Gravitational Wave Science with LIGO and Virgo

Gravitational wave science with LIGO and Virgo Jo van den Brand, Nikhef, VU Amsterdam, and Maastricht University, [email protected] Nikhef Annual Meeting, Amsterdam, December 16, 2019 Virgo Collaboration Virgo is a European collaboration with 520 members, 352 authors, 99 institutes, 11 countries

Advanced Virgo (AdV) and AdV+: upgrades of the Virgo interferometric detector Participation by scientists from France, Italy, Belgium, The Netherlands, Poland, Hungary, Spain, Germany • Institutes in Virgo Steering Committee − APC Paris − INFN Perugia − LAPP Annecy − RMKI Budapest − ARTEMIS Nice − INFN Pisa − LKB Paris − UCLouvain, Uliege, − IFAE Barcelona − INFN Roma Sapienza − LMA Lyon UAntwerp − ILM and Navier − INFN Roma Tor Vergata − Maastricht University − Univ. of Barcelona − INFN Firenze-Urbino − INFN Trento-Padova − Nikhef Amsterdam − University of Sannio − INFN Genova − IPHC Strassbourg − POLGRAW(Poland) − Univ. of Valencia − INFN Napoli − LAL Orsay ESPCI Paris − University Nijmegen − University of Jena New members in 2019 In their first year: UMaastricht, IPHC (Benoit M), GSSI, UUtrecht Fully approved: UBarcelona, UCLouvain/Uliege, and IFAE Through existing groups: UAntwerp via UCL/UL and INFN-Torino through Jena-Prometeo

Collaboration keeps growing

2 Netherlands in Virgo Four Dutch groups are represented in the Virgo Steering Committee. Groups often represent several institutes. In total the Virgo Collaboration counts 54 members from the Netherlands. All Nikhef partner universities are present in Virgo

Maastricht – Stefan Hild – 8 members Maastricht Uni. Nikhef VU Uni. Amsterdam

Nikhef – Bas Swinkels – 27 members Delta Institute GRAPPA Institute for High-Energy Physics, Uni. Amsterdam Lorentz Institute, Leiden University Nikhef VU Uni. Amsterdam

Radboud Nijmegen – Gijs Nelemans – 11 member Radboud Uni.

Utrecht – Chris Van Den Broeck – 8 members Uni. Utrecht Nikhef Uni. Groningen Maastricht University Admitted for Virgo Collaboration membership on July 4, 2019

Group is active in LIGO and had various responsibilities. For reasons of continuity there will be a 10% LSC membership (approved by LSC Council)

LSC responsibilities Utrecht University Admitted for Virgo Collaboration membership on November 7, 2019 Prizes Samaya Nissanke was awarded this year’s Tim Dietrich, currently a Marie Sklodowska- New Horizon in Physics Breakthrough Prize Curie Fellow at Nikhef in Amsterdam, receives for the development of novel techniques to the Heinz Billing Award for his numerical- extract fundamental physics from astronomical relativity simulations of binary neutron star data mergers

For more, see The Heinz Billing Prize for the advancement https://breakthroughprize.org/News/54 of scientific computation is awarded biennially by the Heinz Billing Foundation of the Max Planck Society

For more, see https://www.billingpreis.mpg.de/

Congratulations to Samaya and Tim!!! April 1, 2019: LIGO and Virgo started Observation run O3 Virgo almost doubled its sensitivity. Joining O3 from the beginning is another big step for Virgo LIGO and Virgo completed O3a Science run O3 started on April 1, 2019. The first 6 months of data taking, so-called O3a, have been completed. October 2019 was used for a technical break. O3b will last 6 months

LIGO and Virgo have coordinated data taking and analysis, and release joint publications https://gracedb.ligo.org/latest/ Already 33 (= 41 - 8) public alerts in the 3rd science run: more candidates than O1 and O2 combined O3 event candidates and O1 + O2 detections versus run time Already 33 (= 41 - 8) public alerts in the 3rd science run: more candidates than O1 and O2 combined

Number of candidates: 41 (excluding retractions)

False alarm rate (FAR) 26 with FAR > 1/100 yr and 15 with FAR < 1/100 yr

Number of retractions: 8

Candidate types 21 BBH, 3 BNS, 2 Mass Gap, 4 NSBH, 3 Terrestrial

Expected number of events for O3 (i.e. 1 calendar year of running) SNR > 4 in at least two detectors and network SNR 12 Credit: User Guide

