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Women and Education in India-A Representative Study

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Women and Education in India-A Representative Study Women and Education in India: A Representative Study Edited By: Shantanu Majee Jogamaya Devi College Kolkata 2020 Kolkata Jogamaya Devi College 92, Shyama P asad Mukhe jee Road, Kolkata 700026 and 5A, Rajeswa Dasgupta Road, Kolkata 700026 This book contains info mation obtained f om authentic and highly ega ded sou ces. Rep inted mate ial is .uoted with pe mission and sou ces a e indicated. A wide va iety of efe ences a e listed. Reasonable effo ts have been made to publish eliable data and info mation, but the autho s and the publishe cannot assume esponsibility fo the validity of all mate ials o fo the conse.uences of thei use. All ights a e ese ved. This wo k may not be t anslated o copied in whole o in pa t without the w itten pe mission of the publishe . /se in connection with any fo m of info mation sto age and et ieval, elect onic adaptation, compute softwa e, o by simila o dissimila methodology now known o he eafte developed is fo bidden. This publication is designed to p ovide accu ate and autho itative info mation in ega d to the subject matte cove ed. The whole p oject is funded by Jogamaya Devi College and it is f eely available in the website of Jogamaya Devi College. Copy ight 0 20 20 The P incipal, Jog amaya Devi College Publication : 12 th Ma ch, 20 20 Publication Data: 2omen and Education in India: A Rep esentative Study ISBN: 978-81-938290-3-5 Editor : Shantanu Majee (Formerly associated with JDC) Technical Editor : Kaushik Kiran hosh PLEASE CONSIDER THE EN IRONMENT BEFORE PRINTING THIS OLUME The cover image depicting nineteenth-century girls in Brahmo Balika Shikshalaya, Kolkata is freely available for fair use by Digital Commons. In loving memo y of Professor Jasodhara Bagchi 81937 9 2015: Though my first teacher is my mother, academic interest in women*s education did not flourish within me until I began my first job at the Department of English, Jogamaya Devi College. ,nmitigated engagement with the life of this institution did transform my own understanding of the concerned field of research and it brings me great pleasure to offer my tribute in the shape of this edited volume. This publication is a glorious denouement of camaraderie as the contributors, who are e-perts in their respective domains, comprise of long-standing friends and well-wishers who make up my lifeline to the world outside as well as the world within. I owe this to their unflinching love and support. Shantanu Majee .ssistant Professor, Department of English, Techno India ,niversity Former Teacher, Department of English, Jogamaya Devi College Women and Education in India A Representative Study CONTENT Page No. INITIATION 1. How Dharmastra was Superseded by Hindu Law in ritish India - 01 Ram rishna Bhattacharya 2. Victorian Ideals and the Changing %Moralities' in 19th Century Calcutta: 10 Scandals and Female Education Movements - Biswadeep Cha raborty 3. Journey to the World of Words: -ailashbasini and Her .houghts on Women's 29 Education in Colonial engal - Sanchayita Paul Cha raborty INDIVIDUALS 4. Learning for life, a life in teaching: the story of a teacher - Anchita Ghata 42 ,. Contribution of .wo 0nlettered engali Women: Sarada Devi and Rahila ,2 -hatoon - -iratun Nahar .. Ends or Means: Education, Women and Islam in -erala - Nilan/ana Gupta ,. 0. 12irls' education is necessary in today3s world4: 0nderstanding Changing .1 Attitudes .owards, and Aspirations for 2irls' Education in Rural ihar - Rebecca Gordon 1. Women in Medical Education 5 From %Lady Doctors' to Professors - Rosina 12 Ahmed 9. Women in Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Science 5 Hypatia and eyond - 93 Rahi Soren Women and Education in India: A Representative Study INSTITUTIONS 10. A Missionary Initiative: .he Foundation of Loreto College, -ol7ata - Aditi 2as 103 Gupta 11. Scripting the Feminine: ethune College and Women's Education - Samata 113 Biswas and Nira/ana Cha raborty 12. .agore and the Spirit of Enlightenment: Femini8ation of the Male astion of 12. Education - Su la Basu 3Sen4 13. inapani Ashram: Where .agore's Concept of Holistic Education Finds 139 E9pression in Promoting Women Education of the .ribal 2irls and Marginal of the Society - Nilmani -itra and Satyabrata Bhattacharya 14. Crossing the Rubicon: Women in Higher Studies at Jogamaya Devi College - 141 Reena Bhaduri 1,. Is Education an E:uali8er in a Society;: A Case Study on the 2irl Students of 1,9 Jogamaya Devi College, -ol7ata, India - 5e ha -u hopadhyay and 6a/ol 6umari Women and Education in India: A Representative Study Women and Education in India