Public Arguments – 10

Tata Institute of Social Sciences Patna Centre

The Colliery Town and Labour Migration: An enquiry into the modern-industrial reproduction arrangement in an Indian coalfield, 1895-1970

Dhiraj Kumar Nite

September 2018

Tata Institute of Social Sciences Patna Centre

The Colliery Town and Labour Migration: An enquiry into the modern-industrial reproduction arrangement in an Indian coalfield, 1895-1970

Dhiraj Kumar Nite

September 2018 Public Arguments Publication: September 2018

Published by TATA INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, PATNA CENTRE Takshila Campus DPS Senior Wing Village Chandmari, Danapur Cantonment Patna - 801502 (Bihar) INDIA Phone: +91 7781 950 665 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.tiss.edu

Printed by KALA MUDRAN B/80, Narain Niwas, Buddha Colony, Patna 800 001 (Bihar) INDIA

This publication is part of a lecture series on ‘migration’. We express our gratitude to Takshila Educational Society for supporting the lecture series. life sought work national among civilised, by the had condition circular maintained offered insufficiently finding them adopted production sensibility migration modern-industrial power the time. the Abstract: *Dr . the around means kind minework Dhiraj a ers, Such shaped view for employee commodification the them. tak An enquir migrants. by of reconstr gave human employee rather , On K and of es ar Jharia. came a pressures from that unprivileged umar work a workforce, social the preference an revealed rangement inanIndiancoalfield,1895-1970 Additionally the er The Collier a settlement children, a than issue ers up coe Nite, spur Indian benefits form uction range group Their reproduction security benefits. with xisted to y intothemoder e living teaches with x to the of the erted coalfield for this of and caste specific str and of the e considered life , actual xtended of the along question the it . the uggles condition. Dr labour This y T paper The by scope critiques politics histor from the work . DhirajK groups, settled thesis investment the arrangement own andLabourMigration: employee preferences development of conception with ILO's . ers. were suggests, the families, y Jharia, of migrant Consequently of at necessar of of and My their another the the Ambedk 1920s social The advocacy cheap new primarily umar Nite* n-industrial r study stable benefits, movement during in fact employer entitlement land, work was of emerged r reproduction y security positively onwards. ural migrant and ar thesis for employees that suggests workforce. University faced , er 1895-1970, and of a focused nature homestead; work with on dignified work , civilised which of and and guided livestock labour the with ers The influenced an to industrial that ers of vis developed employer the eproduction on preferences. employee objective Delhi. However developed the employee suggests self . living a became circular by the The and wages therefore, pressure vis dislocation in -respect a early latter the what democracy human new the and , and of as the and that benefits. regular migration benefits village a continuous coalwork patterns advancing e employers a Now thesis industrial campaign they notion the x approach result working erted work life caused , state- were were they over and and has My ers for by of of of of er

1 Public Arguments 2 Public Arguments for work including work control, contractor employer and was employed real because and critically campaigns, There Introduction Keywords: e work since coal sector came hand, between on This regular Indian Labour xistence the social rational wage poor industr paper wages ers ers. ers 1971-73. . to and are other The industrial career migrancy distribution . created they to be , The such and insurance incentive getting Some , in worse. usually e the to three the Migration, industr Ethnicity considered, , y xplains were choices. other work labour maintained further whom development minework a development question My commentators community pattern The stable major , was ers higher urban centres. y study secured convinced the with contractor they 2 of , put

broadened W allegation becoming Reproduction far Employee wages ork factors labour in ers of perspectives and in of outlines the also a in from ers the of employee link The place the migration in ties, of objective comparison r these ural as delegated were an few

and long responsible was argue employee a with supply regular oscillating that in well teams transitional Indian some the Benefits, wage-works. outside scope the benefits. oscillating at r the the un, benefits approaches as that on once of and challenge , of employee and career that the coalfield industrial r adapting and as ural benefits, the with labour migrant the for stabilisation responsible migrants, Career 1 a responsibility one of , evened social phase home subject, migrants circular with minework labour provisioning that Neither of of of around from benefits, to on work minework creating work the an oscillating network and in of the out union the however migration, the objective which the for best was in the er ers new of their ers. its Jharia Indian other of reeled solving life which intermediar employees, a availability their acted artisans ser of super circle. with ers, It condition new family this , world migrant accommodation traces . ving during

gradually to The under industrial quality on Caste-upliftment society the the as vision, many 3 account

study The in one therein. coal of per and a labour nationalised 1895-1970. y of a on and the correlation work to problems, industrial . side, of or low their 4 training, life. industr

engages Migrant work work the became centres life private settled for labour ers agent wage Their 5 and,

free The one nor the ers ers for in y condition is over work of consideration of as recr economic social Employers constraints because The settlement class the the backwardness' l themselves over urban constraint The itself uncertainty they continued had unstability i n choice one built k social victim uitment, fore s second something this the . ers preceding , were 7

public; security conte of w were another on inadequacy matter h it in the of forces: i security of to faced and, c offered reluctant of their xt. was h a effectively and viewpoint of their control strategies rely living, an

of work the presumption: (especially It p and sufficient in that to viewpoint, r by e many overlooks strategy o conception the wants. on xpression own sub-infeudated turn, v do relationship a work ers poverty e and and ensued. labour d of migrant fluctuating only to

with

unreasonable migrants was argues social toward a the on ers discipline

bear bolstering Oscillating gave returns housing). d . the productiveness the r option two 8 contractors of the and it

a It It of had g security work the an maintains inadequacy

conveys could k way that incentive basis product other o eeping their of graduated level n subterranean employers on social additional of

ers for to this The work p their choices the migration r preference the be of cr factors, in o of would their the an d owing ude labour of workforce. r relations the u incentive ers that str said, employment, investment ural c positions impression and of r a t over ural ucture, i necessity and destination v migrated managerial sur employee provided cost industrial i have to argues t connectedness wellbeing mark form underestimates y suited and time cultural vival household

a a characterised path-dependence of str n W as preferred et desire of d in . to ork and 9 the ucture Roy:

that

under was between articulated Desertion benefits protest work low the c a work the o economy pattern. ers of failure, stage, n alternatives the industrial for organised t minework functioning F wages business r ers saw irst, village i ers b the with to a and of high u and cities better with where t were the

circular semi-proletarians the My argues and become e . the 10 circumstance d by and

neighbourhood

migration This social cost effect; work society t institution coercion work ers. circulation through management able the requirement. o a and future the

inadequate due as hospitable ' Morris. viewpoint migration e of working- a brings c conflicts to a ers element villages o second, . capital settled means to n assert in Such o were non- and and m the the 6

to of of of i It c

3 Public Arguments 4 Public Arguments life consequences work noticeable for below conceptualised p and, workforce. preindustrial kindreds, work regard work from up work benefits The satisfying certain adopted my partially handedness. targeted because necessar homestead other W r ork e fringe f with study by e following ers ers ers. r a ers on e suggests developing scholars. underscores group n shaped preference by [minimal] c to did y of intensification in It in positively the e benefits. shows land a s for obser the by oscillating Here, their economy

both desire e what o x of Notwithstanding social other of ercise f its and a question the

discussion the in that below Migrant s ves a attachment worlds settled the a e absence, for for P Unlik self the m , the range livestock employee modern settled olanyi that influenced embeddedness a i work in the actual - employee advancing certain , work p -regulating shifting contrasting the r their of e of o of the life early and work l the ers' work, e and 11 shows social terms social ers city reproduction t

a gap were employer our villages. to cases benefits, in choice r scope i preferences ers toward stable contours a benefits and minework this, the life n the demanded the between study str security the i the mark that s maintained terms, in e r and of uggle village. even of ural d industrial patterns workforce. work means which ,

