MPPSC 2020 – UNIT WISE TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 2

MPPSC 2020 UNIT WISE MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 TEST 2

MODEL HINTS GS PAPER 1 Unit 2 - HISTORY ------3 MARKERS 1. This question consists of very short answer-type questions. Each question is to be answered in 1 line (10 Words). There is no internal choice. Each question carries 3 marks.

(a) First Battle of Panipat

Model Hints  The First Battle of Panipat was fought between the forces of Babur and Ibrahim Lodhi. The Battle was fought on April 21, 1526.

 Ibrahim Lodhi was the son of Sikander Lodhi. He was the last king of the Lodhi dynasty and the last Sultan of Delhi.

 Daulat Khan Lodhi, the governor of Punjab, invited Babur to over throw Ibrahim.

 Babur accepted the offer and inflicted a crushing defeat on Ibraham in the First Battle of Panipat in 1526 AD.

 Ibrahim was killed in the battle and with him ended the Delhi Sultanate.

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MPPSC 2020 – UNIT WISE TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 2

(b) Balban

Model Hints  Balban was an IIbari-Turk.

 He was the slave of Iltutmish.

 He propounded a new theory of kinship

 He took the title Jil-i-IIahi (a shadow of God on Earth).

Supplementary notes on Balban  In his court, he introduced some formalities like sijda (prostration) and Paibos (kissing of feet).

 The Iranian festival of Nauroz or New Year was celebrated in the court.

 The well known Hindi and Persian poet Amir Khusrau (AD 1235-1325) who was called the Parrot of India adorned the court of Balban.

(c) Jaziya

Model Hints  Tax levied by the Muslim rulers on Hindu residents of the territory in return for their protection  Qutb-ud-din Aibak imposed jizya  Akbar abolished jizya in 16th Century  Aurangzeb re-introduced in the 17th century

(d) Guru Nanak

Model Hints  Guru Nanak, born as Nanak (1469 – 1539), also referred to as Baba Nanak was the founder of Sikhism and is the first of the ten Sikh Gurus.  His birth is celebrated worldwide as Guru Nanak Gurpurab  Guru Nanak Dev was born in a village, Talwandi near Lahore (it was renamed later as Nankana Sahib).  Guru Nanak Dev has written compositions which were included in the Adi Granth compiled by Guru Arjan (1563-1606), the fifth Sikh guru.  This came to be known as Guru Granth Sahib after the additions made by the 10th guru Guru Gobind Singh (1666-1708).

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MPPSC 2020 – UNIT WISE TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 2

(e) Baburnama

Model Hints  Baburnama (Tuzuk-i-Baburi) is the autobiography of Babur, the founder of the Mughal empire in India.

 He has written about his own success and failure or about his shortcomings.

 Tujuk-i-Baburi is written in Turki language. Mughal imperial officer, Abdur Rahim Khan Khan-i- Khanan, son of Bairam Khan, translated it into Persian.

(f) Battle of Buxar

Model Hints  Battle of Buxar (22 October 1764) was fought between the British and three allies (Mir Qasim, Shuja-ud-Daula of Awadh, and Shah Alam II).

 This battle ended in the defeat of the allies by the British forces under Major Hector Munro.

(g) Din-e-Ilahi

 As a revolt against the orthodoxy and bigotry of religious priests, Akbar proclaimed a new religion, Din-i-Ilahi in 1581.  The new religion was best on a synthesis of the best values taken from several religions like Hinduism, Islam, Jainism, and Christianity. It did not recognize the prophet.  He abolished all the religious restrictions imposed by previous Muslim religions  Birbal was the only Hindu who followed this new religion.  Din-i-Ilahi, however, did not become popular.

Ten Commandments of Din-i-ilahi

 Liberal-mindedness and generosity.  Careful thought on the proposed action.  Forgiveness of the evildoers.  Softness of voice and gentle speech.  Repulsion of anger with mildness.  Good treatment with fellow brethren.  Abstinence from worldly desire.  Total break with bad characters.  Non-attachment to the materialistic  Dedication of the soul in the love of world. God.

