France and Security Indo Pacific

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FRANCE AND SECURITY IN THE INDO PACIFIC Foreword by the Minister for the Armed Forces

France pays particular attention to the Indo-Pacific region. Its stability is paramount for international security, as stated in the 2017 Defence and National Security Strategic Review. In the Indo-Pacific area, North Korea challenges the international community by conducting nuclear trials and ballistic missile tests, thereby breaching the resolutions of the United Nations Security Council. The military assertiveness of a growing number of established or emerging powers presents many challenges to multilateralism and increases the instability and unpredictability we are confronted with. Terrorism, which has severely struck Europe over the last few years, is reshaping and spreading to the Indo-Pacific. This worrying evolution requires a joint mobilisation of the international community. The maritime domain remains an area of tensions due to the challenging behaviour of some States with regards to United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the persistence of acts of piracy. Finally, the effects of climate change and environmental degradations represent a major issue in the Indo-Pacific, and as far as in the Antarctic, exacerbating security risks. These major challenges can only be overcome through cooperation. Upholding stability in the Indo-Pacific, which is a source of overall prosperity thanks to its economic dynamism, demographic growth and technological innovation, is essential. This has to be set within the framework of an international order based on dialogue and the respect of multilaterally set rules. As a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and a founding member of the European Union and NATO, France plays a specific role on the international stage. With territories and population in both the Indian and Pacific Oceans, France is a nation of the Indo-Pacific region and holds a distinctive place in this part of the world, from the African coastline to the seaboard of Americas. France permanently maintains sovereignty and presence forces in the region to defend its interests and to contribute to the stability of the region alongside its partners, primarily India, Australia, the United States, Japan as well as Malaysia, Singapore, New Zealand, Indonesia and Vietnam. With the 2019-2025 Military Programming Law, France started an exceptional military build-up to adapt its defence system to evolving security challenges. These challenges also make supporting the capacity building of our partners essential. The present document is a new edition of “France and security in the Asia-Pacific” published in 2016. It illustrates France’s policy on defence and security in the Indo- Pacific and demonstrates our country’s long-term unwavering commitment to developing strong linkages with the States of the region, in favour of our common security.

Florence Parly The security of the Indo-Pacific is a strategic challenge for France

he Indo-Pacific concentrates Terrorism remains a major and immediate concern. 60% of the world population and Despite military progress in Levant, the threat is France in the Indo-Pacific one third of international trade. reshaping and spreading to new regions, thriving on Key figures chaos, civil war, and the fragility of some States. France Its stability is crucial: any crisis or is engaged on the frontline of the international fight conflict in this area is likely to affect against terrorism, alongside countries of the Indo- 465 422 km² (including Terre Adélie) in the Indian adverselyT the interests of France as well as Pacific, in theatres of operations located in Africa and and Pacific Oceans. Europe’s. in the Levant. Almost 9 million km² of economic exclusive zone (world’s second largest EEZ) in the Indo-Pacific. The Indo-Pacific constitutes a maritime and land Multilateralism is increasingly challenged, especially geographical area, shaped by interactions around in the Indo-Pacific. Some major powers are choosing 1.6 million French citizens living in French strategic centres of gravity – India, China, Southeast postures that overtly favour power-based relations, overseas departments and territories. Asia, Australia. It comprises the Indian, Pacific and generating anxiety and unpredictability worldwide. At least 200,000 French Nationals living in the Southern Oceans and forms a security continuum The growing polarisation of the region threatens the Indo-Pacific States. spreading from the East African coastline to the upholding of the multilateral order that enabled the In 2018 : Western American seaboard. economic prosperity of the Indo-Pacific. The threat multiplier effect of climate change directly France exported up to 66.438 billion euros to France is rooted in the southern part of the Indian the Indo-Pacific (defence equipment not included), Ocean with the islands of Mayotte and La Réunion, concerns the Indo-Pacific. The most vulnerable countries will see their economic growth prospects i.e. 34% of French exports outside European Union the Scattered Islands and the French Southern and (14% overall). Antarctic Territories. France is also anchored in the highly reduced, whereas the most resilient ones, Pacific Ocean with its territories in New Caledonia, owing to their size or their power, will gain a France imported up to 95.930 billion euros from Wallis and Futuna, French Polynesia and Clipperton geostrategic advantage. the Indo-Pacific (defence equipment not included), Island. Our armed forces stationed overseas and our i.e. 40% of French imports outside European Union permanent military basing allow France to fulfil the (17% overall). security responsibilities of a resident power of the Indo-Pacific.

This region is not spared by the increasing tensions on the international level.