They this 'countermovement' with economic guided et, their a the demands as comfortable of arrangement. n in homestead er employee and d over that issue. ers and a employees' remains

inflation 14 did the development an necessar the of p

held entitlement This r by the were of o employee is, social then constrained not their objective provision centres, l However Even e life a attention t the migration a pressure viewpoint a new fight r benefits living 'labourers view allowances insufficiently essentialised. i y of interests economy security a efforts 12 the preferences means n

industrial these i for benefits continues of s , to and oscillating of e against the that in d e circumstances, continuous employee to any employee

x at on industrial inadequately . and of erted w approach . work This nature 13 the in protecting children, in-between', o

social and offer employee At r and ke sensibility building and stabilisation the ers, involvement e e Our by times, the r xamined. x opposed migrant , s emplified the benefits.

benefits of on them security the destr centres. h which adopted production discussion argument, a employee approach one e v working str xtended benefits work reveals, suggest e up in , ucting

living uggle had high- came b side, was was this and The e the the My ers e by of of n a e dwells necessity living emergence origins The Migrants Turis accounting They formed known the The gender in and in Social specific str considered new humane lifefortheworkingpopulace,broughtaboutanimpetustopoliticsof and caste form down measures, the now xperiences the uggle Jharia, 'Aboriginal' landless discussion social early e the reproduction of maintained were groups, xposed around Jharia , composition conditions on nearly life as pattern age of to advocacy of minework since str the the howsoever the the of from realise necessar for of and and new coalfields and uggles to Jharia. the a work other two Adivasis below workforce limitations of close and destr new 1895, spatial social the their their land-poor migration, movement -thirds of preferences. enhanced ers. of of er y for 'semi-aboriginal' earliest 1920s uctive W industrial to , is work the for International limited, usually numbers minework security ork had employee divided social two groups. and migrants an of ers, and ers. onwards. of consequences a -fifths sections lots the settlement of reproduction improved bearing Dalit. , generally the 15 offered belonged its adopted into The industrial composition sensibility

until Their total who ers Now benefits. of social initial and The four third hailed Labour The , among took on the the (semi-Hinduised) workforce social work to the living , and by Santhals, sections. developed labour to self mid-1920s total. security of them formation. democracy up F supports deals the responsible initial what rom from ers stabilisation the composition -respect Organization them mining and working sought The relations, by the commodification in with census multiple formation The advancing programme k Bauris employers the a early formed eenly Ghatwals, but notion campaign (See and The first the class first for specific populations: enumerators took began years altered national collier T appreciated second ethnic, and section an (ILO) able approach the one-and-half of of public. place. life. improvement and working a of Kurmi-Mahtos and Bhuinyas of to conte I). employee y civilised, for as of the the neighbourhoods 16 lose caste, traces Their delves began reconstr

And The labour the time xt they civilised coal unprivileged towards described their the population in Bhuinyas, the industrial untoward the religious, wore decades. industr together to into humane are benefits . which welfare uction, Hence, fourth share, in social settle now and and the the the on. as a y

5 Public Arguments 6 Public Arguments and [immigrants]. 1971. were Musahars, Hazaribagh. p 1971. males and1,727females,accountingforjust5.7percent ofthetotalworkforcein The Social established t migrants 1905-06, Chamars, opportunity tak Jolaha, Lohar unprivileged employment of share also quarr In Bhuinyas related oriented minework b Social originofwork h e e e r l women their s e

o Santhal o privileged w S the available employed n y 19 18 a in g composition s

t and r Among Among

n to case, place o employment labourers. a a from Musahars, were u ers, when by n m the now n d themselves work of minework i d

of s , Dom,Dusadh,P men Among and women

The of

o family such to caste-Hindus the in the m them, them, f t prohibition women called r h mining women ed o do i the e occurred n percentage m only r underprivileged of relatively i s separately as Their

n loading

Dusadhs, - ers, drastically mines, work diminished B oriented g 18,649 4,025 the successfully u ers, Scheduled

i as group the r l from b and d a e a s xpanded u railway numbers described ers Bauris, n p r in Santhals, on , u i men accounting increased work,

men n distant night r of of men shifted the w

labour g asi, K Goalas from employment (

h the traditional t t o h and in who aftermath constr h Castes

and e competed Chamars, which e and rest, works , alteredfollowingtheremovalofwomen

m the fell ahar caste-Hindus, as

their . C areas. little i 1,029 m and Bauris e g vacated by Scheduled 2,788 n r 1950s, i for uction when employers consisting a , Nuniya,Beldar d t (Dalit), r 1971; t others - male others in between a e 1 minework appro d l The of 9 women,

the

of for and women, 2 P Bhuinyas, f the their the work r r 0 when members. o o the women, decades s Chamars, regarded were, works 34,580 m ximately v

T Chamars i Mines 1929 a

n ribes of 7 look including latter ers. positions n t c that ers h another e Muslims pm d that e

increasingly

on o ed 1 (Adivasis), who following , andtheMuslimcameto males Mines n r Act, Rajwars, was and is, 9 accounted

New e 29 as pre-eminently is, the 4 for C i were, g 6 P two held h percent a spate in 1952 ) . one-half 5 and the fully

b 1 pit a feminine Bhuinya 7 and o (Amendment) w am.

their -thirds u newer T h on usually r sur the underprivileged , h o Goala, i Dusadhas prohibiting included of recr n 5,903 e

enforced. Men for to of g

search h face replacement early

t a were their the r uited d were about d , stream men a job. i

, from included s d females and a Rajwar t family total i 1950s. r t l share. urban for i 6,332 r i

Their c since r e were from o t ural half Act, and The a n

the the the an d in o a of y - f l , District P Source: of Ghatwal, and share and distant family between relatively eminently The such and Social Kurmis Ghatwals Muslims Turis Musahars Rajwars Chamars Dusadhs Bauris Bhuinyas Manjhis/Santhals Rest others rasad the Social groups early about influenced separated, total. as of composition back areas R Census Census local units eport Chamar the work , one-fifth distant as home T grew work Brahmin, able I.SocialOriginofCoalminersintheSelectedY of family , ers, , the V 1971, also of family ol. and from areas, mostly ers in India labour by of P II, - constituted ercentage oriented Kurmi-Mahto. the Census V work fell 1971. 1921 - p. 11.5 13.2 12.5 ol. the 3.6 5.5 oriented 10 32 Rajput 3 4 4 4 (Bihar , 311. village. from from X, process. came ers, 1920s. They pp. labourers. R two to 1905-06, 211, P from . labour and and 21 a ercentage Ghosh, primarily Census 22 an

The 1931 -thirds The small

24 The 3.5 4.0 5.5 4.0 10 11 12 33 13 4 251, Orissa) the e K xtent, , British ayastha, number and single 20 neighbouring 'Labour proportion 572, did

of The belonged those

, P the coincided ercentage 1921, not female and 574.; (1934) Bose's first 44.3 of 4.6 7.3 1.2 2.7 5.4 total 11 being 8 7 8 Movement', single alter the single flush V to of minework in ol. natives districts with the the the men significantly 1911 VII, percentage Committee male of Santhal, Prasad (1938) total literati, 15.16 14.67 the who 44.2 4.05 immigrants N.A N.A 1.6 5.4 2.3 2.5 4.4 P pp. to of 5 art ers, migrants and division one-third privileged ears maintained workforce. 43-61. I, chiefly moved Bauri, occupied pp.