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MPPSC 2020 – UNIT WISE TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 2

(h) Qutb-ud-Din Aibak

Model Hints  Timeline: 1206-1210 AD

 Qutb ud-Din Aibak was a Turkish slave who had risen to high rank in Muhammad Ghori's army.  After Muhammad Ghori's death in AD 1206, the control of his Indian possessions was passed on to him.  Aibak was the first independent Muslim ruler of Northern India and the founder of Delhi Sultanate.  He started his reign with the modest title of ‘Malik' and ‟Sipahsalar'.  Aibak was a great patron of learning and patronized writers like Hasan-un-Nizami and Fakhruddin.  He began the construction of Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque (Delhi), Adhai Din Ka Jhopra (a mosque at Ajmer)  He began the construction of Qutub Minar, 72 ½ meters (238 feet) stone tower in Delhi (after the name of Khwaja Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki ), a Muslim saint. The construction of Qutub Minar was finally completed by IItutmish, his successor.  Qutb ud-Din Aibak was brave, faithful and generous and due to his generosity he was known as "Lakh Baksh".  In 1210, while playing Chaughan (polo) at Lahore, he fell off his horse and died of injuries.  Buried at Lahore.

(i) Harihara I

Model Hints  Harihara I (1336- 1356)

 He is known as Hakka and Vira Harihara I.  He was the founder of the Vijayanagara Empire.  He built a fort at Barkuru which is on the west coast of the present-day Karnataka.  He made „Anegondi‟ as his first capital and later Vijayanagara was made the capital.  He included the area of Hoysalas in his Empire in 1346.

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MPPSC 2020 – UNIT WISE TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 2 5 MARKERS

2. Answers of the following questions in 5-6 lines (50 words) each. (a) Write a short note on public welfare activities of Feroz Shah Tughlaq Model Hints  Firoz Tughlaq carried out various works of public utility for the welfare of his people. Some of his welfare policies were:

 He established a special charity department called Deiwan-e-Khairat to help the poor and the needy.

 It also looked into the welfare of widows, orphans and needy children.

 He set up an Employment Bureau to provide job opportunities to unemployed people.

 He built rest houses for travellers and free hospitals which provided free medical services to the poor and needy. One such hospital called Dar-ul- Shafa was established in Delhi where free medicines and food were supplied to the patients.

 For travelers about 200 „Sarais‟ were established on important routes and trees were planted on both sides of the roads.

(b) Give a brief account of architecture during the Sultanate period.  Art and architecture which was a combination of Arabic and Indian styles that took a new direction in the Delhi Sultanate period. It witnesses the evolution and development of Indo-Islamic Architecture by synthesising geometrical shapes, calligraphy, inscriptional art etc. Architecture during the Sultanate period

STRUCTURE LOCATIONS BUILDERS  Adhai din ka Jhopra Ajmer Qutub-ud-din Aibak Iitutmish  Qutub Minar Delhi (founded by Qutub-ud-din Aibak)  Tomb of Hazarat Nizamuddin Auliya Delhi Ala-ud-din Khalji  Alai Darwaja Delhi Ala-ud-din Khalji  Jammat Khana Masjid Delhi Ala-ud-din Khalji  Tomb of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq Delhi Muhammed bin-Tughlaq  Tughlaqabad Fort Delhi Muhammed-bin-Tughlaq Wazir Miya Bhoiya  Moth ki Masjid Delhi (Prime minister of Sikandar Lodhi)

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MPPSC 2020 – UNIT WISE TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 2

(c) Discuss the policies and social reforms during the reign of Akbar.

