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Dokumentation Neuer Vogel-Taxa, 5 – Bericht Für 2009 Vogelwarte 49, 2011: 85 – 104 © DO-G, IfV, MPG 2011 Dokumentation neuer Vogel-Taxa, 5 – Bericht für 2009 Jochen Martens & Norbert Bahr Martens J & Bahr N 2011: Documentation of new bird taxa, 5. Report for 2009. Vogelwarte 49: 85-104. This report is the fifth one of a series and presents the results of a comprehensive literature screening in search for new bird taxa described in 2009, namely new genera, species and subspecies worldwide. We tracked six genera, six species and six subspecies names new to science which according to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature were correctly de- scribed. One new family was erected (Pnoepygidae, out of Timaliidae) and two former families (Sylviidae and Timaliidae) were strongly modified. New genera were erected for species or species groups, respectively, of the Accipitridae (two), Tyran- nidae, Furnariidae, Paradoxornithidae and Fringillidae (one each). Five of the new species refer to Passeriformes and one to Non-Passeres, a hummingbird. The distributional areas of the new species often are minute, restricted to remote and difficult to access areas and were hitherto overlooked. In several cases the populations in question were known since long. But only substantial studies of their songs, genetics and/or ecology their remarkable acoustical and genetic or ecological properties (in the case of the new crossbill) led to description of new species. In a zoogeographic context most of the new taxa originate from the Neotropics, followed by Indomalayan and Holarctic regions. The remainder of taxa are scattered over Pacific islands and the Afrotropics. In a taxon sequence by genus/species/ subspecies the newly described taxa have following origin: Neotropis and Caribbean (4/2/3), Palearctic (-/-/1), Indo-Malaya (1/2/2), Nearctic (-/1/-), Afrotropics (-/1/-), Pacific Islands (1/-/-). New names were proposed for a Neotropical genus, a Ne- arctic species, and two subspecies, one each from the Palearctic and the Indo-Malayan regions, respectively. A number of splits - namely those of known species into allospecies as the geographic representatives of a superspecies - are also addressed. But we restrict the treatment of these splits to the Palearctic and Indo-Malayan regions. We suggest possible flaws in new descrip- tions and certain splits, regardless of the species concept addressed. However, in general this report should be taken as a documentation of new taxa, not as a critical review of recent changes in bird taxonomy and bird descriptions. JM: Institut für Zoologie, Saarstr. 21, D-55099 Mainz, E-Mail: [email protected] NB: Zur Fähre 10, D-29693 Ahlden, E-Mail: [email protected] 1. Vorbemerkungen Mit dieser Übersicht setzen wir die Erfassung neuer erstaunlich hoch, selbst dann, wenn die Begründungen Vogeltaxa in einer fünften Arbeit fort. Im Berichtszeit- nicht besonders tragend erscheinen. Bedenklich er- raum 2009 wurden sechs neue Gattungen, sechs neue scheint uns, wenn Spaltarten in Handbüchern und Arten und sechs neue Unterarten den Nomenklatur- sogar Feldführen erstmals publiziert werden, ohne dass regeln (ICZN 1999) entsprechend benannt. Neotropis sie sich im wissenschaftlichen Wettstreit mit Gegen- und Karibik erwiesen sich erneut als die entdeckungs- argumenten und Kritik auseinandersetzen mussten. reichsten Regionen. Der Trend, längst bekannte Arten Schnell werden diese Neuerungen anderswo übernom- in gut kenntliche Teilgruppen aufzugliedern und in men. Das mag daran liegen, dass die zumeist verwen- Spaltarten zu zerlegen, die immer getrennte Siedlungs- deten Merkmale aus Genetik und Akustik sich hoher gebiete bewohnen, hält unvermindert an. Für Paläark- Anerkennung erfreuen und sich diesbezüglich inzwi- tis und die Indomalayische Region haben wir diese schen ein eigenes Argumentationsprofil entwickelt Änderungen dokumentiert. Die Begründungen für die hat. Aufspaltungen sind überaus heterogen und reichen vom oberflächlichen Vergleich äußerer Merkmale bis 2. Methodik zu einer Kombination von genetischen, morpholo- gischen und akustischen Merkmalen. Auch der Bezug Termini: Wir verwenden „Art“ gleichbedeutend mit „Spe- auf ein Artkonzept, das als theoretischer Hintergrund zies“, „species“ im Englischen, desgleichen „Unterart“ gleich- bedeutend mit „Subspezies“, „subspecies“ im Englischen. Der für die Neubewertung von Merkmalen dient, differiert. „Inhalt“, d. h. der jeweilige theoretische Hintergrund und der Er schwankt zwischen dem Biologischen und dem biologische Rahmen einer „Art“ und folglich des aus Gat- Phylogenetischen Artkonzept; bisweilen fehlt ein Be- tungs- und Artnamen zusammengesetzten wissenschaftlichen zug zu einem Artkonzept ganz. Die Akzeptanz dieser Doppelnamens (des Binomens) kann somit je nach ange- Aufspaltungen bei Systematikern und Taxonomen ist wandtem