Eureka moment #1: why do astronomers find no EM counter parts? BNS event candidates Three candidates have significant astrophysical probability of being a BNS event For BNS and NSBH candidates extensive multi-wavelength campaign. No significant EM counterparts

S190425z S190901ap S190910h FAR < 1/100 yrs FAR: 1 in 4.5 yrs FAR: 1.13 per year

7461 deg2 in 90% c.r. 14753 deg2 24264 deg2 Distance 156±41 Mpc 241±79 Mpc 230±88 Mpc L, V L, V L

GCN 24168, 24228 25606, 25614 25707, 25778 Press releases, announcements, publications, … LVC is preparing a huge set of publications: special events, catalog, testing GR (co-chair: Chris Van Den Broeck), cosmology (co-chair: Archisman Ghosh), …

LIGO Virgo Communications team with Martijn van Calmthout as Nikhef representative

Eureka moment #2

Why sometimes so much tension in an otherwise greatly successful collaboration? Press releases, announcements, publications, … LVC is preparing a huge set of publications: special events, catalog, testing GR (co-chair: Chris Van Den Broeck), cosmology (co-chair: Archisman Ghosh), …

LIGO Virgo Communications team with Martijn van Calmthout as Nikhef representative

LIGO Virgo have Open Data policy: release all data to the public (including data analysis tools)

LVC allows members to write short author-list papers Virgo operations Virgo interferometer O3a Summary: Virgo sensitivity BNS range about 46 Mpc

Sensitivity reasonably stable and not too glitchy. Some of the sources of glitches found and cured • Low and high frequency sensitivity achieved • Mid frequency sensitivity limited by a mystery “flat” noise -> study of the coupling of different noises in progress suggesting measurements for the commissioning break. • Noises limiting the sensitivity well explained except the flat noise.

16 O3a Summary: efficiency Science mode (green) for 76%. Significant time is now devoted to commissioning (orange). These activities are still ongoing with the focus on stability. Maintenance (brown) and calibration (purple) are other significant activities

Efficiency higher than 83% without considering calibration, maintenance and commissioning

17 O3a Summary: network performance Triple event efficiency about 44.5% and double events about 37.4%

18 O3a Summary: number of detectors online At least 2 detectors online for 82% of the time

HLV: 44% L1-V1:14%

H1-V1: 10%

H1-L1: 14%

19 Advanced Virgo: optical configuration In O3a Virgo injected 18 W of power. Now Virgo injects 26 W of power in the interferometer. Signal recycling will be implemented after O3

High frequency sensitivity is limited by shot noise

Detailed understanding in full quantum-mechanical treatment of system and detector Advanced Virgo: optical configuration Virgo injects 26 W of power in the interferometer. Signal recycling will be implemented after O3 Quantum enhanced Advanced Virgo gravitational-wave detector Application of squeezed vacuum states of light

Virgo squeezer from AEI © 2016 Innoseis B.V. - Confidential Virgo’s squeezing paper Beautiful work! Publication appeared in PRL on December 5, 2019 Virgo’s squeezing paper Beautiful work! Publication appeared in PRL on December 5, 2019 AdV+ as the next incremental step forward in sensitivity AdV+ will maximize Virgo’s sensitivity within the constrains of the EGO site. It has the potential to increase Virgo’s detection rate by up to an order of magnitude

AdV+ features Maximize science and secure Virgo’s scientific relevance Safeguard investments by scientists and funding agencies Implement new innovative technologies De-risk technologies needed for third generation observatories Attractive for groups wanting to enter the field

Upgrade activities: we now need to discuss Phase 2 Tuned signal recycling and HPL: 120 Mpc Frequency dependent squeezing: 150 Mpc Newtonian noise cancellation: 160 Mpc Larger mirrors (105 kg): 200-230 Mpc Improved coatings: 260-300 Mpc

Phase 2 timeline Stringent time constrains due to international context: LIGO, Indigo, KAGRA AdV+ phase 1 Signal recycling will be implemented after O3, higher laser power, and improved squeezing

Frequency dependent squeezing Filter cavity construction progressing at Nikhef; Coordinator: Alessandro Bertolini