Model Hints  Akbar was the mightiest Emperor of the Mughal dynasty.  Succeeding his father Humayun at a critical stage in 1556, he slowly enlarged the extent of the Mughal Empire to include almost all of the Indian sub-continent.  He formed matrimonial alliances with Rajputs an appointed them on important posts. Policy of religious tolerance  He abolished Pilgrimage tax 1563 and Jaziya 1564 and the establishment of an in 'am grant for the support of a temple at Vindravan (1565).  1571 onwards came under the influence of Shaikh Moinuddin Chisti.  From the year 1573 to 1581, Akbar was undergoing religious experimentation  Ibadatkana debates from 1575- 1578.  The conception of Akbar’s religious universalism came to be pronounced in the form of Sul-E-Kul in 1581.  He also founded a new religion named Din-i-Ilhai. ( 1583)  He gave patronage to art and culture. Being fond of literature, he extended support to literature in several languages. Administration  Akbars administrative policies were mentioned in Abul Fazl's Akbarnama.  Empire was divided into provinces known as Subas, governed by a Subadar. The Subadar carried out both political and military functions. Each province also had a financial officer or Diwan. For the maintenance of peace and order in his province, the Subadar was supported by several officers, for example:The military paymaster also was known as Bakhsh, The minister in charge of religious and charitable patronage or Military commanders called Fauzdars, and The town police commander called Akbar's nobles commanded huge armies and had access to large amounts of revenue.  The land revenue system introduced under him was called Zabti or Bandobast system or Dahsala System.  Akbar introduced the Mansabdari system in his administration.

Land Revenue  There were three systems of land revenue: 1. The Zabti system 2. The Ghalla-Bakshi and 3. Nasaq or Kankat.

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MPPSC 2020 – UNIT WISE TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 2

(d) Throw light on literary contributions of Tulsidas. Model Hints  16the century Vasihnava saint and poet

 Tulsidas wrote several popular works in Sanskrit and Awadhi. He is best known as the author of the epic Ramcharitmanas. Twelve works are widely considered by biographers to be written by Tulsidas, six major works and six minor works.

 Based on the language of the works, they have been classified into two groups as follows- 1. Awadhi works – Ramcharitmanas, Ramlala Nahachhu, Barvai Ramayan, Parvati Mangal, Janaki Mangal and Ramagya Prashna.

2. Braja works – Krishna Gitavali, Gitavali, Sahitya Ratna, Dohavali, Vairagya Sandipani and Vinaya Patrika.

 Besides these twelve works, four more works are popularly believed to be composed by Tulsidas which include Hanuman Chalisa, Hanuman Ashtak, Hanuman Bahuk and Tulsi Satsai.

(e) Write a note on Ashtapradhan. Model Hints  Under Maratha Administration: The king was at the center of the affairs and the administration was divided into eight departments headed by ministers who are sometimes called Ashtapradhan, each minister was directly responsible to Shivaji.  The eight ministers were: ASHTAPRADHAN Pradhans Post/Responsibilities

 Peshwa or the Chief Prime Minister, he looked after general Minister/Mukhya administration and later assumed great Pradhan importance Rajaram created the new posts of Pratinidhi,  Pratinidhi thus, taking the total number of the minister to nine. Accountant general, he later became Revenue and  Amatya or Majumdar Finance Minister.

 Sachiv or Surunavis Also called Chitnis, he looked after the royal (Surnis) correspondence.  Sumant or Dabir Foreign affairs and the master of royal ceremonies.  Senapati or Sar-i- Military Commander, he looked after the Naubat recruitment, training and discipline of the army The personal safety of the king, he looked after the  Mantra or Waqianavis intelligence, posts and household affairs

 Nyayadhish Administration of Justice Looking after the charitable and religious affairs  Pundit Rao of the state. He worked for the moral upliftment of the people.

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MPPSC 2020 – UNIT WISE TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 2