Artkonzept deutlich verschieden sein. Auf die Im- 86 J. Martens & N. Bahr: Dokumentation neuer Vogel-Taxa, 5 – Bericht für 2009 plikationen der Artbegriffe in der gegenwärtigen systema- MNHNP Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, La Paz, tischen Ornithologie haben wir bereits hingewiesen, ebenso Kolumbien auf immer wieder verwendete Termini, wie Holotypus und MNHN Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, Paratypus (Martens & Bahr 2007). Gelegentlich werden die Frankreich veralteten Begriffe Allotypus und Cotypus verwendet; diese MVZ Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of unterstützt der International Code for Zoological Nomen- California, Berkley, USA clature nicht mehr (ICZN 1999). Syntypen bezeichnet alle NSMT National Museum of Nature and Science,Tokyo, Individuen, die ursprünglich der Beschreibung einer Art Japan zugrunde lagen, aber nur dann, wenn aus diesem Material heraus kein Holotypus bzw. später ein Lektotypus benannt YIO Yamashina Institute of Ornithology, Abiko City, wurde. Der in der Originalbeschreibung genannte Fundort Japan des oder der Typusexemplare wird als Locus typicus (Typus- ZMB Museum für Naturkunde, Humboldt-Universität lokalität, engl. type locality) bezeichnet. Synonyme (mehre- zu Berlin, Deutschland re Namen für dieselbe Art oder Unterart) oder Homonyme ZMFK Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum (gleiches Epitheton für ganz unterschiedliche Arten oder Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Deutschland Unterarten einer Gattung) erlaubt der „Code“ ebenfalls nicht, ZMUC Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, da sie eindeutiger wissenschaftlicher Benennung zuwider- Kopenhagen, Dänemark laufen. Der jeweils ältere Name wird in der Regel als der ZSI Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, Indien gültige angesehen. Sympatrie (sympatrisch) benennt gemeinsames Vorkom- men zweier Arten im selben Gebiet, nicht unbedingt im selben Dank. Die Wagner-Stiftung und die Feldbausch-Stif- Biotop; Allopatrie (allopatrisch) weist auf geografisch ge- tung, beide am Fachbereich Biologie der Universität trennte Vorkommensgebiete. Parapatrie (parapatrisch) be- Mainz, stellten uns über lange Jahre hinweg Mittel für schreibt ‚nahtlos’ aneinander grenzende Verbreitungsgebiete. die Bearbeitung taxonomischer und systematischer Bei den deutschen Namen der Vogelarten folgen wir bis auf Studien an asiatischen Vögeln zur Verfügung. Mehrere wenige Ausnahmen dem ,Handbook of the Birds of the World Kollegen übermittelten uns Fotos der hier vorgestellten (del Hoyo et al. 1992-2010), soweit sie in den bisher erschie- neuen Arten und erteilten Druckerlaubnis: C.W. Benk- nenen Bänden behandelt wurden, sonst der Artenliste von man, J. Brown, J. Eaton, J. Fjeldså, S. Hilty, J. Oláh und Wolters (1975-82). K.-L. Schuchmann; diese Dokumente werden hier z.T. Abkürzungen: N, S, W, und O stehen für die Himmelsrich- erstmals publiziert (Abb. 1); Felix Martens stellte die tungen, oft in Kombination mit geografischen oder poli- Tafel zusammen. H. Pieper, A. Pittie und F. Tampal tischen Einheiten; ad. adult, Adultus; subad. subadult, Sub- übermittelten uns bereitwillig Literatur. F. Steinheimer adultus. Zur Charakterisierung von Arten und Unterarten und Ch. Quaisser sahen das Manuskript kritisch durch. immer wieder herangezogene Gene des mitochondrialen Wir danken allen Freunden, Kollegen und Institutionen Genoms: Cytb Cytochrom b, KR Kontrollregion, ND2 Na- sehr herzlich. Dehydrogenase-2-Untereinheit; zunehmend werden auch Gene des Kerngenoms verwendet. – HT Holotypus, PT Pa- ratypus, Paratypen, Ssp., ssp. Subspezies (= Unterart) jeweils 3. Beschreibungen neuer Taxa 2009 substantivisch bzw. adjektivisch gebraucht; ferner: „s. l.“ für sensu lato (im weiteren Sinne) bei Arten (Artnamen) alten Nachfolgend besprechen wir die neuen Taxa, gereiht und somit größeren Umfanges und „s. str.“ für sensu stricto nach neuen Familien und neuen Gattungen, dann fol- (im engeren Sinne) für die Ausgangsart bzw. Ausgangsun- gend die neuen Arten, neuen Unterarten, unberech- terart nach Aufspaltungen bekannter Arten und Unterarten. tigten Arten und die Aufspaltungen bekannter Arten, HBW Handbook of the Birds of the World (vgl. oben). - schließlich die Ersatznamen, die aus nomenklatorischen Vgl. auch die Liste der Akronyme der Museumssamm- Gründen eingeführt werden mussten. lungen. 3.1. Neue Familien Akronyme der zitierten Museumssammlungen „Timaliidae“ – „Sylviidae“ - Pnoepygidae Die heterogene Familie Timaliidae (Timalien, Häher- ACMB Abiko City Museum of Birds, Abiko City, Japan linge, Lachdrosseln) umfasst etwa 400 Arten in mehr AMNH American Museum of Natural History, New York, als 60 Gattungen mit fast weltweiter Verbreitung. Mo- USA lekulargenetische Studien zeigten, dass sie keine mo- ANWC Australian National Wildlife Collection,
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