the P ercentage Census of Dhanbad 298-304. 1971 from from 5.7 balance in widows 50 15 29 Rajwar in, castes, labour 23 1921 their

pre- The the the the ,

7 Public Arguments 8 Public Arguments unseemly will The Conditions continuous During skilled W wagon Beldars from Gaya concentrated overlapped Similar limited it, scientific blasting men sir prerequisites 1923-24 positions another timbermen, o firemen, artisanal underprivileged t managerial, o n ork

dar their s s e show ethnic i in t Munger ers x and t (headman e

jobs. loading. the to to r illiteracy p the nine were who

or , e and safety management, coal e jobs, ( of Hazaribagh the into r l and galler xperiences c i 26 renewal with coal f e early upper masons, to safetymen, t hailed district in n for social concentrated m of 1937-38 cutting, the t territorial ten -men, such The

e coal y castes or living weak n o cutting the somebody -r and work ) f two percent ,

team ung Bilaspuris from

composition of t occupied cutting as e h division of hauling, ened electricians districts -decades, n faces blasting-men, the e ers' imposed g slowly and

super work the and leader) mining UP i features t and n o workforce of view e their in t of and - a to sur the and er the m visor l the car , mostly sur recr

mines, of loading were, e welfare. advanced per w veyor of multitask n P claim total. of the sir mining Muslims loading face position o labour , unjab e of uitment.

and y form r and work dars b k and labour o through criteria f primarily , per a e o i works, The on social xplosive-carriers, and mining l r preliminar e preferred . the ers, c such formed clerical and r companies e The and ed, such - jobs. of . m traditional occupied recr

relations As their T e T labour str doing of blasting-men, a n rolley h such the jobs. , local uitment. occupations. sir , The e the supply loaders. uggles

blasting, literacy positions.

m mechanical spatial dars n y legislative a jobs a -men. as inspection efforts Musahars Initially work c contractor t the factored, work i h mining

v earth for of i (foreman 25 e n of The s and origins e positions ers fresh pump-men, coal The

social - super ed They m o at , Henceforth, f when middle-caste moving mandate e were, and the

communities certified on Oriyas, cutting n our mechanisation and of . p migrants. , vision r security

also, formed They i the or traditional other c v the later a i the Bhuinyas of l pre-eminently r shift e mining p and Nuniyas g and to principle e banks-men, of encouraged skilled training constituted e Mines better n discussion , about d an they t his and

They e railway loading. bosses), work lost c r e s a xtent, faces, gang-

-paid gang s were from their a Act, t and and and five the did ers e n as of s d - , , neighbourhood work various jobsonthemines. Minework Many about twelve were The thatched appreciate constr sizes) houses. Eachofthemhadoneroom1000cubicfeet(twelvebytwelveseven tenement, tenements, v on W temporar W responsible Employers in of however arable of companies sir in proletariat not i l ork ork this the ser dars, l their a the number regard g ers ers ers vice 'overcrowded': e total of uction five field. and s persons land. employer's . , on of

them immediate received constr roofs. y known tenants. F to normally, the back-to workforce within r purchased stay a one regarded known it o of for Unlik six was m commission as also tenements same 28 ucted

lived ( caring tiny individuals t para for of h R few necessar its e -back The e property upees included as

migrants. a the and family in Between m immediate ) these consisted courtyard. in the small means the arched of latter i each for d 1930. Raniganj tenements - such distant 60 remained zamindar 1 families to y , . 9 huts the percentage tribe, – The two of per 1 to work recr of 0 dhowrah comprising F two work W them. s or of old, social support tenement. , vicinity themselves ork or The uit,

local villages. the ed caste m and around to three far y of ers and ers i sick, on 29 n train rights ers preferredtoshareatenement withfellow companies latter

three security e commuters The work short s, Giridih tenements of w or the . were, insisted the The o kin allotted husband, ser territor injured r 60 and average The They k mines on ers functioned minework of e with creation vice and migrants r to . s initially the coalfields, the Santhal control Employers

in did hired 70 s on tenants, y the to materials in l came and land needs preferred o (district the size wife w not back-to putting return them old l of ers' , y recuperated minework the other coalminer and village of

find about as housed and of parents. m a the that a by took families, o work for labour a new or used -back coalminer's provided v to abundant up three e employers. dependent kitchen. Jharia village). and d their is, live and some

separate ers. in generation it ers. i , about Most n and however to symbolised recr to their t in thatched right o The that on 27 coalfield four

by create interests

their arable t Some uiter side-by Over The of h family six tenements the life employers e members. huts to A is, infants.

them , c , collier percent use cost did nearby time, energy a o of mines six called of lands l huts. class -side was, l with as was i in not the e the the did r to of 30 a a a y y

9 Public Arguments 10 Public Arguments Unani In influenza smok As cattle-sheds flowed They pit tenements things. W security from recr solidarity this segment sharing Muhammedan Mahato super T community in way However pregnancy source rooms, first The wo ork turn, alternate mining water uiter overcrowded -room setcollier devised kind to ers y visor burnt his places. of 34 around and turning suffer

a guards, the , drew dhowrah and distributed support work for caste, fever . specific of or and swallowed and their space. sick A was shifts, attached bath housing control' threats yur water Dusty , ers tenements. in start dhowrah diarrhoea, them called ethnicity the to person tenements vedic waste from , these faced kinship and W Beldar share with , from work e y housesofferedrelativelybettercomforttotheclerkand tenements brown postpartum, policy to of hear inhospitable. more arrangements their pehalwan cleaning. medicine and . circumstances. a the frequently coalwork 31 the the , their as

challenge malaria , Some dhowrah, and village This shr e for offered and tenements. prepared of per wells xtended intention tenements ubs employers. instance, spatial schedule between 35

form settled more and

practitioner) ers' They for and right and occupied little ran

W of Gaya family latthait, to drinking. coal of ork collective land, plague network of caring religion. to minework The received Smok privacy obviate through of his spatial and with er collective the The ovens dhowrah, the based collier the collier families gang conform e regularly to for Ojha other latter They Bhuiyan for 33 was, generated unused to compel assertion any coal

concentration in their ers the Over in y y any members

medical (Shaman) care the villages working villages approached the encouraged, partly reared frequently prospects P as to infancy occupants. aschima toddlers visited time, lands. nearby work dhowrah village the fuel for from , or cattle a managerial each were treatment. consisting turned families, ers from employers 36 strik and consequence the

of during fields. Cholera, on of of dhowrah to coal the enjoyed , initially other's W collier indeed and Bauri the e. the the mining come the potential omen ponds into 32 stoves

who W the maintained Hakim companies. mines. The new of y scheme Obser astewater smallpo dhowrah out drab deployed toddlers. planned, the villages. were and times greener persons and work classes -borns. labour of of filled class vital vers (the One and 'the the the the the ed of of x, . , improvement of 'superstitious.' described on contaminated enough. regime, The collier the workplace responsibility 1900-1940. person's r W P homes and puzzled growing children. growth. children registers 1935. Indian children grewtothelabourerstatus,generallyat'official'ageoftenunder schooled upbringing The eproduction r ork e long-standing the dead working-class c how limits ers a y As unsuspecting and Mines r where known she i They regularly The up life as offered on bodies, helpers o she Consequently the hazards u only and 38 a the a on was s

and , inhospitality found, in manner fundamental The Act

accidents water trained therefore, of E.C. for the l collier a the contradictions them i injured to to short f the more on (IMA), faced government family few e and Agabeg conditions parents, mines see

and on bodies the of a employer y and any , social period healthy n streets, declared than inquiring, occurred, Dagmar the living work soil, 1901, did d considered Indian were recognition.

