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Resilience of the Tourism Sector in Relation to Flood Risk in Zeeland – Municipality of Veere

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Resilience of the Tourism Sector in Relation to Flood Risk in Zeeland – Municipality of Veere Resilience of the tourism sector in relation to flood risk in Zeeland – Municipality of Veere MSc thesis by Wendy Cevallos P. I Wageningen University August, 2017 RESILIENCE OF THE TOURISM SECTOR IN RELATION TO FLOOD RISK IN ZEELAND – MUNICIPALITY OF VEERE Author: Wendy Katherine Cevallos Piedra Student No. 910716156090 Contact: [email protected] MSc Environmental Sciences MSc Thesis Disaster Studies Thesis supervisors: Dr. Jeroen Warner – Wageningen University and Research (SDC Group) Dr. Anna Wesselink – IHE Delft Institute for Water Education Examiner: Dr. Dik Roth – Wageningen University and Research (SDC Group) August 14, 2017 II Abstract In the Dutch Delta Program, resilience is becoming a key concept for assessing the adaptation strategies in relation to flood risk management. In this study, the resilience of the tourism sector in the Municipality of Veere – Zeeland is assessed by using an adjusted version of the Resilience Wheel conceptual framework. The high economic impact of the sector has transformed the living environment of the inhabitants in the municipality. However, the high uncertainties of climate change on the coast of the province of Zeeland do not allow a 100% guarantee of safety. The assessment aims to understand flood resilience in the tourism sector by addressing this topic in the community of Veere using 5 dimensions and 17 indicators. Results show that flood resilience can have different interpretations and assessments by the stakeholders involved in the tourism sector. Based on 14 semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders and tourism entrepreneurs, 94 questionnaires for tourists and 22 policy documents, the flood resilience of the sector is considered ‘medium’. However, when flood resilience is analysed separately for each group, it is assessed ‘high’ by the tourism entrepreneurs and ‘medium’ by the key stakeholders and from the document analysis. There is a feeling of safety in the tourists and tourism entrepreneurs in Veere that is created by the presence of flood barriers, embankments and the low probability of flooding. Flooding is not considered an issue for the tourism sector and it is not high on the list of priorities of the local entrepreneurs. Furthermore, the tourism sector has weaknesses in respect to resilience to flooding that should be tackled such as the low access to multi-lingual information, tourism cooperation, tourism participation and preparedness in relation to flood risk. The study shows that the contextualization of the Resilience Wheel indicators is needed when analysing flood resilience. The quantitative analysis of the conceptual framework is complex and inapplicable; therefore, the outcomes could not be used in an absolute sense. Nevertheless, the qualitative application of the Resilience Wheel was successful since it allowed the analysis of a large amount of information, generating discussion and sense of awareness about flood resilience within the participants of the study. Keywords: Flood Resilience, Resilience Wheel, resilience interpretation, tourism sector, Veere, Zeeland III Acknowledgements This thesis is the final assignment of my master Environmental Sciences at Wageningen University. I decided to investigate more the resilience of the tourism sector in relation to flood risk in the Municipality of Veere-Zeeland. The study has been an extraordinary learning experience that helped me to develop my scientific knowledge, writing skills and professional skills. It would not have been possible without the help of people to whom I would like to express my gratitude. I would like to thank my supervisors, Anna Wesselink from IHE- Delft and Jeroen Warner from Wageningen University, for their guidance during this study. Both kept me motivated with their theoretical, practical and realistic advice that helped me to focus and improve my research. I would like to thank both for giving me the opportunity to elaborate my thesis in collaboration with Hydro-Social Deltas project. This collaboration allowed me to work with Anna as supervisor, and provided me financial support during my field work in Zeeland, for which I am very grateful. Furthermore, I would like to thank all the key stakeholders, tourism entrepreneurs and tourists that participated in this research for their knowledge and time. Their input provided valuable data for this thesis. I want to thank my boyfriend, Hylco, for his advice and encouragement during this thesis. Thank you for helping me with the translations of Dutch documents. Finally, I would like to thank my family, Rocío, José, Gabriel and Sheidy, who always encourage me to follow my dreams and make them true. This thesis and all my achievements are dedicated to you. Wendy Cevallos, Wageningen 2017 IV Table of contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................................................. iii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................................ iv List of Figures ..................................................................................................................................................... vii List of Tables....................................................................................................................................................... vii Chapter 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2 Conceptual Framework .......................................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Social – Ecological Systems ....................................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Adaptive Capacity Wheel .......................................................................................................................... 4 2.3 Resilience Wheel – Conceptual framework .............................................................................................. 5 2.3.1 Dimensions and indicators ..................................................................................................................... 7 2.3.2 Adjusted version of the Resilience Wheel .............................................................................................. 8 2.3.3 Assessment and scoring ......................................................................................................................... 9 Chapter 3 Case-study ............................................................................................................................................ 16 3.1 Tourism sector in the Municipality of Veere – Zeeland .............................................................................. 16 Chapter 4 Methodology ........................................................................................................................................ 18 4.1 Research design and scope of the case-study ............................................................................................. 18 4.2 Data collection ............................................................................................................................................ 18 4.2.1 Semi-structured interviews .................................................................................................................. 18 4.2.2 Collection of documents ...................................................................................................................... 23 4.2.3 Collection of questionnaire for tourists ............................................................................................... 23 4.3 Data analysis ............................................................................................................................................... 25 Chapter 5 Results .................................................................................................................................................. 26 5.1 Relevance, (re)definition and assessment of the indicators of the Resilience Wheel per dimension ........ 26 5.1.1 Recovery .............................................................................................................................................. 26 5.1.1.1 Emergency management .................................................................................................................. 26 5.1.1.2 Resourcefulness ................................................................................................................................ 27 5.1.1.3 Protection of critical infrastructure ................................................................................................... 30 5.1.2 Resistance ............................................................................................................................................ 31 5.1.2.1 Flood barriers and embankments ..................................................................................................... 31 5.1.2.2 Strength of build environment .......................................................................................................... 32 5.1.2.3 Flood shelters .................................................................................................................................... 33 5.1.3 Adaptability
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