2 FRANCE IN THE INDOPACIFIC

nch im France’s FDI Stocks of Fre ports 7% in the Indo-Paci c (2017) = 1 ic lume of if erall vo goods ( €108bn c e ov exce Pa f th pt - o arm o am d en In t)

KAZAKHSTAN MONGOLIA UZBEKISTAN KYRGYZSTAN NORTH TURKMENISTAN TAJIKISTAN KOREA o SOUTH JAPAN f th KOREA e CHINA o AFGHANISTAN v e I ra n l d l v o PAKISTAN NEPAL BHUTAN ol -P um a e c BANGLA- o ifi f c DESH go = 1 INDIA VIET NAM od 4% LAOS s ( o MYANMAR exc f Fr ept ench exports THAILAND armament) PHILIPPINES Clipperton EEZ : 438,048 km2 CAMBODIA SRI LANKA BRUNEI Indo-Paci c’s FDI Stocks MALAYSIA in France (2016) SINGAPORE €35bn INDONESIA Wallis & Futuna Mayotte - Réunion - Scattered Islands PAPUA 2 EEZ : 1,026,037 km2 NEW GUINEA SOLOMON ISLANDS EEZ : 263,422 km EAST TIMOR 12,000 inhab. French Polynesia Glorious Islands 1,100,000 inhab. 2 Mayotte EEZ : 4,852,122 km Tromelin VANUATU Marquesas 276,000 inhab. Islands Juan de Nova FIDJI Society Tuàmotu Bassas da India Réunion Islands Europa AUSTRALIA New Caledonia Gambier 2 Scattered EEZ : 1,457,032 km Austral Islands Islands 282,000 inhab. Islands

French Sub-Antarctic Amsterdam & and Antarctic Territories Saint-Paul Islands NEW ZEALAND EEZ : 2,070,343 km2

Crozet Islands Kerguelen Islands

French Nationals living in the Indo-Paci c fewer than from 3,000 from 10,000 more than 3,000 to 10,000 to 30,000 30,000 Terre Adélie French Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Main Security Challenges in the Indo-Pacific

he 2017 French Strategic Review Scientific and technological breakthroughs are emphasises the rapid and intense bringing in new opportunities, but also new risks. A Commitment to Security at All Levels evolution of the threats identified in There is little doubt that accessibility to deep underwater resources, the expansion of power the 2013 White Paper: terrorism, the France is playing a major role in the United Nations projection and, in parallel, of anti-access / area denial Security Council and within the European Union to worrying return of rivalry and power capabilities, and the centrality of cyberspace and ensure the full and effective implementation of sanctions assertiveness, the weakening of the rule of law satellite equipment, are going to exacerbate rivalries T against the North Korean regime. This approach should between States in the Indo-Pacific. and multilateralism as well as the increase of coerce the regime to cease its proliferating activities and unconventional challenges. Facing those challenges, France is developing to return to the negotiation table. a network of strategic partnerships in the Indo- North Korea’s ballistic and nuclear programs do not Pacific with countries such as India, Australia, Japan, France supports the strict application of the United only threaten Northeast Asian stability but also the Malaysia, Singapore, New Zealand, Indonesia and Nations Convention on Law of the Sea. France, as a international order and the non-proliferation regime. Vietnam. first-rank maritime and naval power, regularly exercises In the South China Sea, the large-scale land its right of maritime and air navigation wherever it is To deal with those risks and tensions, France supports reclamation activities and the militarisation of needed, in particular in the Indo-Pacific region. and wishes to contribute to the building of a regional contested archipelagos have changed the status quo security architecture. In addition to being active in and increased tensions. The potential consequences The French Armed Forces in the Indo-Pacific also play an several multilateral dialogue platforms of the Indo- of this crisis have a global impact considering active role in operations against illegal trafficking Pacific, France has especially taken steps to work that one third of the world trade transits through (drugs, illegal fishing, etc.). closer with the ADMM+, multinational cooperation this strategic region. Such a case highlights how structure which gathers Defence Ministers of ASEAN multilateralism is questioned by assertive policies As for the struggle against climate change, France and its “Plus” Partner countries. which are threatening the stability of the whole has been instrumental to reach the Paris Agreement in region. By participating in multilateral cooperation fora, 2016. In the defense field, France has organised the first France brings to the Indo-Pacific its experience as a international conference “The implications of Climate Terrorism is another challenge. The end of Daech permanent member of the United Nations Security Change for Defence” ahead of the COP21. does not mean the end of this global threat due to Council, its operational know-how, particularly in the Foreign Fighters returning home and the spread maritime security domain, and a major contribution of terrorism to new regions such as South Asia and to the establishment of an area of peace and stability, South-East Asia. based on the full respect of international law.

4 SECURITY ISSUES IN THE INDO PACIFIC

Zones of disputes

Borders challenged by a neighbouring State

Closed border RUSSIA Nuclear weapons States States that are not parties to the NPT with nuclear weapons Country that unilaterally withdrew from KAZAKHSTAN the NPT MONGOLIA Terrorist presence UZBEKISTAN South Kuril Islands / NORTH Northern Territories Main areas of action of the French Forces KYRGYZSTAN KOREA against illicit tra cking (drugs, shing) and piracy TURKMENISTAN JAPAN TAJIKISTAN Dokdo/ 1 - Kashmir under Pakistani control, claimed by India 1 Kashmir SOUTH Takeshima 3 KOREA 2 - Kashmir under Indian control, claimed by Pakistan AFGHANISTAN 2 CHINA 3 - Kashmir under Chinese control, claimed by India Arunachal Pradesh

NEPAL Senkaku/ BHUTAN Diaoyu PAKISTAN BANGLADESH MYANMAR VIET NAM LAOS INDIA THAILAND Paracels CAMBODIA PHILIPPINES Spratleys Clipperton MICRONESIA MARSHALL PALAU ISLANDS SRI LANKA MALAYSIA BRUNEI SINGAPORE NAURU KIRIBATI INDONESIA PAPUA NEW GUINEA TUVALU EAST TIMOR Wallis & Mayotte Glorious Futuna Islands SAMOA Tromelin Marquesas FIDJI Islands VANUATU Frenc h Po NIUE Society ly ne Islands s Réunion New TONGA Tuàmotu ia Caledonia Scattered AUSTRALIA Gambier Islands Austral Islands Islands