(f) What were the reasons for the emergence of Bhakti Movement during medieval period ? Approach:  Write in brief about the Bhakti Movement in the introduction.  Give the reasons that led to the rise of Bhakti movement.  Elaborate on its Impact on the society. Model Hints Introduction  Location: The development of Bhakti movement took place in Tamil Nadu between the 7th and 12th centuries.  Beginning o Originally began in South India in the 9th century with Shankaracharya spread over all parts of India and by the 16th century was a great spiritual force to reckon with, especially after the great wave made by Kabir, Nanak and Shri Chaitanya. Reasons that led to the rise of Bhakti movement:  Evils in the Hindu Society: Hindu society was full of many social anomalies like rigidity of caste system, irrelevant rituals and religious practices, blind faiths and social dogmas. Common men in general had developed an averse attitude towards these social evils and were in need of a liberal form of religion where they could identify themselves with simple religious practices.  Complexity of religion: The high philosophy of the Vedas and Upanishads were very complicated for the common people. They wanted a simple way of worship, simple religious practices and simple social customs. Alternative was Bhakti marga—a simple way of devotion to get salvation from worldly life.  Role of Religious Reformers: o The chief exponents of the movement were Shankara, Ramanuja, Kabir, Nanak, Shri Chaitanya, Mirabai, Ramananda, Namdev, Nimbarka, Madhava, Eknath, Surdas, Tulsidas, Tukaram, Vallabhacharya and Chandidas. o Nayanars and Alvars: The Nayanars (devotees of Shiva) and Alvars (devotees of Vishnu) were the earliest propounders in South India. These saints looked upon religion not as a cold formal worship but as a loving bond based upon love between the worshipped and worshipper. o They were the propounders of Bhakti movement and gave a call to the people to worship in the simplest possible way of devotion and love  Challenge from Rival Religion: the impact of the Muslim rule and Islam put dread in the heart of Hindu masses. The Hindus had suffered a lot under some of the fanatic rulers. They wanted some solace to heal their despairing hearts.  Influence of Sufism: The Sufi saints of the Muslim community also inspired the movement. Some similar chords in the two evoked resonance.

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MPPSC 2020 – UNIT WISE TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 2 Supplementary Notes Impact of Bhakti movement:  The Bhakti exponents raised their powerful voice against different types of immoral acts like infanticide and sati and encouraged prohibition of wine, tobacco and toddy. Adultery and sodomy were also discouraged. They aimed to set up a good social order upholding high moral values.  Another remarkable impact was bringing about a unity among the Hindu and Muslim communities. The movement tried to reduce the growing bitterness between the two and bridge the gap. The saints of Bhakti movement and the Sufi saints spread message of friendship, amity, tolerance, peace and equality among all.  The method of worship and belief in God took a new turn during the movement. Henceforth, importance was given to devotion and love for God who is the God of all-God of both Hindus as well as Muslims. Bhakti or devotion for the Almighty was the central theme of this movement.  The spirit of tolerance, harmony and mutual respect which was inaugurated by the Bhakti saints had another everlasting impact – the emergence of a new cult of Satyapir. It started under the initiative of King Husain Shah of Jaunpur which later paved the way for the spirit of liberalism adopted by Akbar.  The Bhakti movement promoted the growth of vernacular language and literature in different parts of the country. Kabir Nanak and Chaitanya preached in their respective vernacular tongues – Kabir in Hindi, Nanak in Gurmukhi and chaitanya in Bengali. Conclusion  With such long-lasting impacts, the religious depression of the medieval society was set aside. The teachings acted as a healing balm to the suppressed classes. A deep-rooted change came about to lay the foundations of a liberal and composite Indian society. ------11 MARKERS

3. Answer the of the following questions in about 200 words each. (2 x 11 marks = 22 marks)

(a) Write a short essay on the reforms of Alauddin Khilji. Model Hints  Alauddin Khilji was a strong and efficient ruler. He introduced following reforms: 1. Administrative reforms  Restrictions on matrimonial relations among nobles and officers.  Prohibited interference of Ulemas in administration.  Alauddin was opposed to the interference of the Ulemas in matters of state and in this respect he departed from the tradition of the previous Sultans of Delhi. The law was to depend upon the will of the monarch and had nothing to do with the law of the Prophet.  The entire country was divided into 11 provinces. Each province was under a governor who enjoyed his position at the pleasure of the Sultan.