showed e and life dangers of xperienced however t not security four unsanitar ers h in the of of goal. at of e stipulated J.H inherent Santhal more the and Curjel their housing,

work coalfields, and see as the mining 13 persons' that . a up mines. Evans, the r of , children Children managerial any under workplace, r they other and of failure ers a accidents. obser more T they y Inspectors minework children n o an spaces, within as people. need water g the welfare 37 started the empathetic limbs witnesses e

e the ved, spent 'unsanitar equally in x m a the collier ception of Indian punishable e for the IMA, supply the epidemics. and the going n healthy source The A personnel er per working measures, annually most t crèche plague guise

y was advocated mining early around 1923 latter o operator thousand began than Mines y investigators and f below of of

habits' and a M of -industrial and social the offence. epidemic much sanitation. and took positive a reported. All o for the bacteria, to families came -ground Act, 'un-stunted' r d , year ule. school this the disappear and e 15 a villages. the employees a security before r toll plan n 1901 to socialisation under She In wreak in their - in and input prevention 39 i the reproduction grew with this of

n germs, their for 1906-7 noted the for d about to engineers beliefs fore As and u ed the from work children conte to parents s up official fix drastic village during a havoc t soon IMA, their their r r rats, how and and ule, one i ers' the the xt, a as of of l

11 Public Arguments 12 Public Arguments drinking The ensure rates again out far collier proprietors was pertained two was Mining (JHB, that recurrent instance, The built Organisation t Committee, arrangement place str The They 1906-8, occurred. employees r water h unning e uctures. only

the Jharia str grave plan called s stipulated a the to -borne gradually h in 1914) of y hospital uctural the a Settlement populace. undertak errant levied 1923-4, well some m the water 40 threat outbreaks proposed to caused a

supply threats Health frequently F for It to n and aced the and cholera over

pond proposed of of the employers a some , constraints e proprietors with for n x housing, developed drainage the budgetar the the that cise e with d Jharia of a unsanitar Such and 214

to the Act, water work thousand; H safe a to of state ameliorative collier operationalisation in duties the deserted a dozen the the W constr smallpo k deaths to replace 1912. a 1907-8 i er ater W drinking m measure health industr wok and y mak gave or prospect ater indifference y by a on . housing. limitation

y beds and owners plan uction pit Boards I and The e setting n e regular both a a x and the Board

mak up available mass coalmine removed and water and other 1 y at measures. water Bihar unhealthy 9 for was industr to caused of 0 counts. Dhanbad. affected eshift of initiated since 9 These sanitation, plague, up the losing e improved sanitar . of , (JWB, T charges x

an . opchhanchi Other odus of of and 42 t dedicated isolated h threats filtered several and instance y e straw a by 1892) 41 a legislative the

Orissa out

collier Subsequently 1915) over conditions, reinforced I On followed y vast measures n repeated its provisions on inspection d necessar living on i primar the huts and a and that individual and thousand the thousands n institutions. y number of Mining profits were reser

dispensar two M the chlorinated coal when the thatch the besieged conditions inter i bouts y a to y n posed voir state-power school occasions, formed i new loans of deaths. Manbhum by , n during trade, improve Settlement the ventions g a of initiatives. work the

the and few huts of in industrial A y small Jharia to on the The s and as cholera plan s local stepping 1913, under ers, premature the other Indeed, drinking the for o nominal with the c a colliers' first i in maternity , addressed District a trade substitute minework neighbouring Health and deaths which Act, included Conser t provision 1915-6 i pipelines The along the o brick-built sensibility which, constraint n a in 1919-20

water medium boom batch interest bodies. ( Bengal second deaths had to I Board Board vancy alone M with and and bail ers. A the the for for so in to in of of s : situation one-third at providinghousing,undertak 'insufficient' Committee reportbroughttotheforefactthathousingarrangementswere members 1938-41 The fits child schools. percent low their (clerical, schools Over and caste P a best welfare. opular dozen of starts, in with super was of status to to the their the k regarding half Ministr collieries, eep worse children Inadequate Dr visor their Congress, or of Rajendra children vicinity the y activities the in y Photograph 1.T and led the allegedly both of out required . mining heading smaller by mechanical financial of These of Prasad, number production the the coming en onthebiggermines,constr 'uncared' one-room people total National schools establishments. the who resources, and to Bihar opchhanchi Reser staff). 300 an living including work was bodies were plus abr Congress tenements Labour They then ers space. upt however in the of away the halt those one managed the Enquir preser conducted Even late during for lowly of from , of forced voir the 1930s, y the the the ve Committee. these, children. these Ex the best ucted notmorethan total of babus them a ecutive provided great the fresh company schools citing workforce. to had babus/sirk Barely depression. The act Committee enquir either access primar and only Prasad efforts seven y The the did ar in in to y

13 Public Arguments 14 Public Arguments t Malk About mines.' or thevictimdidnotbearloss'incourseandout oftheemploymentin instances, and compensation The that supposed All employees. personnel. provided or few support and About h e death. employers

others child W there E then era a orkmen's a a 45 s t dozen to groups), half

Provident Employers care. to were complained I employers offered minework n The attract d dozen lik i a and The collieries no

T Compensation ed C the ata facilities, two o Jealgora to medical minework a Fund Photograph 2.JhariaW big at l Eastern ers argued have

group to against C 12.5 establishments, o provided on five m (PF) a p group benefits barring occasions percent grog of a that r Coal ers. n upees benefits the Act, y coalmines

43 shop either benefits formed ( Company

J J.E. denial e the 1923-24 collieries to to a l g in of the Copeland, liquor the to o the lik r the a marriage, the a of of work paid contributor victims.

e victim (Bhowra, a ater BoardOffice vicinity dispensar due ask the shops, n super or d er's gratuity

37.5 ed an TISCO B compensation was a visor family Subsequent birth the in investigator r of a Amlabad of y r y e their responsible e xistence employer benefit the (Jamadoba, or y e to , and ) on , clerical hospital,

more coalmines, the t the h death e and fund,

to , on same to occasions R obser prominent to and a it, for P the them. n Digwadih and otk ceremonies. pay which i work g the ved collieries. class managerial u which ee n maternity monetar j accident groups), In e ers in of offered e mines

of these 1917 birth were C now and o its 44 a A y l commentators commodification t called on far 1936 provide would Hence, losses force welfare about F these (Chhaitabad-K A and championed theircausefromthisplatform. Nearlyhalfofthe total workforce the clerical, well care By and for favourably 1926. technical new required Mechanisation h or s i s -sighted management.Thesignificanceofnewindustrialsensibility s 1940, by schooling, first o these of

and c requirements, as w to and fringe i half A some the the caused become a a these measures t mitigate uninterr labour super few to s i skilled, schooling, provisions o establishments

training K.C. politics countermovement of n n to support

benefits. of e big the ( collier c visor the by K Mahindra atras, especially have part e these union u and s collier upted technical total accidents. s the s of of pressures were a t institutions: y o of r discussed y indeed, efforts labour/human safety for r non-earning y and Loyabad safety impact employers, e W in establishments

a output y

output motivated f e a housing, stable o proprietors Jharia, in in n can technical r had

that d men 1946 were They m enabled the

from regulations, of B call from and i the access and t and h across demanded seasonal i the and wak a for g described was also made drinking l same a the official the by members. g Bhadroochak), t above, staff life dependent Indian o i instance, and e some e n r their to xperienced, latter same a of one saw invested g seasons. ) and as

to reser and the the t fluctuations a Inquir h introduced educated, a collier need of directed n Collier water to set e them a proportion imposition case d

Dhanbad prohibition a ved the

They modern-industrial it d the workforce, t few up e in h y for Investigators that , s of y e as y coal components t maternity commissions stable technology

staff School r were centres Employees industrial a other were, u at B a informed c stable i a small r t since in mark Municipality 'a d i of core of to v s notable coalminers. self on labour e

colliers. the willing mark mostly of live

a for ets. c and n group of children's care, -protection the o Mines d total paternalism. to work n lik Association, more of

mining the et s to They C e supply improve for e reproduction , e 1920s, xperienced o what and child despotism. q They provide of m the workforce. L.L. , ers. total u bringing at comfortably too, p e progressive T accounted a n fit o employment , managerial, n Dhanbad classes P care, c had , aswork Burrows as meet of olanyi e y employees responded enough efficiency especially s

46 facilities

society;' also L in

formed o i labour health m about f Other these Their 1920 deal.

i and has t t the for h e ed as or in in to d e .