NEW ZEALAND Amsterdam & Saint-Paul Islands

Crozet Islands Kerguelen Islands A significant French military presence

rance’s military presence in the Indo- 1 helicopter each, 3 patrol vessels, 2 multi-mission ships, 5 maritime surveillance aircraft, 4 tactical Pacific is adapted to its defence and To optimize its presence in this vast area, France relies on transport aircraft and 5 helicopters. security needs. Permanently, 7,000 joint regional commands: personnel are stationed throughout Furthermore, France maintains a close network the whole area: 4,100 in the Indian of 18 resident and non-resident defence attachés • COMSUP FAZSOI: Commander of the French Armed Ocean and 2,900 in the Pacific Ocean. accredited in 33 countries of Asia and Oceania. With Forces in the South of the Indian Ocean. F the help of deputy defence attachés, “armament” These forces ensure the protection and safety of attachés, permanent advisors in charge of military • COMSUP FANC: Commander of the French Armed French territories, as well as the surveillance of our cooperation and a liaison officer at USINDOPACOM, Forces in New Caledonia. exclusive economic zones. They undertake HADR they develop the bilateral defence cooperation in all operations, fight against trafficking, contribute to aspects. • COMSUP FAPF/ALPACI: Commander of the French the “Action of the State at Sea” and are involved in Armed Forces in French Polynesia and Commander France supports the regional centres dedicated to a number of defence cooperation activities in all of the Pacific Ocean maritime zone. the surveillance of maritime spaces and sea lanes aspects. of communication of the Indo-Pacific. Three French • COMFOR FFEAU/ALINDIEN: Commander of the In the north of the Indian Ocean, the French forces officers actively contribute to these efforts within French Armed Forces in the United Arab Emirates station in the United Arab Emirates (FFEAU) and in the Information Fusion Center of Singapore (IFC), and Commander of the Indian Ocean maritime zone. Djibouti (FFDj) permanently combat aircraft (6 Rafale the Regional Centre for the Fusion of Maritime in the UAE, 4 Mirage-2000 in Djibouti), 8 helicopters Information (CRFIM) located in Madagascar as well as • COMFOR FFDJ: Commander of the French Armed and 1 tactical transport aircraft. within the Information Fusion Center – Indian Ocean Forces in Djibouti. Region located (IFC-IOR) in New Delhi. In the south of the Indian Ocean, the French Armed For further details on the areas of responsibility, see map Forces (FAZSOI) are divided between La Réunion page 7. and Mayotte islands and use 2 surveillance frigates equipped with 1 helicopter each, 1 supply and support vessel, 2 patrol vessels (including 1 polar patrol vessel) and 2 tactical transport aircraft.

In the Pacific Ocean, the French Armed Forces in New Caledonia (FANC) and in French Polynesia (FAPF) operate 2 surveillance frigates equipped with

6 FRENCH MILITARY PRESENCE IN THE INDO PACIFIC

Defence dialogues in which France is involved ♦ SPDMM - South Paci c Defence Ministers’ Meeting ♦ Shangri-La Dialogue ♦ Raisina Dialogue Tokyo Defense Forum KAZAKHSTAN ♦ ♦ Indian Ocean Conference ♦ Putrajaya Forum MONGOLIA ♦ SDD - Seoul Defense Dialogue ♦ Ulaanbaatar Dialogue KIRGHIZSTAN ♦ APICC - Asia Paci c Intelligence Chiefs Conference UZBEKISTAN CHINA ♦ CHODS - Chiefs of Defence Seminar TURKMENISTAN TADJIKISTAN SOUTH KOREA ♦ IONS - Indian Ocean Naval Symposium JAPAN AFGHANISTAN ♦ PCGF - Paci c Coast Guard Forum ♦ Paci c QUAD - Quadrilateral Defence Coordination Group PAKISTAN Armed Forces in the United ♦ WPNS - Western Paci c Naval Symposium Arab Emirates (FFEAU) Maritime Zone NEPAL ♦ South West Paci c Heads of Maritime Forces meeting INDIA ALPACI ♦ PESF - Paci c Environmental Security Forum 1 naval 650 6 1 BANGLADESH base VIETNAM LAOS MYANMAR Guam PHILIPPINES (U.S.A) Hawaï THAILAND (U.S.A.) CAMBODIA SRI LANKA Clipperton Armed Forces MALAYSIA BRUNEI in Djibouti (FFDj) MALDIVES SINGAPORE