A Representative Study pp. 01 09 01 How Dharma !stra Was Superseded by Hindu Law in British India Ramkrishna Bhattacharya Abstract The abolition of the practice of Sat (Suttee, burning of widows) under the Regulation 17 of 1829 is a land ark in the history of India, coupled with the Act 15 of 1856 per itting widows to re arry. This two laws ay well be considered to be the beginning of the end of the do inance of Dhar a)*stra, traditional civil and cri inal laws current in the then India. ,indu -aw finally superseded Dhar a)*stra. It has been pointed out that, in order to achieve their ends, Ra ohun Roy and Iswar .handra /idyasagar adopted two different tactics. Ra ohun Roy upheld the supre acy of 0anu over all other law1 givers, whereas /idyasagar bypassed 0anu and advocated 2ar*)ara as the only proper authority for the 3ali 4uga (the Iron Age). 5oth of the were goal1oriented persons and their choice of tactics was deter ined by their goals. They paved the way for the new civil laws for the ,indus that later ca e to be known ,indu -aw. A co parison with a situation in the history of science is also ade in order to show how verbal testi ony ulti ately has to give way to reason. The paper ends with an 6aside7 on D. D. 3osa bi7s re arks on widow re arriage. ammohun Roy (1772)1833, did not wish to stop the prevalent practice o. concremation and postcremation o. widows 1 in India by any enactment. RHowever, when the Re0ulation 17 o. 1829 was promul0ated he alon0 with a .ew o. his .riends publicly con0ratulated Lord Bentinck .or this Act. When the supporters o. 1Suttee2 submitted a petition to 3rivy Council .or the annulment o. the Re0ulation, Rammohun himsel. went to En0land and submitted a counter5petition to the House o. Lords. He was present durin0 the hearin0 on all the three days (6une 27, 6uly 2 and 9, 1832,. The petition o. the pro5Suttee people was ultimately re9ected. Rammohun sent a letter to 6ohn 3oinder, thankin0 and con0ratulatin0 him on his bold decision (6uly 18, 1832,. 1 These two terms were most probably coined by Rammohun Roy himsel. as En0lish renderin0 o. saha ara a and anu ara a respectively. They .irst appear in his two tracts on the sub9ect o. concremation. 2 Iswar Chandra :idyasa0ar (18201891,, on the other hand, wanted to have the remarria0e o. Hindu widows properly enacted. With this view he or0anized, what in today2s term may be called a Si0nature Campai0n. His opponents too retaliated with a counter5 campai0n, ur0in0 the 0overnment not to inter.ere with local customs. The number o. si0natories appended to their appeal .ar exceeded those o. the 3etition submitted by :idyasa0ar. Unlike the case o. Suttee which was mainly prevalent in Ben0al (undivided,, the a0itation .or widow remarria0e was an all5India a..air, drawin0 support .rom interested people both in North and South India. 2 :idyasa0ar did not take any risk: he appended a dra.t bill to his petition (October A, 1877,. Act 17 o. 1876 received :iceroy2s consent on 6uly 26, 1876.3 The battle in .avour o. the widows was .ou0ht not so much in the Council or the House o. Lords, as in the public domain. There was a veritable war o. pamphlets, supportin0 and opposin0 the two moves, prohibition o. widow burnin0 and permission .or widow marria0e. A Re0ulation 17 o. 1829 contained punitive measures a0ainst those who would de.y the provisions o. law. The nature o. the Re0ulation was prohibitive. Act 17 o. 1876, however, was purely permissive. No widow was bein0 compelled to remarry. Only the 1le0al incapacity2 that stood in the way was eradicated by this Act. No punitive measure was involved in any respect. The Re0ulation and the Act both concernin0 Hindu widows, stand out as a couple o. monuments in the history o. the Hindu society in particular and the history o. India in 0eneral. They may very well be called landmarks in the study o. what in British India came to be known as Hindu Law. The purpose o. the .irst was to protect the lives o. the widows, that o. the second, to let them lead a normal li.e, .ree .rom any restriction imposed by the Dharma !stras. Rammohun Roy initiated the debate on Suttee by publishin0 a small Ban0la tract in 1818. To this a proponent o. Suttee o..ered a reply. This led Rammohun to publish a second pamphlet in 1819. The pamphlets were in the .orm o. dialo0ue (to be more exact, duolo0ue,. Rammohun then translated his own pamphlets into En0lish in 1818 and 1820 respectively. The second En0lish pamphlet was dedicated to the Carchioness o. Hastin0s (there was no such dedication in the Ban0la ori0inal,. The dedication runs as .ollows: 2 It is interestin0 to note that re.erences to Suttee in Dreek and Latin literature are .ound in 317 BCE and 30 BCE respectively.
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