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MPPSC 2020 – UNIT WISE TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 2  The system of espionage organised by Ala-ud-Din was very systematic and effective. According to Zia-ud-Din Barani, ―No one could stir without his (Ala-ud-Din’s) knowledge and whatever happened in the houses of the Maliks and Amirs, officers and great men was communicated to the Sultan. 2. Military reforms  Alauddin Khilji maintained a strong and huge standing army to safeguard his empire.  He introduced the system of branding of horses (dagh) and maintenance of descriptive register of soldiers to prevent false musters and corrupt practices.  Alauddin abolished the Jagir system and paid the salaries in cash.  He fixed the pay of soldiers at 234 tankas a year, with an additional 78 tankas for a soldier maintaining two horses.  Ariz-i-Mumalik was in charge of the appointment of soldiers. 3. Revenue reforms  Scientific method of land measurement.  Creation of a special officer called “Mustakhraj” to collect land revenue from peasants.  Imposition of Jaziya on non-muslims. 4. Economic reforms  Alauddin Khilji introduced the market regulations to help soldiers and to make ends meet. Prices of all articles of common use were fixed.  Separate department and special officers were appointed to regulate the market. The price fixed in the capital was applicable to all towns.

(b) Give an account of the Carnatic Wars. What were there results ? Model Hints  The Carnatic Wars refers to a series of military conflicts between the British East India Company and French East India Company along with the role played by the Nawab of Carnatic and the Nizam of Hyderabad.  Three wars were fought between 1745 and 1763. The immediate result of these wars was that struggle for power in India between the French and the British was over the French influence was doomed forever and British were able to consolidate their foothold in India. First Carnatic War  Fought between: English and French forces.  People involved: Joseph François Dupleix (French Governor-General), Major Stringer Lawrence (British), Anwaruddin Khan (Nawab of the Carnatic).  When: 1746 – 1748  Where: Carnatic region, Southern India  Result: Inconclusive.

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MPPSC 2020 – UNIT WISE TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 2  Effects : Madras was given back to the English in exchange for Louisburg in North America to France. Dupleix understood the superiority of the European armies who used this advantage to influence Indian princes and establish French hegemony in South India. Second Carnatic War  Fought between: Different claimants to the posts of the Nizam of Hyderabad, and the Nawab of the Carnatic; each claimant being supported either by the British or the French.  People involved: Muhammad Ali and Chanda Sahib (for the Nawabship of the Carnatic or Arcot); Muzaffar Jung and Nasir Jung (for the post of the Nizam of Hyderabad).  When: 1749 – 1754  Where: Carnatic (Southern India)  Result: Muzaffar Jung became Hyderabad’s Nizam. Muhammad Ali became the Nawab of the Carnatic. Third Carnatic War or Battle of Wandiwash  Fought between: The French and the British  People involved: Count de Lally (French General), British Lieutenant-General Sir Eyre Coote  When: 1758 – 1763  Where: Carnatic, South India  Result: British victory

(c) Highlight the developments in Art and Culture during Mughal Period? Model Hints

Mughal Literature Hindi Literature  Malik Muhammed Jayasi wrote a poetical composition Padmavat on Padmani, the queen of Mewar in 1540.  Akbar also gave impetus to Hindi poetry. His reign was the golden age of the Hindi poetry because it was in his time that some Hindi poets of immortal fame such as Tulsi Das, Sur Das, Mira, Rahim and Ras Khan lived.  The greatest Hindi poet of Akbar‟s time was Sant Tulsi Das(1532-1623) who wrote the famous Ramcharitamanas. Sanskrit literature  Akbar was the first Mughal monarch who patronized Sanskrit as well as Hindi. During his reign, many Hindi writers were also writers of Sanskrit.  In his time, the first Sanskrit-Persian dictionary, named Parsi Prakash was compiled. Jahangir too extended royal patronage to Sanskrit writers and kept them in his court.