1,450 4 1 8 INDONESIA PAPUA-NEW -GUINEA Mayotte EAST TIMOR SOLOMON Armed Forces in ISLANDS Wallis French Polynesia (FAPF) & Futuna Marquesas Tromelin VANUATU Islands s Maritime Zone FIDJI SAMOA Fre d nch 1,180 3 5 3 n P a o l ALINDIEN Society ly s n I e Islands s d Réunion Tuàmotu ia e Armed Forces in r TONGA e New-Caledonia (FANC) t Gambier t

a Islands

c S Austral Islands 1,660 4 4 4 Armed Forces in the South Permanent Area of Responsibility Indian Ocean Zone (FAZSOI) COMSUP FAPF Amsterdam AUSTRALIA & Saint-Paul Islands 2,000 5 2 2 NEW Defence Attachés ZEALAND Regional Commands Non-resident Crozet Islands Kerguelen Islands Defence Attachés Presence Forces XYZ XYZ or Sovereignty Forces Armament Attachés Permanent Area of Responsibility French Liaison Ocer Aircraft deployments COMSUP FANC USINDOPACOM Permanent Area of Responsibility French Liaison Ocer IFC , CRFIM, IFC-IOR Port calls COMSUP FAZSOI AN UNWAVERING COMMITMENT TO REGIONAL SECURITY

France’s main defence partners

KAZAKHSTAN Other defence partners A real commitment to the security of the Indo-Pacific MONGOLIA Area of intense engagement for maritime security KHAAN QUEST ( ght against drug tracking, illegal shery, piracy) UZBEKISTAN French Liaison Ocer IFC , CRFIM, IFC-IOR KIRGHIZSTAN Accords FRANZ TURKMENISTAN TADJIKISTAN JAPAN SOUTH KOREA Paci c QUAD member states KEY 4 CHINE RESOLVE (Paci c Quadrilateral Defence Coordination Group) - AFGHANISTAN ULCHI FREEDOM s a maritime, air and spatial security. With a presence in all the oceans, France GUARDIAN XYZ Military exercices in which France is involved faces increasing constraints on the exercise of its power, France possesses high- A strong commitment KUWEIT INDIA Participation in surveillance missions to enforce NEPAL sovereignty, the surveillance of its maritime domain PAKISTAN UN Resolution 2375 on illegal transhipments level intelligence gathering means to Humanitarian Assistance BARHAIN and the control of on-going activities. At the regional QATAR UNITED ARAB VARUNA EMIRATES - BANGLADESH and Disaster Relief (HADR) GARUDA and significant force projection level, France has made an effort in the establishment - SAUDI OMAN SHAKTI MYANMAR VIETNAM platforms. France is therefore able of a network of maritime surveillance centred on ARABIA bilateral exercices LAOS The Indo-Pacific region is strongly hit by natural disasters. France - India multilateral cooperation engagements and on the THAILAND 4 to contribute to each aspect of international France regularly offers its support to the States of the COBRA GOLD PHILIPPINES RIMPAC A CTF 150 - UNITED STATES - security with its allies and partners. optimisation of resources. region by mobilising its Army, Naval and Air Force INDIA PIRAB JABIRU OF AMERICA PACIFIC PARTNERSHIP DJIBOUTI CAMBODIA Fighting against proliferation of weapons of mass assets to bring the required assistance. France organizes regular multilateral exercises in the SRI LANKA MICRONESIA MARSHALL PALAU Indian Ocean (Papangue) and in the Pacific (Equateur, destruction and their delivery systems is crucial for In the South Pacific, France works together with ISLANDS international security. ATALANTA MALAISIA BRUNEI Croix du Sud, Marara). These exercises can gather up Australia and New Zealand, in accordance with SINGAPORE KIRIBATI to several thousand military personnel coming from NAURU France, as a permanent member of the Security the FRANZ Agreement which enables the three States KENYA MALDIVES INDONESIA a dozen partner States. Council of the United Nations, has participated to to coordinate their humanitarian assistance actions to the PAPUA- NEW- TUVALU a series of resolutions imposing sanctions against Island States. KOMODO GUINEA France participates to many multilateral military EAST TIMOR SOLOMON ISLANDS FRANCE exercises in Southeast Asia (Cobra Gold, Komodo, Pitch the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and TANZANIA Mayotte Tromelin Wallis A French advisor for civilian security is based in & Futuna 4 played a leading role at the European Union level PAPANGUE SAMOA Black, Tempest Express, Coores, Marixs), in Northeast Singapore. He is in charge of civil protection and crisis Marquesas for deciding additional sanctions. France is also a MOZAM organised by France Islands Asia (Khaan Quest, Ulchi Freedom Guardian, Key BIQUE FIDJI management’s cooperation activities in Southeast Asia. Fr member of the UN Command Military Armistice Réunion VANUATU en Resolve) and in the Pacific (Rimpac, Southern Katipo, TONGA ch A liaison officer is also assigned to the Singapore Society Tuàmotu P Commission (UNCMAC) and contributes militarily to AUSTRALIA NIUE o Tafakula, Americal, Kakadu, Pacific Partnership). These Islands ly S n based Regional Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster c New e a 4 s the monitoring of the application of the UN Security t MADAGASCAR t i exercises aim to increase mutual understanding and e Caledonia Austral a re PITCH BLACK Gambier Relief Coordination Center, which aims at coordinating the d Islands Council’s resolutions thanks to its aircraft and ships I - Islands to create bonds between the different armed forces. sl an KAKADU d - based in the Pacific. military aspect of HADR operations. s EQUATEUR TAFAKULA KOOLENDONG - Amsterdam - CROIX DU SUD Many bilateral exercises are also organised at each & Saint-Paul AASAM Islands French Navy and Air Force assets visits in the region. France supports the training of Indo-Pacific countries’ organised by France MARARA The regular high-level bilateral exercises Shakti troops to peacekeeping operations. The French organised by France advisor based in the PKO training center in Oudong (Army), Varuna (Navy) and Garuda (Air Force) embody NEW the strategic partnership bonding France and India. (Cambodia) regularly organises training sessions ZEALAND for troops preparing to deploy in French speaking 4 Crozet Islands France actively faces the numerous challenges countries. French language courses are also offered and fights illicit activities threatening maritime to many States of the region. Kerguelen Islands SOUTHERN KATIPO