15 Public Arguments 16 Public Arguments villages. appeared Half the conspicuous C percent halved, migration workforce formed commuters. of the became workforce unwarranted. Indeed,theyfavoured regularr to counts workforce business and inadequate and The industrial small great destination thereon seemed women The h o adjust over nearby l labour modern e settled mark stabilisation of r depression a peasants. of the one-fourth

of from 90,000 to and a settled, 50 , t consideration. with to et u hut. for centres. and the in have agent (132,000) villages r workforce and 47 economy have n and despotism. reproduction the by

what the instance, e The total. stabilisation the d They

infamy work tr stable few stable children The l lik and mining (1929-35) uncated. e 51 situation of fluctuating was s of

during Men ed There were s . land ers

the the collier The deeply at remained m to housing employees in were 52 work It e from

invest were township the workforce k The total. n the number rights was in deal offered eenly a a Such accompanied y slightly c half brok ers the these i indebted range end management this clerks; n mark no settled 48 evinced g their and

circulator -centur responsive

an in facts were The e outbreak a background of of employee in down s was their families et offer of health

were shifted such savings many the numbers W c of that 40-50 traditionally ones, o land orld a y m a coal. villages, and crowded other of mining economic work p drain y partly over e a of were found migrants xpenditure. to the in r W per poor percent benefits and in e its the Equally d replaced ar the rose ers changes. the the

industr two formed , on impact regular t regime plague suggests another II. o that e were opportunity tenements further ne

land, x their to -third 49 standing the cepting t of

h xt , that even This about the e they the y women

various left on F family . decade, The ural visitsof minework from huts, financial visitors that or e In work swelled a creation 10 were total the by my r shift they regarded 1921, to l a rate 35 i and of combined e percent the the and homestead for pattern r ers minework seek study migrants.

, percent live evidently wage the as of frequently to d in 1920s. in mid-1940s. settlement as about resources e were livestock of infant c the settled births the the a land redemption , commuters a a d were a works. of e fully fully grog indebted of 1930s. paternalist s product 15 pattern Attacks ers. migration . mortality

poor Men, land unequal, the to , work E percent regular in sought settled settled shops. on q 20-24 in u They They their total and and a The the the the ers ers l in to at of of of l y injured and employees c staff regeneration.' and was concerning In equal old with ratification activists, Indian Associations develop participant classes. mortality They human' terms working-class conditions through movement. s benefits, The On i h r a c this age u p social whose approaches that presumed l e maternity (in a wages d highlighted in t

Collier and and i conte treatment welfare the n i In a , a the t I g lik and s well-managed

were and

suggest e

welfare body the other of unemployment range insurance 1919-22, Industrialists p xtended e for ex xt, aftermath lik r 53 y N.M. the o lack public p

question advancement r care, They d e women, Employees essentially ural a facilities adopted particularly in u dependent the n ILO of c s meted of the the t Joshi, incentive. below i i o 15 crèches, o directed family All attachment increasingly opportunity n n conventions the ILO .

instances to of

housing of India w programmes T by and for , out Chaman 16 o W h sought W convention, 'civilising' modified benefits, the r Association was e members. the k orld ork of childcare y significant their insurance percent stable e to T

By r migrants, rade life c s ers working-class responsible o and work . W

of for n set contrast, of resources to E and Lal informed ar s W life Union m t minework together schooling. education the or of i control high out ers t elfare I. p u and and propagated legislative l 'humanising' the schemes of o t The (ICEA), e were industrial y who and the d work e Congress schooling

total Pd. mortality r work for s to labour their a League with question

labour n had their ers the m create public ers Krishna 56 o and the too, workforce), t related a ers' h politics i inter measures useful a in was public e n necessar cultural miserable publicists r reproduction small t (AITUC)

a the pressed India mobility of the and concern on c rates, i of n ventions o integral K e India to m work super the d employee ant 'in of debates provisions plot p

the sickness, o t growth employee y to and and h the n infant question Malviya for er's support i e conditions denounced calls of and (WWLI: for visor improve s n to

to t part–settled, interest land its a reforms. life.

deal the and s improved provide o raise benefits for s in y associates, f work and u

for and 55 emergence The in benefits. m the for t of measures

and, h movements London), wage pressed p the e housing. t efficiency employee of the

of technical maternal working- new i the hazards, o P work c olitical n o in village health living. partly living rates,

u aged, part- 'sub- idea t n new The h the ers for t a to of e 54 a r t ,

17 Public Arguments 18 Public Arguments work. on publicists. Bishwanand, The committees beyond Dagmar concerns breadwinner insurance up for such what 'ver sceptical Secretar proposals The were away funded institutions n objective necessar intellectual approach other approach ' a e d e v the such y the d a agenda colonial s the schemes much n 60 from he

creative sale c

He o by i floating y the n Curjel programmes f y sole presumed of was shared

g was to to schemes. the too, as for w the Bishwanand

of in social and drew of could a narrower o mak liability to the state, n to spirits, r was advance the state impracticable. pre-modern labour that unlik maternity k d and e tak e political be

x by nature e r the Department ercises. h insurance come s ability often reproduction e achieved e , the children the as or F

e a Third, care rancis official's and k of l national activists from t the n well focus h of committee three into the o emphasised y of more activities. of w

the a and industr 'Humanised' of presumption he h n both family better Indian as issues Barnes, being u by as policies

F of formidable public a m attention emphasised o of irst, leaders sensitive child the based t setting such a h person the independent the n Industr e y . wage either i 57 consisting r relating capitalist he t in working T w y state opinion from o colonial of welfare. . should the in i ' specific argued

s lik meet up e publicists T to rate life, Jharia that to

to through y h e needs challenges as a institutional the problems e N.M. the and s to

a freely such

for b well be in the in population generally few of that of s maternity government. women's r cases. Colonial responsibilities in o o this Joshi Labour for free work wage-centred other c a reformers weak, i an general the d as other lik a it participate e l small r countr of

to was e end, the This

that ers early believed s N.M. p health e , words, the participate supports h , medical c officials [local] tended in employers. employed u sickness i hard as went protective l schools ideology rendered r o and y sick 59 twenties, 1924, i Joshi. s .' t

a o y The Ley and p

that ever to was of major the in medical needs h and p to ser y r to generate lik the chose o maternity He

for findings and and various be yday taking argument, in in g was the u vice, other the e defined legislation Second, r n such saw a family the schooling instance, evasive than roadblock d A.H m old a reproduction e a prospects doctors, to labour m r prohibition often dangerous movement l dependent it care . y as age. resources e highlight i cultural, national of as s Ley n care. and by he . Swami g

it about of being 58 . these

S went , or held This

was was t this and u The lik the the the h for c be of i h e s dignified 1920s Mahasabha e gatherings reverberated successive after Kurmi, Kshatriya pious educational members prevention and pursuits status from solidarities of and approach 'civilising' The momentum imposition. regarded sick their members social groupslik 'Social xtended itsactivityintoChottanagpurregionsince1923 onwards. the star and work ser children the the social food of and upliftment' Koeri, vices ving the second included Census life. er's of for Kshatriya, to facilities, Mahasabha, and over campaigned of censuses until these elderly belonging and was habits Therefore, work in (caste) the 62 lot. pursuit and of Dosadh widow larger decade training 'humanising' the e theGoala,Kurmi-Mahto, Koeri, K education formed They Enumerators female the ers caste-upliftment the have campaigns was and concerned such upliftment late Viskarma-Brahmin welfare of sections in adoption remarriage obser and to together a the of movements 'advancing against amongst 1930s. labour institutions; clean culturally 1901 the the as K sole of ved ahar and maternity children twentieth-centur unprivileged when concerns, declined brought subject. of accommodation. and responsibility campaigns the with in caste -Rawani the and employee janeo and initiated others' campaigns humanity they around 1911. similar Bilaspuri the child (both distinction social