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MPPSC 2020 – UNIT WISE TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 2 Literature of the Mughal Periods

Authors Name of the Works Specifics  Gulbadan Begum Humayun Nama History of Humayun  Abul Fazl Ain-i-Akbari History of Akbar’s reign  Abul Fazl Akbar Namah History of Akbar’s reign  Badauni Muntakhab-ul-Tawarikh History of Akbar’s reign  Mulla Daud Tabaqat-i-Alfi History of Akbar’s reign  Nizam-ud-din Admed Tabaqat-i-Akbari History of Akbar’s reign  Jahangir Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri Autobiography  Mutamed Khan Iqbal Namah History of Jahangir’s reign  Abdul Haq Nuriyya-i-Sultaniyya Theory of Kingship  Abdul Hamid Lahori Padshah Namah History of Shah Jahan’s reign  Inayat Khan Shah Jahan Namah History of Shah Jahan’s reign  Muhumad Salih Shah Jahan Namah History of Shah Jahan’s reign  Dara Shikoh Safinat-ul-Auliya Translation of Upanishads His religious and philosophical  Dara Shikoh Hasnat-ul-Arifeen ideas His religious and philosophical  Dara Shikoh Majma-ul-Bahrain ideas  Aurangzeb Raqqat-i-Alamgiri A collection of his letters  Khafi Khan Muntakhab-ul-Lubab History of Aurangzeb’s reign  Muhammad Kazim Alamgir Namah History of Aurangzeb’s reign  Muhammad Saql Masir-i-Alamgiri History of Aurangzeb’s reign  Aquil Khan Zafar Namah-i-Alamgiri History of Aurangzeb’s reign  Muhammed Rafi Khan Hamlai-Haidari History of Aurangzeb’s reign  Sujan Rai Khatri Khulasat-ul-Tawarikh History of Aurangzeb’s reign  Bhimsen Nuskha-i-Dilkusha History of Aurangzeb’s reign  Iswar Das Futuhat-i-Alamgiri History of Aurangzeb’s reign Conquest of Golconda by  Nimat Khan Ali Waqai-i-Hyderabad Aurangzeb Translation work of Nala-  Faizi Masnavi Nala-in-Daman Damyanti Kalha (in Persian)

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MPPSC 2020 – UNIT WISE TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 2 Mughal Architecture Forts  The Mughal emperors were great builders and that is why the Mughal period is called the Golden age of Architecture in Indian history.  The first to undertake construction on a large-scale was Akbar. He constructed a series of forts, the most important being the Agra Fort AD 1565, built-in red sandstone. Palaces  Humayun laid the foundation of the city Din Panah in Delhi. Akbar adorned his capital Agra with magnificent buildings and the palace known as Jahangiri Mahal.  The architecture of Fatehpur Sikri is an excellent blending of Persian, Central Asian and various Indian (Bengal and Gujarat) styles. Gujarat style building was for their Rajput wives. Mausoleums  During Akbar’s reign, Humayun’s tomb at Delhi was the first Mughal tomb to be placed in the center of a large park-like enclosure. It was built by his widow Haji Begum or Hamida Bano Begum. It has a double dome of marble while the central dome is octagonal.

Mosques  During Babur’s reign four mosques, one each at Sambhal (in Rohilkhand), Panipat (in Kabul Bash), Agra (old Fort) and Ayodhya were built.  Humayun’s troubled reign left him with a little opportunity to indulge in artistic taste.  Jamia Masjid at Fatehpur Sikri, built during Akbar’s reign, is one of the most magnificent buildings.  Shah Jahan’s reign saw the climax as seen in Moti Masjid at Agra.  Aurangzeb cared little for architecture. He built Moti Masjid in the Red Fort and Badshahi Mosque in Lahore.

Gardens  The special contribution of the Mughals was the laying out of beautiful gardens. Babur laid the first such garden in Agra. All the Mughal buildings generally incorporate gardens Jahangir, perhaps, is the most famous for his gardens Shalimar at Srinagar and the garden in Lahore.

