Hinduism.Pdf

Hinduism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Hinduism is the predominant and indigenous religious merchants and tradition [3] of the Indian Subcontinent. Hinduism is often colonists referred referred to as San ātana Dharma (a Sanskrit phrase meaning collectively to the “the eternal law“) by its adherents. [4][5] Generic “types” of followers of Indian Hinduism that attempt to accommodate a variety of complex religions as Hindus . views span folk and Vedic Hinduism to bhakti tradition, as in Eventually, it came to Vaishnavism. Hinduism also includes yogic traditions and a define a precisely wide spectrum of “daily morality” based on the notion of religious identity that karma and societal norms such as Hindu marriage customs. includes any person of Hinduism is formed of diverse traditions and has no Indian origin who single founder. [6] Among its roots is the historical Vedic neither practiced religion of Iron Age India, and as such Hinduism is often Abrahamic religions [7] called the “oldest living religion“ or the “oldest living major nor non-Vedic Indian "Dancing Ganesh. Central Tibet. Early religion”.[8][9][10][11] religions, such as fifteenth century. Colours on cotton. A large body of texts is classified as Hindu, divided into Jainism, Buddhism, Height: 68 centimetres". [1] This form is Śruti (“revealed”) and Smriti (“remembered”) texts. These Sikhism, or tribal also known as Maharakta ("The Great texts discuss theology, philosophy and mythology, and (Adivasi) religions, Red One"). [2] provide information on the practice of dharma (religious thereby encompassing living). Among these texts, the Vedas are the foremost in a wide range of religious beliefs and practices related to authority, importance and antiquity. Other major scriptures San ātana Dharma.[18][19] include the Upanishads , Pur āṇas and the epics Mah ābh ārata The term Hinduism was introduced into the English and Rāmāya ṇa. The Bhagavad G ītā, a treatise from the language in the 19th century to denote the religious, Mah ābh ārata , spoken by Krishna, is of special importance. [12] philosophical, and cultural traditions native to India. [20] Etymology History The word Hindu is derived from the Sanskrit word The earliest evidence for prehistoric religion in India date Sindhu , the historic local appellation for the Indus River in the back to the late Neolithic in the early Harappan period (5500– northwestern part of the 2600 BCE). [21][22] The beliefs and practices of the pre-classical Indian subcontinent.[13] and era (1500–500 BCE) are called the “historical Vedic religion“. is first mentioned in the Rig Modern Hinduism grew out of the Vedas, the oldest of which Veda [14] is the Rigveda, dated to 1700–1100 BCE. [23] The Vedas center The word Hindu was on worship of deities such as Indra , Varuna and Agni , and on first used by Arab invaders the Soma ritual. Fire-sacrifices, called yajña were performed, and then went further west and Vedic mantras chanted but no temples or icons were by the Arabic term al-Hind built. [24] The oldest Vedic traditions exhibit strong similarities referring to the land of the to Zoroastrianism and other Indo-European religions. [25] people who live across river The major Sanskrit epics, Ramayana and Mahabharata , Indus. [15] and the Persian were compiled over a protracted period during the late term Hind ū referring to all centuries BCE and the early centuries CE. They contain Indians. By the 13th mythological stories about the rulers and wars of ancient century, Hindust ān emerged India, and are interspersed with religious and philosophical as a popular alternative Valmiki, a contemporary of treatises. name of India, meaning the Rama composes the Ramayana. The later “land of Hindus ”.[16] Puranas Originally, Hindu was a secular term which was used to recount tales describe all inhabitants of the Indian subcontinent (or about devas Hindustan ) irrespective of their religious affiliation. It also and devis, occurs sporadically in Sanskrit texts such as the later their Rajataranginis of Kashmir (Hinduka, c. 1450), some 16th- interactions 18th century Bengali Gaudiya Vaishnava texts, including with humans Chaitanya Charitamrita and Chaitanya Bhagavata , usually to and their contrast Hindus with Yavanas or Mlecchas.[17] It was only battles towards the end of the 18th century that the European Sacred Mount Kailash in Tibet is regard-ed as the spiritual abode of Lord Shiva. against demons. institute societal reform. This period saw the emergence of Three major movements underpinned the naissance of a movements which, while highly innovative, were rooted in new epoch of Hindu thought: the advent and spread of indigenous tradition. They were based on the personalities and Upanishadic, Jaina, and Buddhist philosophico-religious teachings of individuals, as with Ramakrishna and Ramana thought throughout the broader Indian landmass. [26] Mahavira Maharshi. Prominent Hindu philosophers, including (24th Tirthankar of Jains) and Buddha (founder of Buddhism) Aurobindo and Prabhupada (founder of ISKCON), translated, taught that to achieve reformulated and presented