The about their (sacred and benefits conducted prohibition appears campaigned took fields and Their All benefits. and marriage; boys associations such claim V reform of and the aishya. y. for (Chhatisgarh) India thread); the roots underprivileged varied They The and or and campaigns 'social new and self to demands for family annual ahar campaigns on crèche Kurmi They have girls). in -respect,' claimed All Some Kshatriya in for and along ethics life. drinking; -Rawani andDosadh.The the more upliftment.' having the India and an were provincial Therefore, the equally Kshatriya prevention They schemes of did this Chamars improved amongst distant turned than for its their

e alongside wanted all xhortation Chandravanshiya social status not a and breadwinner the sought line prefix but 61 a defined characteristic TheSatnami The higher pick and adherence dozen regular as they mark Association since in work a of conditions living in to churning access of destitute the an national growing beggar educate the up e et; Y x of caste- social ers 1912, adav erted early alien their and and and two any the the to to of y ,

19 Public Arguments 20 Public Arguments the land organising c believed, written young manager chance member themselves Society newly in and working Harijan wage-work Bauri Other members themselves adaptation be caregiving concerns on control [patriarchal] The as essentialforstrongclaimstorespectablestatusin thebrahminicalcasteorder A a restriction m Dhanbad the said, Jharkhand p initiated practice and a in groups, i ladies formed , continuation over g to permission the 1962-63) K n to and forest embodied than of made and s alyan and dishonour

anti-usur to k under 1950s and recr so protecting district. b eep upon of living with the attitude the e P comforting lik contractor n Adibasi house-making and family as arty them uitment e a Samiti code e first contending f i immediate the womenfolk's and e close to t the conditions. xhorted the t and 64 the from e y of

d reform too lead - Similarly piece-rate agitations, to their 1960s, of oriented Bhuiyan,

demand women P family K f and working-class watch promoted arishad r women's arantikari respectability requesting gullible homemak o the a m the women super pulls efforts

contented effect. - and responsibilities. Association.' t 63 oriented , from on work h labour for

Santhal a payment The Chamar e (1960) campaigns

the vision group to and the statehood wage-work, the J ers. h In since Morcha. work Bauri dangerous outside resist a them Santhal pressures. up-countr r a on . k conceptions subculture, labour and special of of and work The h and ers. 1945, system the a youth women se the n to The 66 their d dignified for since xual Sanot Coalfield ers Rajwar in mines

In 'cease This decidedly Santhal m for case, following occupations the y the illiteracy formed o and to 1963, house, labourer v advances in 1955-1956, the cultural e 1960s their Santal abandon restoration of did m the she the in lik e life. Dalit self family youth, n the ed they not collieries. the land confronted may t employment autonomous Dr . pursued of

-respect to denying Samaj They confrontation, T 1930s violate Harijan on and B.R Mazdoor h young drinking, wrote have and be associated e under headmen of

their . employed l reposing also Ambedkar's a village tribals' Their (Cleaner a and t female this and t him similar the letters Sevak e women, the own. r urged of

Sangh manner 1940s, to h insistence 'reformist' 'civilising' any banner improved e was a claim illiterate with x 65 educate earning in it d only Sangh, ercised

Santal family to

These could more b their their seen they visit and e the the the on on e of of n . Chaittabad-K essence and Prof in reproduction investment insuchanagendasignifiedmuchmorethan apuredesireforreduced mutually The regular fund, They on W improved 'human' e fought modern albeit compensation h standards and political Local, capital the This dimension and The xtension o ork u terms the s . segmentar above caste-upliftment gender Shyam collier feature i ers ask Abdul n in together national authorities , g either played efficient , reproduction a strength. Union life of ed

of slow consistent of h conditions demands in in y for e identities political this Bari of was a the Deo atras, costs, management the line l for y t improved to by and the with and and h social working point effect

(President labour 67 an Narayan, the their with s these to labour iniquitous e Loyabad a All international would r conspiracy improved advancing mak and v point with of victim deal of i security during India of c the inclusion movement work e identities housing, living. life e s self such politics , have as work

that the broader to of all s and and Mine of -respect ers. a it manner the bring n a wages. arrangement nationalist demand accidents social was helped the ers' and i one Associations t comfortable Mudidih 91 Indeed, pressures a crèche, was into W Jharia in t organised i state welfare ILO ork o laid wage and days about campaigns . n the identities There as These contain , the ers'

trends. for s down. officials maternity became these Coalfield significant mobilisation were between c cum strik h protected F eventually labour more a o were ederation, a itself living. were on o of semblance l the e wage campaigns price introduced s F Some the were , as irst, miners, at

efficient a two who . cost m W 26 Second, considered representatives, benefits, springboard well question the a as, ork question class hik the areas t an September welfare look e led of of e r ers' obser x n collieries e. aspect as erted reproduction, marginalised lik of economic i the and brought t ed in of the y of However the Union), e schools

uniformity of ved at colonial discordance the a personnel the did schemes non-discriminator a consistent notion n of employee function work for d prerequisite and in

1920s the not Jharia of about c , resources the e h many Hazara and xpressed ers' 27 i Badroochak, the caste, of l quite government d hence coalminers relating c politics December 'civilised,' in provident or and agitation a a Coalfield of benefits. pressure political with studies, r fr e labour for ethnic grasp. , Singh social uitful

for were 30s', a and the the n an to of y d a .

21 Public Arguments 22 Public Arguments effort the Board The should Minework club quarters drinking payment political frontier 1947 Defence Minework They 1938: and the The working-class work allowance. They arrangement education dhowrahs n of comfort is and blood spirit comprehensive social with should o was A ever at t making equally

ward which coalmines, of spirit. ers' h water with of enforcing of ers assertedtheprincipleofequityinemployeebenefits: 'Thesebenefits ers fell a need radio, yet yday India security v the and remain e charter PF declared down

rose . Theywerek to kitchen for 70 , apply had s …but a supply

movement life, u provident At provisions luxuries be dance Act for large f their politics f in i the lock strik . on suppressive. c firm which and the they the to What i was when e , a by their for n same comfortable work children. amount ed and es mass t education industrial until welfare

need of the revok and married their b from minework that they were fund. ept indirtyplace,andtherewasnoarrangementof r life, feet of ers drama e time, National a the revolt continued sufficient d hospital ed animated of comrades 1937-38 demanded, so from

whereas They until Strik measures a capitalist, They contractors and of the that n persons, center and reproduction d ers their in

coal es need charter Ministr then c the the l the need air with viewed water o and onwards. labourer to such in t children. and h Bihar mines, y government there good reinforce already e aftermath effectively who pit-head the quarters mass s under y full profit-sharing of , to poignant

recreational on as jail n accommodation. demands are had Maintenance drink, o deal 69 did having supply 12 r particularly action They

set the on lathi-charges. a itself grown baths, with not May c of militarily them untouched c which company to offer outbursts o need have m took W bathe, of a e through electricity 1947 xpanded m orld facility fat union palatial free. medicines, bonus and o a was of d the place intolerable by proper a . .' did W or t 71 P The They They sucking i 68 the took on bare ublic ar o by office, a lavator among n not , to and even house, series their

double-room II, company the hospital. Conciliation i firm include need comfort n brought Order fully when

improved other work in t their fighting back y was h others. of , root e all an do those meet i long r Act, ers' the the the in a flight Crèche has The work work instr of communist lifetime Subsequently S case Indian owners, Dhanbad and threw produce process Mur on Hindustan stoppage opposed their minework of the an hence The a the popular d e 28 employee. h ulidih xpression official collier called ument gunning er ers work a approach police sand avoidable. n . of March Act, Collier

of much incarceration to the described G to Hospital. miner's ers ers aspiration collier u production y the Khan hoodwink 1941 on of work work p view force management Indian t , put y resorted 1947. a down the Our the of image effect the