8 AN UNWAVERING COMMITMENT TO REGIONAL SECURITY

France’s main defence partners

KAZAKHSTAN Other defence partners MONGOLIA Area of intense engagement for maritime security KHAAN QUEST ( ght against drug tracking, illegal shery, piracy) UZBEKISTAN French Liaison Ocer IFC , CRFIM, IFC-IOR KIRGHIZSTAN Accords FRANZ TURKMENISTAN TADJIKISTAN JAPAN SOUTH KOREA Paci c QUAD member states KEY 4 CHINE RESOLVE (Paci c Quadrilateral Defence Coordination Group) - AFGHANISTAN ULCHI FREEDOM GUARDIAN XYZ Military exercices in which France is involved

KUWEIT INDIA Participation in surveillance missions to enforce NEPAL PAKISTAN UN Resolution 2375 on illegal transhipments BARHAIN QATAR UNITED ARAB VARUNA EMIRATES - BANGLADESH GARUDA - SAUDI OMAN SHAKTI MYANMAR VIETNAM ARABIA bilateral exercices LAOS France - India THAILAND 4 COBRA GOLD PHILIPPINES RIMPAC CTF 150 - UNITED STATES - INDIA PIRAB JABIRU OF AMERICA PACIFIC PARTNERSHIP DJIBOUTI CAMBODIA

SRI LANKA MICRONESIA MARSHALL PALAU ISLANDS ATALANTA MALAISIA BRUNEI SINGAPORE KIRIBATI NAURU KENYA MALDIVES INDONESIA PAPUA- NEW- TUVALU KOMODO GUINEA EAST TIMOR SOLOMON ISLANDS FRANCE TANZANIA Mayotte Tromelin Wallis & Futuna 4 PAPANGUE SAMOA Marquesas MOZAM organised by France Islands BIQUE FIDJI Fr Réunion VANUATU en ch TONGA Society Tuàmotu P AUSTRALIA NIUE o Islands ly S n c New e a 4 s t MADAGASCAR t i e Caledonia Austral a re PITCH BLACK Gambier d Islands I - Islands sl an KAKADU d - s EQUATEUR TAFAKULA KOOLENDONG - Amsterdam - CROIX DU SUD & Saint-Paul AASAM Islands organised by France MARARA organised by France

NEW ZEALAND 4 Crozet Islands

Kerguelen Islands SOUTHERN KATIPO 2016 2019 FRENCH FORCES ACTIVITIES IN THE INDO PACIFIC

MONGOLIA KAZAKHSTAN CANADA UNITED ARAB FOCUS PÉGASE MISSION 2018 KHAAN QUEST EMIRATES UZBEKISTAN

KYRGYZSTAN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA INDIA TURKMENISTAN JAPAN VIETNAM TAJIKISTAN SOUTH KOREA KEY MALAYSIA RESOLVE - Carrier Strike Group AFGHANISTAN ULCHI FREEDOM (2019) GUARDIAN A m Pég CHINA p SINGAPORE ase h M ib INDONESIA iss KUWEIT i ion o (2 INDIA NEPAL u 01 s 8) T F PAKISTAN a UNSCR 2375 r i s Armed Forces in the United BARHAIN g k ENFORCEMENT MISSION a QATAR VARUNA G t

e r Arab Emirates (FFEAU) - o AUSTRALIA

( BANGLADESH u GARUDA 2

p MEXICO 650 personnel 0

1 ( 2 SHAKTI 8

SAUDI MYANMAR 0

) OMAN VIETNAM 1

LAOS 7 ARABIA bilateral exercices ) France - India THAILAND RIMPAC COBRA GOLD PHILIPPINES - GUATEMALA HONDURAS CTF 150 - PACIFIC PARTNERSHIP FOCUS SOUTH CHINA SEA SINCE 2001 PIRAB JABIRU CAMBODIA EL SALVADOR DJIBOUTI NICARAGUA LAOS A mph PANAMA ibiou Clipperton COSTA RICA s Task SRI LANKA MICRONESIA MARSHALL Group PALAU ISLANDS Armed Forces in Djibouti (FFDj) (2018) MALAYSIA PHILIPPINES BRUNEI THAILAND VIETNAM 1 450 personnel ATALANTA OPERATION ) SINCE 2008 019 COLOMBIA (2 ) Fri 9 ga te 1 te a 0 (2 KIRIBATI g 2 INDONESIA 01 ri KENYA ( MALDIVES SINGAPORE 9) F CAMBODIA p F ECUADOR u NAURU rig ro COORES ate G - PAPUA (20 sk MARIXS NEW 17) Ta us KOMODO GUINEA SOLOMON TUVALU Armed Forces in io D PERU ib e EAST ISLANDS French Polynesia (FAPF) TANZANIA h s p tr Am o TIMOR 1,180 personnel Mayotte Tromelin ye Wallis r HADR 2018 & Futuna (2 HADR PAPANGUE 01 LOMBOK 2018 SAMOA 7) CASTOR Marquisas organised by France MISSION Islands MALAYSIA BRUNEI FIDJI MOZAMBIQUE F Réunion rench MADAGASCAR AUSTRALIA Po VANUATU lyn MALAYSIA TONGA es NIUE ia