Hinduism’s foundational texts for moksha or nirvana , one did contemporary audiences in new iterations, attracting followers not have to accept the and attention in India and abroad. Others such as authority of the Vedas or Vivekananda, Paramahansa Yogananda, B.K.S. Iyengar and the caste system. Buddha Swami Rama have also been instrumental in raising the went a step further and profiles of Yoga and Vedanta in the West. Today modern claimed that the existence movements, such as ISKCON and the Swaminarayan Faith, of a Self/soul or God was attract a large amount of followers across the world. [33] unnecessary. [27] Buddhism peaked during the reign of Typology Asoka the Great of the Mauryan Empire, who Hinduism as we know it can be subdivided into a number unified the Indian The so-called Shiva Pashupati of major currents. Of the historical division into six darshanas, subcontinent in the 3rd seal only two schools, Vedanta and Yoga survive. The main divisions of Hinduism today are Vaishnavism, Shaivism, century BCE. After 200 [35] CE several schools of thought were formally codified in Smartism and Shaktism. Hinduism also recognizes numerous divine beings subordinate to the Supreme Being or Indian philosophy, including Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, [36] Vaisheshika, Purva-Mimamsa and Vedanta.[28] Charvaka, the regards them as lower manifestations of it. Other notable founder of an atheistic materialist school, came to the fore in characteristics include a belief in reincarnation and karma, as North India in the sixth century BCE. [29] Between 400 BCE well as in personal duty, or dharma. and 1000 CE Hinduism expanded at the expense of McDaniel (2007) distinguishes six generic “types” of [30] Hinduism, in an attempt to accommodate a variety of views Buddhism. [37] Sanskritic culture went into decline after the end of the on a rather complex subject: • Gupta period. The early medieval Puranas helped establish a Folk Hinduism, as based on local traditions and cults of religious mainstream among the pre-literate tribal societies local deities at a communal level and spanning back to undergoing acculturation. The tenets of Brahmanic Hinduism prehistoric times or at least prior to written Vedas. • and of the Dharmashastras underwent a radical transformation Vedic Hinduism as still being practiced by traditionalist at the hands of the Purana composers, resulting in the rise of a brahmins (for example shrautins). • mainstream “Hinduism” that overshadowed all earlier Vedantic Hinduism, for example Advaita (Smartism), as traditions. [31] based on the philosophical approach of the Upanishads. Though Islam came to India in the early 7th century with • Yogic Hinduism, especially that based on the Yoga Sutras the advent of Arab traders and the conquest of Sindh, it of Patanjali. started to become a major religion during the later Muslim • “Dharmic” Hinduism or “daily morality”, based on the conquest in the Indian subcontinent.[29] During this period notion of Karma, and upon societal norms such as Hindu Buddhism declined rapidly and many Hindus converted to marriage customs. Islam. Numerous Muslim rulers such as Aurangzeb destroyed • Bhakti or devotionalism, especially as in Vaishnavism. Hindu temples and persecuted non-Muslims; however some, such as Akbar, were more tolerant. Hinduism underwent profound changes, in large part due to the influence of the prominent teachers Ramanuja, Madhva, and Chaitanya.[29] Followers of the Bhakti movement moved away from the abstract concept of Brahman, which the philosopher Adi Shankara consolidated a few centuries before, with emotional, passionate devotion towards the more accessible Avatars, especially Krishna and Rama. [32] Indology as an academic discipline of studying Indian culture from a European perspective was established in the 19th century, led by scholars such as Max Müller and John Woodroffe. They brought Vedic, Puranic and Tantric literature and philosophy to Europe and the United States. At the same time, societies such as the Brahmo Samaj and the Theosophical Society attempted to reconcile and fuse Abrahamic and Dharmic philosophies, endeavouring to The Swaminarayan Akshardham Temple in Delhi, according the Guinness World Records is the World’s Largest Comprehensive Hindu Temple[34] intuition. Radhakrishnan explicitly states that Hinduism Definitions cannot be defined, but is only to be experienced. [52] Similarly some academics suggest that Hinduism can be seen as a Hinduism does not have a “unified system of belief [38] category with “fuzzy edges”, rather than as a well-defined and encoded in declaration of faith or a creed“, but is rather an rigid entity. Some forms of religious expression are central to umbrella term comprising the plurality of religious Hinduism, while others are not as central but still remain phenomena originating and based on the Vedic [39][40][41][42] within the category. Based on this, Ferro-Luzzi has developed traditions. a ‘Prototype Theory approach’ to the definition of The term Hindu in origin is a Persian word in use from Hinduism.

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