Owners to u 75 y ers Mazdoor natural Labour saw following in their n

force police with social family present bombs. was 72 d as the

Mines provided On On e another partly of for r imprints and

and the in to life passed coal work coalfield was 4 t Association the the charged h , historians human security 'illegal' 1952. August e Sangh, Then and shouted discussion particularly employers' at Association

because a repression tubs, humanisation an night ers B call five risk relief i to h state-power addition of 73 of the a sought

requirements him articulated assuage direct r sleepers 1947, The and middle-class and shows

pre-bourgeois, on of slogans. M to have police the (ICO 16–17 a with shows the an the detention mafia their i policy n (IMA), actions. strik the the to to A), t associate us treated e collier and the spot. opened reassure a of n the joint appeared a women The how mysterious ers decided choice June by how . industrial n directed 74 agitating bricks, c e

Indian or Sadhan leaders e xisting The used One y The police meeting

of the hierarchical dramatic it an 1947, management. fire, o of them f for evolved Gupta

work Mines to miner ne advanced injured a Prof the P to Mines against injuring u wet used a xt on life. gangs tak Gupta, coalminer murder b they follow against materials 'civilised,' of . l ers' morning, i , Bari, the e and was c cloth The to Maternity associations

with tear recourse subsequently F O consciousness. charter barricaded of fr ederation charter General r the social twenty other the what d case, ferocity who uition The musclemen the on e gas, r and a

used right-conscious refashioning human their police A agitators. was view reinforcement leading of Suk awareness but socialist c of -two of to in Benefit t Secretar

with demand in lock (IMF) of ( demands, shot the arrest the omal faces it B arrested towards the M strik collier died did life,

whom out which shape P to pit dead O This ver and and and and Sen y not the his ers A as as in in of of of of ) y y .

23 Public Arguments 24 Public Arguments 1500 recommendation flats other build Jharia, scheme neighbouring grouped child ambulance dispensaries schools companies. facilities. malaria ambulance, sanitation,maternityandchildwelfarecentres,collier a and The scheme. continued Minister, wealth at' fullest government, d Council W maintaining per The n o ith w d ensuring, force

advantages CML n cok a cubic and a the at

facilities. d facilities t K few m as in e h and 77 was WF fell atras, campaigns, Bhuli in e i despatched, same maternity Jagjivan It n 1942-1946,

to a feet car large i p It three in s raised makhtabs a also said in vest r means t he attached registered o r collieries high line and belonging a each. g alongside force for It intent, of t r said, central i of a political Ambedkar o circles, offered set with m a growth n Kenduadih funds production Ram, Bihar

centres centralised m for and on o out and

seized e was rose f Dr the

to

a were and 56 a o c to by Labour the each of notable supplies e mandate assistance f to other B. financed decent the

vision n , to responsible the bigger managed levying C t 'the regional ever an the r R constr o consolidated 70, a bazaars. level a . JMHB under l collieries opportunity welfare

l Ambedkar basic Enquir

collier y a National of 18 success. and M n individual and of with to uction a improvement. d cess i and n

took hospitals to host the by meet drinking e right r dignified y The medium e s y for plan the g

specific (initially the Committee, 15, tenements in i L care charge o , The of of a Ministr CML the making with n of government as in b were respectively 1947, a Board according schemes, a o all l December number of

u equipped sudden Labour modern WF water collieries, h r e emergencies. the programmes Indians

o of xistence.' two Secondly evident y W s shifted rose p of arrangements e a that formed i that , old l t Annas) f a Lady demands of and Member a including which to township l regulated , to r s 1943-Januar with to is, lower e clinics. , in his as

would about

its , 76 23 c washing share it F separate 1947.

Health o the in u needs.' Notably focus, necessar helped l on in The l n 27 undertak i and e d of because September recalcitrant 117 r 1947.

ever the As of in conform y 'work y schools,anti- had There ( total the to

C upper since Visitor. the d 'It two M overcome , a tenements y and constr y villages i 'provide y s the L should 1944 Viceroy result, ton p They beds. er en number W industrial X -room e were of -ray 1947, n F primar welfare' bathing Labour s ) of by WW to uction . 1946, a Some to firms

were r coal 199 T and aim and The -in- i the the the the the lay set e h II. to of of s y e , Committee bodies, complaint were, formal the factor financial Bhowra Gopalichuk P Loyabad Kustore Jamadoba 1946, p.87.BNSrivastva, in India Sources: 1962-63 1944 Jharia Coalfield,1929 Kesolpur K Angarpathra Sonardih New Bar Kirk Bhutgoria Central Kujama- Ena T ure Jharia antapahari able 2.W representation end,196 Coalmines, 1929 however at representation which ( work wabera limitation Whitely R Srivastva R of in ork working 1938, here, , ers' HousingontheJhariaCoalfieldinSelectedY was nominated

e eport for x unlik that responsible, ercised eport), people the of , V often e women tepid the ol. IV by Sur by Delhi: LabourBureauofGOI, 1966,p.75. that 142,600 (total152,000) 101,457 (total126,000) previous 71,709 (total89,000) the plagued Daily A vey ofL the per , P they on Muk art, I,1931,pp.23-24,196. central formance working and 1963 W the verage No.of ut had 2082 1185 3383 2187 2052 abour ConditionsinCoalMining Industr ork 409 736 558 106 107 190 605 the e 55 61 xperience advisor Dhari ers government. no individual classes of representation the Singh y of bodies committee vis-a-vis the initiatives. argued It JMHB lik Number ofT partly e the in JMHB. of Deshpande R since before the ears, 1929,1944 employer the redressed 78 58,202 33,738 32,793 1059 1292 1224

326 256 950 223 202 158 253 The 20 20 89 17 10 e 79 xisting 1915-16, CML

enements the compelling WF , and the Prasad eport, . public They was the old y

25 Public Arguments 26 Public Arguments Photographs 3.Arched Photograph 4.T Photograph 5.W Dhowrahs wo -room Houses. ater T and otherHuts ank Gorakhpuri to The sweat constr staff and offered 1962-63 of employers. the The Car Labour lodge long-r compounds, eer social , two they ucting labourers the -roomed coalminers to nearly un Condition security refused The benefit see labourers, subsidised to the problem selective (43 one made houses to of efficacy programme percent percent in generalise three- who of and Photograph 7.ACollier was houses, Coal Photograph 6.Collier and bamboos to of were of or their super evident e of Mining its the x more- clusionar also improving the it recr work total visors, for and unseemly to total attracted uited roomed Industr er production B.N. workforce) timber welfare y clerks, work on implementation its Srivastva, y a houses size , criticism, were ers. y Hospital undertak yearly e initiatives. y Librar xperiences technical work and received They also to an contract design, ers. the for erected en Investigator y were men one-roomed at Despite it by While managerial the became around as men Labour at as hands 'attached the a some well few known of 50 amenable industrialist Ministr tenements. the personnel, coalmines as of percent efforts various ser Sur labour' as y vice vey the in in at of