S c CYCLONE WINSTON Society a New CHILE INDONESIA t MISSION 2016 Tuàmotu INDONESIA t A PITCH BLACK Islands e mph Caledonia CYCLONE IDAI r ibio - e CYCLONE FAKIR us Ta OPERATION 2019 d sk Gro KAKADU CYCLONE GITA I OPERATION 2018 up (2 Gambier Frig sl 016) - MISSION 2018 ate (2018) an KOOLENDONG Islands d EQUATEUR Frigate s - - Austral (2016) AASAM CROIX DU SUD Islands French military deployments in: TAFAKULA SOUTH organised by France MARARA AFRICA Armed Forces in the South 2019 2018 2017 2016 Indian Ocean Zone (FAZSOI) organised by France 2,000 personnel Amsterdam & Saint-Paul Islands Armed Forces in Deployment zones of the Carrier Strike Group (2019) Pol NEW ZEALAND ar Patr New-Caledonia (FANC) XYZ Military exercices in wich France is involved ol Vesse l (2018) 1,660 personnel XYZ XYZ Presence Forces or Sovereignty Forces Crozet Island French Humanitarian Assistance SOUTHERN and Disaster Relief Military Operations KATIPO Kerguelen Island 1,000 km France’s defence partners 10 2 days of navigation Environmental security: a shared responsibility

roughts, floods and rising water the Paris Agreement as president of the COP21. levels, soil erosion are not just The French Ministry for the Armed Forces set up, in An innovative French approach natural events. They are also November 2016, a geopolitical observatory of the security and defence challenges of climate change. France is able to permanently perform assessments military events. They redraw This Observatory monitors a coordinated study combining maritime surveillance and environmental maps, create new tensions, gathering the States party to the South Pacific Defense security issues thanks to its regional Commands and Ddisplace population. Ministers’ Meeting (SPDMM), which aims at assessing staffs, its embedded officers in the different maritime the impact of climate change on the regional defence Information Fusion Centres (IFC) and in the Regional The increase in frequency and intensity of extreme cooperation. Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief Coordination weather events, the depletion of fishing resources Centre (RHCC). and water stress hinder the resilience of States, The outcome of this study will be immediately generate new illicit trafficking and lead to high scale used to optimize the implementation of the FRANZ In order to implement a pragmatic and efficient long- sanitary risks. By creating new security vulnerabilities, Agreements, signed on 1992 by Australia, France and term policy of environmental security preventive New Zealand to coordinate civil and military assistance these phenomena bring new conflicts. The Indo- measures, France is focusing on three lines of action: in- on Pacific island countries affected by natural disasters. Pacific area is particularly concerned. depth assessment of environmental risks, sponsoring of The more frequent use of this mechanism highlights In her speech given at the Munich Security the increasing pressure on the armed forces. targeted scientific programs and organisation of regional Conference in February 2018, the French Minister seminars to raise awareness and encourage mobilisation. for the Armed Forces, Mrs Florence Parly, announced This stronger pressure is also noticeable on the Theses paths open new fields of cooperation with Indo- that France would get engaged in “an entire sector maritime domain awareness. As a member of the Pacific States. of environmental security preventive measures”, that Pacific QUAD (Quadrilateral defence Coordination should be “a guide of cautiousness and a guide for Group) – along with the United States, Australia and France wishes in priority to hold dialogue with the action”. New Zealand –, whose objective is to coordinate the stakeholders committed to sustainable development and security effort in the Pacific, France supports island security in Southeast Asia, which it believes to be a centre France has been playing a pioneering role in the nations in establishing a sustainable management of gravity with regards to economy, ecology and security strategic integration of the link between defence of their natural resources, particularly fisheries. There for the whole Indo-Pacific. From that perspective, France and environment, after organising, in 2015, the is little doubt that the constant, and worrying, rise organised two conferences in 2017, in Vietnam and in first international conference at ministerial level of overfishing in the South Pacific will expend to the Indonesia, and will pursue this course of action in other dedicated to the defence and security consequences South of the Indian Ocean and to the Southern Ocean, ASEAN Member States. of climate change, and after contributing to reaching and as far as the shoreline of Antarctica.

