommon and unexplored in Andean archaeology, I chose to apply it in this dissertation. For that purpose I followed two different but complementary paths of interpretation. The first path is an interpretation of the landscape from a dwelling perspective. The goal was to create an analogy of the experience of past individuals through an embodiment process via the movement of my body and mind through the landscape features. A second path of interpretation was merged with the first one. This second path comprised a classic settlement pattern analysis oriented to clarify the nature of the sociopolitical interaction between local polities of the Upper Piura River Valley and the intrusive polities of the Northern North Coast. The second path of interpretation also entailed overlapping the settlement patterns observed onto the spatial structures and topograms defined and interpreted by the dwelling perspective. As a result, I found that the study area is characterized by a 2600-year long process of dwelling in the landscape. Through this process and along the years, yet following a long, local process, revolving around the topograms, the landscapes conceptualizations and configurations changed. Two moments of the settlements and landscapes configurations were defined: the “old system” and the “new system”. For most of its history (through all the “old system” and the first epoch of the “new system”), and acknowledging the mutual cultural influence with other areas (e.g., the Northern North Coast), the local landscape and settlement configurations were not disrupted and engaged in an egalitarian or coevolving sociopolitical interaction. Yet during the second epoch of the “new system”, this situation changed drastically when a hierarchical and coercive interaction structure developed during the Chimú and Inca periods. ii DEDICATION To Cristina, because knowing her proved to me that strolling through the streets in full daylight with a lamp is indeed not a foolish thing to do. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation was only possible with the help of several individuals. First, I am grateful to all my dissertation committee members. Izumi Shimada found time in his always busy schedule to read earlier drafts and the final version of the dissertation. I was introduced to, and captivated by, landscape archaeology in Don Rice’s Ecological Anthropology class at SIUC. Jonathan Hill provided me with an inspirational set of readings that showed other ways to look at the relationship between human beings and their surroundings. Andy Hofling copy edited the final draft twice and his words of encouragement were critical especially during the last steps of the writing up. Finally, Frances Hayashida kindly admitted me to her Ynalche Project that proved to be a very valuable fieldwork experience. She also copy edited the final version of the dissertation. I am also thankful to the financial support I received to carry out this dissertation research. It was made possible thanks to a National Science Foundation Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant (No. 0225469), a Doctoral Research Assistanship Award granted by the Department of Anthropology at SIUC, and a Sigma Xi Grant In- Aid of Research. I am also indebted to people and institutions both in the United States and in Perú that in one way or another supported my work. In Carbondale I am grateful to all the staff and faculty of the Department of Anthropology at SIUC that showed to me their patience and support throughout all these years. I am in particular thankful to Susan Ford, the current chair of the department, whose words of encouragement and advice over the last couple of years were crucial in the final push required to complete this iv dissertation. I am also glad I spent four years of my life in Carbondale with my former roommates and friends, Bill Duncan and Jon Hageman, who made of the Poplar House not just a house but home. Jason González and his family and David Goldstein also offered to me their kindness and support. Jason and David’s comments were also helpful in the organization of Chapters 2 through 6. Also, David’s wittiness, encouragement, and continuous friendship helped me to keep on an even keel. Go and Akiyo Matsumoto and their kids have given to my wife and I their friendship, hospitality, the warmth of their place, and superb food in many instances. Finally, my late friend Edgar Montaño always had, literally, the doors of his Walkup street home open to me. In Perú I am grateful to the National Institute of Culture for granting the permits to do fieldwork and to its Piura Region office and staff of archaeologists, especially to Cinthia Seminario Hernández, who was always willing to help. The National Institute of Culture also granted the temporal pemit to transport the archaeological materials to the Sicán National Museum in Ferreñafe, Lambayeque, where the laboratory analysis took place. I am thankful to its director, Carlos Elera Arévalo, and all the staff at the museum for their support and the working environment that made possible such task. In the field, I benefited from the efficiency and competence of the archaeologists that at different stages of the research worked with me. For that reason, I am indebted to Martín Mackay Fulle, Manuel Perales Mungía, Cristina Rospigliosi Campos, and Ana Terukina Yamauchi. I am also grateful to the local workers that were part of the field crew. Thanks to Ricardo Rijalba Arévalo, Saulito, Milton Hernández Velásquez, Santos Ruiz Pacherrez, Javier Satán Córdova, Percy Román Coronado, Roger Reyes Escobar, Manuel Valladolid Hernández, Elías Gallardo Arizmendi, Javier Arizmendi García, v Nilton Mio Cobeñas, Javier Chávez Castro, and Julio Manrique Timaná. In Chulucanas, as always, Alfredo Kuroki Palacios and Luis Távara Pasapera offered their
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