Mughal Paintings  The Mughal art of painting like the Mughal architecture was the outcome of many influences. In the beginning, during the reign of Babur and Humayun, it was affected altogether by the Persian influence. During Humayun  At Tabriz, he met two young painters, Mir Sayyed Ali and Abd-us-Samad (or Abdus Samad), to whom he gave hope of future employment in case he regained his kingdom. Later on, those two joined him in Kabul and Abd-us-Samad gave drawing lessons to little Akbar. During Akbar  Under the supervision of Mir Sayyed Ali and Abdus Samad, the imperial atelier of painters and calligraphers took shape. Their first endeavor was to complete the pictures for the earliest Mughal illustrated manuscript, the Dastan-i-Amir Hamza.Beginnigin 1550 under Humayun, it took 25 years to finish. He called a great number of artists to his court. Going by their names, the majority of these seemed to be Hindu. MPPSC 2020 (UNIT WISE TEST SERIES – 50 TESTS) (Enroll@9999) Call: 9953733830 WhatsApp: 7982862964 Mail: [email protected] www.mppscadda.com

MPPSC 2020 – UNIT WISE TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 2  The chief painters were Mir Sayyed Ali, Abdus Samad (already in the service of Humayun), Farrukh Beg, Basawan, and Daswant. Mir Sayyid Ali and Abdus Samad trained the Mughal craftsmen in all the technical details of Persian Miniatures.  Many Indians such as Basawan, Miskina and Daswant attained great positions as court artists and Abdul Fazl in his „Ain-i-Akbari‟ (Biography of Akbar) bestows high praise on them.  The Tuti Namah (The Parrot’s tale) and „Anwar-i-Suhaili‟ show each bird and animal with detailed realism. This portrayal of animals foreshadows the perfection attained under Jahangir. During Jahangir  He had a predilection for the art of painting which he cultivated much more than architecture. During his residence at Allahabad as Salim, he had already employed a number of painters, notably Aqa Raza, whose son Abul Hasan later served under Jahangir.  The co-operation of several painters on one work continued, but Jahangir could distinguish which part each artist had contributed.  During this period, European influence manifested itself more and more. The custom of copying European paintings and engravings continues. By that time book illustrations became outdated, except for the representation of fables, e.g. 'Lyar-i-Danish' and ‘Anwar-i-Suhaili’. The portrayal of officers also continued.  Jahangir preferred group portraits as well as court scenes and different episodes of his life. ‘Jahangir embracing Shah Jahan’ shows the same careful portrayal as in Akbar’s time.  Portrait paintings reached a climax in his period. The early portraits show the persons standing or seated either in front of the buildings or inside. During the last 10 years of Jahangir’s reign, Mughal paintings witnessed a change in an increased predilection for symbolism. During Shah Jahan  Though, interested mainly in architecture, he continued to patronize painting. The visit of the emperor with his nobles and royal ladies to ascetics and dervishes constitutes a predominant theme of this period. Many night scenes were also painted for the first time in the Mughal period. A new technique, consisting of fine, delicate line drawings slightly tinted with washes of pale colors and gold, and known as Siyahi Qalam, became fashionable.  Emperor Shah Jahan on the peacock throne, one of the best known Mughal miniatures, shows the famous peacock throne (now lost)it was much admired by contemporaries and described by the French traveler Bernier. On the other hand, it typifies the portraits of this time.

During Aurangzeb  He did not patronize any arts. Culture lost its vitally and finally declined.  Perhaps during his waning years, he may have consented to have his portraits painted, for there are surviving examples where he is shown either as a bearded old man hunting or holding a copy of the Quran in his hand. Music during Mughal  Most Mughal emperors patronized music. There were nearly forty prominent musicians who flourished at Akbar’s court.  These artists came from Gwalior, Malwa, Tabriz (in Iran) and Kashmir.  The most famous musician of the period was Tansen.  According to some Muslim chroniclers, he was brought up in the hospice of Shaikh MuhammadGhaus of Gwalior, but Hindu tradition describes him as a disciple of Swami Haridas.

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MPPSC 2020 – UNIT WISE TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 2

 The variety of music most extensively cultivated at Akbar's court was the ancient dhrupad. The same tradition was continued by Bilas Khan, the inventor of Bilas todi.(mppscadda.com)  The khayal or ornate school of music was beginning to assert itself in his reign  Music received great encouragement under Shah Jahan. He had thirty prominent musicians at his court.

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