12 ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY CHALLENGES IN THE INDO PACIFIC

U.S.A. CANADA ENVIRONMENTAL RISK MAPPING Knowledge and Anticipation The establishment of an Indo-Paci c environmental risk mapping, within the framework of multilateral cooperation, is a priority. France and Australia have set JAPAN UNITED STATES up a dedicatedOF AMERICA structure in order to jointly assess the CHINA level of risk in the Indian and the Southern Oceans – cyclones, shing resources, pandemics, migrations, sea-level rise. BANGLADESH MEXICO INDIA MYANMAR VIET NAM PHILIPPINES Hawai THAILAND (U.S.A.) “KIVI KUAKA” PROGRAMGUATEMALA Early warning alerts for cyclones CAMBODIA EL SALVADOR NICARAGUA MARSHALL SOMALIA MICRONESIA COSTA RICA SRI LANKA PALAU ISLANDS An accurate observation of migratory birds could bring Clipperton PANAMA MALAYSIA BRUNEI vital information, complimentary to COLOMBIAsatellite data, in NAURU KIRIBATI SINGAPORE order to prepare people and armed forces for climate- PAPUA ECUADOR MALDIVES INDONESIA SOLOMON TUVALU NEW GUINEA ISLANDS induced natural catastrophes. The “Kivi Kuaka” EAST TIMOR PERU Wallis Program, monitored by the National Museum for Mayotte & Futuna Tromelin VANUATU Natural History with the support of the Ministry for the French FIDJI SAMOA Po MOZAM lyn Armed Forces and the Ministry for ecological and BIQUE es ia NIUE Inclusive Transition, emphasises France’s will to protect

S Réunion TONGA its nationals and to contribute to human security in the c New I a s t Caledonia la t n e Indo-Paci c. d re AUSTRALIA s d FRANCE Amsterdam and Saint-Paul Islands

CHILE Crozet Islands Kerguelen Islands NEW ZEALAND

“MARINE LEGACY” INITIATIVE Over shing area Crisis prevention Area vulnerable to rising water levels The shing resources of the Southeast Asian sea basin are depleting signi cantly. The spread of shing eets Area exposed to cyclones towards the economic exclusive zones of third States FRANZ Agreements already leads Indo-Paci c Nations to strengthen their security policy. France fosters closer dialogue with its RHCC-embedded French Liaison Ocer Partners to identify jointly priority preventive measures that need to be undertaken. Contributors to environmental security studies Global commons: a challenge for multilateralism

ivalry among states is growing over within the framework of the Antarctic treaty system the access to strategic shared areas. illustrates the need for increased alertness, in order The French ambitious The lack of regulation in some fields to ensure that the Antarctic is not turned into an area cyberdefense policy of competition. (spatial, cyber) or the challenges posed to the established rules in In the spatial field, the multiplication of public and The 2018 Strategic Review on Cyber Defense builds up a robust national apparatus for the adequate protection of others (maritime space, air domain and polar private actors has several effects: it trivialises the R access to the exo-atmospheric space, increases the data. It seeks several objectives: regions) call for a reinforcement of multilateral risk of proliferation, intensifies industrial competition, A better integration of our cyber defense dialogues in order to promote stability. and fuels interstate rivalry. means, based on better coordination between the different services involved. Some of the fundamental provisions of the United Within cyberspace, the frequency, scope and Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea are not technological sophistication of malicious actions The strengthening of our cyber protection respected in the China seas. There is a strong need increase. Some States support these actions and device; the reinforcement of the State networks for an international mobilisation to counter the therefore get closer to the use of force and armed resiliency and of operators of vital importance, as progressive weakening of the law of the sea that attack, which could result in important damages. well as of other essential services. could lead to the rise of interstate tensions. Counterterrorism and cyber security policies focus The regulation of cyberspace, through the The issue of freedom of civil and military circulation on the detention, cross-referencing and exploitation respect and implementation of international law also concerns the airspace. Along with maritime of digital information in order to protect personal and of certified standards of behaviour. areas, airspace is increasingly subjected to the risk data, to trace and counter cyber-attacks. A reinforcement of our technical, structural of illicit trafficking and terrorism. The diminution of and operational cooperation with our allies and Faced with these new global challenges, France interstate trust could contribute to increasing these partners, mainly within the European Union and will continue to promote the rule of law based on threats. NATO. the United Nations Charter over the use of force in The demilitarised Antarctic region is characterised international relations. by its status of “natural reserve dedicated to peace and science”. This status is questioned by some powerful states coveting the primary raw materials of the continent, as well as the mineral and fishery resources of the Southern Ocean. The difficulty of establishing extended protected maritime areas

14 “L’Astrolabe”, a polar patrol vessel committed to the Antarctic Naval and Air Treaty System Power projection

the French Administration Freedom of maritime and air for Sub-Antarctic and navigation is a fundamental Antarctic Territories (TAAF) principle of international and the French Polar Institute relations, guaranteed by the Paul-Emile Victor (IPEV). United Nations Convention Her mission consists in on the Law Of the Sea ensuring the logistic (UNCLOS). supply by sea of the two © Richard NICOLAS-NELSON / Armée de l’air scientific stations Dumont This principle is essential to d’Urville and Concordia (a the credibility of the decisions France detains Power of time while embarking Franco-Italian station). made by the United Nations projection capabilities navalized Rafale fighter jets These stations are managed, Security Council, each time that only a limited number as well as Hawkeye airborne from a functional and a they are to be enforced of States are able to avail early warning and control research program perspective, by military means. It also themselves. The Carrier aircraft. The interoperability by the IPEV (jointly with contributes to the strategic Strike Group centred on with the French Air Force the Programma Nazionale Di autonomy of States, which the aircraft carrier “Charles (Rafale, strategic airlift © Marine Nationale Richerche in Antarctiche in is beneficial to maintaining de Gaulle” can be deployed A400M, tanker aircraft Concordia). The preservation a rules-based international over all the seas of the A330-MRTT, etc.) and with of the international status of order. 178 years after the framework defined by the globe, for long periods the allied U.S. forces in the Antarctica and the Southern expedition led by the French Antarctic Treaty System. Indo-Pacific is absolute. It is Ocean - “Nature Reserve Navy Captain Dumont notably ensured by strategic dedicated to peace and d’Urville, the first man ever This polar patrol vessel is satellite systems, which are science” - is a priority for to set foot on Antarctica (20 the result of a partnership implemented under the France. January 1840), the French between the French Navy, set of international rules Navy is back in Terre Adélie. framing the use of the outer Réunion space. With the maiden voyage of “L’Astrolabe”, in November MADA France is particularly GASCAR 2017, the French Armed AUSTRALIA attached to the principled Forces added a new SOUTH management of the global competency to the spectrum AFRICA commons through legal of their capabilities: ice procedures and dialogue. navigation. This mission has been carried out strictly NEW in accordance with the ANTARCTIC ZEALAND © Yoann Letourneau / Marine Nationale GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF FRENCH ORDERS 2008-2017