EGO Council, 26 December 5th, 2019

Newtonian noise cancellation Smart sensor network (140 sensors) to monitor displacement field Subtraction algorithms are under development Commissioning of Virgo Commissioning encompasses many responsibilities. Coordinator must assemble a team and define roles and responsibilities Main objectives of Commissioning Identify and study current limitations: technical noise contributions at low and mid frequency Integrate new systems to discharge mirrors, signal recycling, high power laser, squeezing, …

Commissioning and Operations

Matteo Tacca Commissioning Coordinator

Elected: July 4, 2019

Run Coordinator ROTA was formed with presence in the Rapid Response Team. CC is member of the LIGO Virgo Joint Run Planning Committee (co-chaired by Alessio Rocchi) Virgo sensitivity at start of O3b: best value 53 Mpc Virgo now injects 26 W input power. This constitutes a major step in the context of marginally stable cavities. We obtained important new insight in the “flat” noise and in the noise around 50 Hz. We can gain at least about 4 – 5 Mpc in sensitivity from squeezing, photodiode electronics, damping of F7 cross bar resonances, … Virgo Computing and offline Data processing Sarah Caudill and Jeff Templon

Computing situation is becoming a bottleneck

CNRS Lyon

CNAF Bologna

Nikhef Amsterdam Global network GW Open Data Workshop #2 in Paris Virgo led the release to the public of all LIGO Virgo data obtained in O2 See https://www.gw-openscience.org/static/workshop2/

Hands-on workshop to learn how to access and analyze LIGO and Virgo data Propose to use the Creative Commons CC-BY license LIGO Virgo MOA has been signed March 2019 LIGO and Virgo signed their memorandum of agreement (valid until 2025) KAGRA inauguration Signing of the MOA with LIGO and VIRGO, See VIR-1139A-19, VIR-1140A-19, and VIR-0909A-19 Toyama, October 4, 2019

Virgo → KAGRA F.Paoletti and I.Fiori, May 2019 Paoletti, Fiori, C.DeRossi, F.Badaracco, Nov-Dec 2019

33 LIGO-India: construction has started (online 2024?) The 4 km interferometer will be sited at Hingoli in Maharashtra, about 450 km from Pune Gravitational wave science and society

© 2016 Innoseis B.V. - Confidential Books on gravitational wave physics Several books have appeared to describe the quest for detecting gravitational waves Books on sociology • Harry Collins published 3 books − "Gravity's Shadow the Search for Gravitational Waves“ (2004), Chicago: University of Chicago Press ISBN 9780226113784 − "Gravity's Ghost: Scientific Discovery in the Twenty-First Century“ (2010), Chicago: The University of Chicago Press ISBN 9780226113562 − “Gravity's Kiss: The Detection of Gravitational Waves” (2015), The MIT Press, ISBN 978-0262036184 − See http://www.iphysnet.com/wp/2017/04/12/the-sociology-of-gravitational-waves-an-interview-with-harry-collins/ • Essential (as opposed to derivative) values of science − Integrity in the search for evidence and honesty in declaring results − Willingness to listen to anyone’s theories − Readiness to expose one’s findings to criticism and debate − Specify the means by with theories can be shown to be wrong • Social engineering

General public • Govert Schilling − Foreword by Martin Rees

some of the manifestations

dress

waves

shenovafashion.com/products/gravitational https:// Contemporary art and gravitational waves Astroparticle physics is intellectually appealing to artists. Various exhibitions show artists connecting to our science. Note that these event attract a large audience

Paris, 17/10/2018 to 06/01/2019

Curator Stavros Katsanevas

https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-influential-artists-2018 Contemporary art and Vantablack Vantablack is used in LIGO and Virgo. Artist Anish Kapoor has the exclusive rights to “Vantablack”

Vertically Aligned Nanotube Array Surrey NanoSystems

http://stuartsemple.com/project/worlds-pinkest-pink-50g- powdered-paint-stuart-semple/ Summary and outlook

Virgo is gaining in strength as a collaboration • New groups are joining our mission • O3 running is stable • Collaboration restructuring: Virgo Members Database, Core Program, MOA Reviews

Commissioning has our focus • Improve stability and identify noise sources • Technical noise reviews, continuous commissioning during O3b • Preparations for O3-O4 break: training, commissioning plan

AdV+ must now be pursued vigorously • Phase 1: signal recycling, high power laser, frequency dependent squeezing, NN subtraction • Phase 2: preparations for larger test masses and improved coatings Laser interferometer detectors It’s just the beginning Thanks for your attention !!