Asia Structuring partnerships in the armament sphere Near and Middle East 29% 33,675 M€ Central Asia 853 M€ Africa Oceania 4.4% North-East Asia 0.9% 3,345 M€ rance is the sixth largest economy The armament cooperation policy of France is Americas 13.1% in the world. It has comprehensive characterised by its experience, its openness to A long-term capacity support and independent military resources, industrial cooperation, transfer of technology and expertise, as well as the provision of long-term The establishment of trust-based relations between as illustrated by its autonomous training, logistics support and assistance. France and its partners is a prerequisite for all armament Other 2.2% design and manufacturing of nuclear contracts. It is pre-requisite for such long-term Near and deterrence capabilities, satellites, fighter France is the fourth-largest armament exporter and engagements, which represent a significant human, F contributes to building and modernising its allies Middle East aircraft, submarines, ships, tanks, combat technical and budgetary investment for the importer. Europe 40% and partners’ defense capabilities. In the Indo-Pacific, 10.3% vehicles, missiles of all kinds, and all equipment Australia, India, Malaysia and Singapore are France’s France’s objective is to develop a close and long-term contributing to C4ISR (Computerized Command, most important Partners in the armament sphere. relationship in order to create favourable conditions for Control, Communication, Intelligence, Surveillance, France is also developing cooperation in this field the conclusion of structuring trade deals for the bilateral Reconnaissance). with most of the Indo-Pacific States and attends on relationship. Contracts signed with India, Australia as a regular basis to the defense equipment exhibitions well as those with Malaysia and Singapore constitute MAIN PARTNERS OF FRANCE IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC AS REGARDS TO ARMAMENTS organised in the region. This capacity is unique in Europe, based on strong some examples of this approach. in millions of euros (2008-2017) and innovative industrial resources. Its defense By strengthening its partnerships, France is technological and industrial base is made of a The armament cooperation policy of France is materialising in a concrete manner its cooperation dozen world-class firms and around 4,000 small characterised by its openness to industrial policy in the military sphere, a key element of its AUSTRALIA 751 and medium companies. Sustaining the vitality of cooperation, transfer of technology and expertise, foreign policy. The on-going momentum allows this ecosystem is a major concern to protect French adapted to the needs of the partner nation. France offers capitalising on armament communities to foster sovereignty. numerous excellence industrial centres covering a wide INDONESIA 1,342 interoperability and to consider joint operations. spectrum of defence capabilities. The future submarine Guaranteeing the supply and the operational programme with Australia, and the A400M ATLAS South Asia France exports control policy is strict and in line with readiness of armed forces’ equipment, in particular of one with Malaysia are perfect illustrations of France’s SOUTH KOREA 1,532 its international commitments and the principles of those engaged in the deterrence policy, is a condition commitments in those domains. 14,143 M€ transparency as well as protection of human rights. for French freedom of action. In this respect, it These efforts aim at preserving international stability. MALAYSIA constitutes a pillar of its strategic autonomy, as it was This engagement comes with the development of 1,768 reaffirmed in the Strategic Review on defense and a long-term political dialogue. Oceania National Security. SINGAPORE 2,279 766 M€ INDIA South-East Asia 13,184

6,083 M€ 2000 6000 10000 14000 16 Source DGA-DI / 2018 Report to Parliament GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF FRENCH ORDERS 2008-2017

Asia Near and Middle East 29% 33,675 M€ Central Asia 853 M€ Africa Oceania 4.4% North-East Asia 0.9% 3,345 M€ Americas 13.1%

Other 2.2% Near and Middle East Europe 40% 10.3%

MAIN PARTNERS OF FRANCE IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC AS REGARDS TO ARMAMENTS in millions of euros (2008-2017)

AUSTRALIA 751

INDONESIA 1,342 South Asia 14,143 M€ SOUTH KOREA 1,532

MALAYSIA 1,768

Oceania SINGAPORE 2,279 766 M€ INDIA South-East Asia 13,184

6,083 M€ 2000 6000 10000 14000

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Editorial board Directorate General for International Relations and Strategy Alice Guitton (Director General) Commander Numa Durbec (Policy Officer) Mariam Pontoni (Policy Officer) Lucie Lelyon (Graphic Designer)

DICoD Commander Jérôme Baroë (Publications Office) Jean-François Munier (Production)