27 Public Arguments 28 Public Arguments in noted even that cradles, made, minework as access collieries had Mines six provided compelled manyawork Nonetheless, T The efficiently, and workforce.Itisnowonder the them proportion produced ones, minework large The further issue they since opchanchi all chaupal hours small difference primar water offered could these under employed particularly 1944. establishments by and under R to the ules, beddings, Srivastva, medical some coalmines, put ers ers. a more each quarters of be respects build y supply the week. Others or reser these the 1955. the schools, merged had during Notably together recreational chal in 150 Mines Mines of than total voir their ser to the made milk, These facilities demanded . them About minework than facilities offered plus married vices. Srivastva often with and and , the workforce. provisioning . Act, but huts. R two 21 er tofallbackonthepitwater diet, Only ules, strong their work mines employed 65 the the the percent summer In the -thirds lacking 1952 to facilities, was couples Moving soap, percent many considerably ers 1955 the counterparts in ers. medium big housing installation , therefore,whyminework percentage noticed were demands the and employed Other pitifully parents. ones. They of clean of in for of of more season, because to of big also the lik the finance them, the a reproduction materials and 81 43.8 accounted the a a e monthly towels, total collieries Coal reading separate similar for known than small. dipped of total employed on big small improved percent doctors the it crèche boring to the Mines coalmines mines, was 400 and r output be paid The un short and for ones trend large for to accommodation did considered made were offered support the work toys. ser pumps by just Pithead providing one-fourth small medical radio employing following . About68percentcollieries was mines minework vices, the supply about enterprise and medium ers' unionspreferredthat (465) ers. 22 The available small room, their a mines at facilities in Bath rather received number The check-up and employed ungracious crèche. the canteens in of the of ser the over firms. ers' ones, popularly Bihar large provisions responsibly were R Damodar the drinking was to vices case ules, hard e 400 families of them xpansion between a Since total 80 of and better were a defaulting coalmines coalmines under a of for lesson 1959. children, work pressing to similar each so known output all one crowd 1945, water River large were deal that had and ers, the the the As to to of of . overheads. Board cooperation, participation b industrial would principal conciliation for Government 1947. Board Let casual relentless May the casual had. on and The were, work free labour Employers a Board, profit Under o guaranteed n the the u permanent us PF housing Bonus 84 ers. 1947, s

used About

margins, A It fix push same colliers labourers scheme the a productiveness, tak a formation ward 82 Central n recommended, concerns ed

d str peace. However e as sought new Act,

but work prices the attendance boards one-third P of uggle and the (CBA, means F in profit as (two

India colliers 1948, transferred employers scheme Government case d as The ers PF industrialists a any e to of of , of of permanent p headed late annas the and as e to into fix industrialists margin disaggregation (GOI) a n work coal of and 'illegal of d opposed deny stable, for under ver the as e and among of other PF the n being four per ers t in 1959. . a y approved succeeded

the criteria by the the The criteria other minework o total body and a n work forced the strik collier W tribunals annas contented, more way

CML gained to claims welfare other .R t National-ministr They h workforce immunity r criteria, any . that e to e', er uling such P WF

of that of the regular uranik) its and c design per since things, in r came were attendance generalised er , of governed wages rewards. i t recommendation collier cost as Companies from e week largely of to eluding minework offer r e which i a 1959) a xperienced entitled qualify the , an consisted

minimum from to between intensify on into 1947 o PF y them under f incentive Conciliation

satisfy to firms, neutralised The the the as a their met y and basic-wage, any t commitment the ers. for t came to onwards to all e a pricing bonus the state n 4 the productiveness the means of their register d employee of and the consumer critical claims rather F a those Coal contractors' ebr str n work, with same up same c entitlements managed scheme e work ucture moral of uar Board , the took Mines

with for coal, than regular for p dearness an concerns. mark i.e., fate, y benefits to r benefits, new o effort, 1947 old-age of additional d the PF into workforce. in the A u mainly and attendance Provident adjusting et coal. as ward c Coal a labourers cost benefits. t could well-being contract i manner Conciliation and account fluctuation. o it paid and from allowance, as n depended care. F

lik [Control] The of (CBA) or ensured those a 12 be, ensure n e leaves desire social 83 1962. d Fund rent- their their

Coal May that

and and and and The The The the n in of of o

29 Public Arguments 30 Public Arguments Mining: Minework r the chargeofbeing'medically unfit,'whoreportedthehealthdifficulties.Itstr fear receive pneumoconiosis Medical compensable Mines employee's the the compensation on paid per budget ofemployers.Itincreasedfromhalfannatobetweenthreeandfourannas the injur and Minework a number recommended P employees. (headed permanent administrative About whence Since e F year h .

a courtroom Labour provision marks tonne F the b y among by i . i n then, 20 and l a Act, i paid employers. of t Research they demands l a by l percent ers ers y t of , days of occupational , 85 i agency

o work leave the

employers 1952. others. Meanwhile, Salim t n coal managed found serious of h F occupational in for

that ederation e employees. of r

the Amendment in u 1933. ers. of T found compensation despatched nor regular . l for 86 r e The the the i themselves Pneumoconiosis the M.

s payment p The In

injur a compensation. Others safety r r late to Another response e latter criteria big t devised Merchant) that disease. g i the labour t proposed attendance e a e y x coalmines r

1960s. About clude d since diseases. C up miner's arrangements i achieved of o opposed n during to a for in g to significant compensation l claims newer unions

to Their

the 1959 a 45 about o 87 42 I the n to the c

protracted in Such c d organisations percent The required u 1924-30, percent and WC u paid the A success a p 1967 payment s recommendations led ways the addressed t a more one-third ask r A, sur coalminers management t y T i pension silicosis to o revision

ripartite against recommendation ed n 1923 C vey of a for to o a of fundamental for battle to in u l significant the for which

n of the circumvent d ever done the PF the c i the work marginally i Indian took to s bonus appropriate l in the

e now was over Industrial big were, management a a y its payment the was persistent s n dismissed work by ers e up increased d mines super brought s

workmen's of rates coalminers received . and rise M

however the the also from change T er the e their h r visor of in c PF problem deceased raised e and paid Committee Indian h compensation

Royal the of their the a complaints down I the those be n n rates responsibilities; office , from y gratuity d t recognition the insurance , neither

gratuity compensation compensation i separate: suffered technical a W W claims the Commission n Council to adoption of work a age of

or the as g N 125 denial e rates fatality on bearing a

well able Indian t B ers Board to of of i to from days o o Coal rate and and The uck a n the for PF all on its as as r to of of of a d l , . better Company offered. The e 'industrial working-class latter subordinate (policy modern-industrial antagonistic relationship and early60s'.ThiswasattributedtoNehr capitalism, economy state-power functioned enable turn, guiding one, equally said, The pressuree though Merchant Employers year equivalent as Now medically , of especially a xtent towhichanemployer neededasetofregular it influenced proposition placed large ser decisions) recognised its them rested ideology . Some 89 W enjoyed vice. Coal

peace' K opposed, to through , which age number aviraj classes. between employers to rather unfit. retrenchment to public x 88 on Price from big erted byminework Board, gain

was the secure misses sought in the the access their has reproduction establishments, a A the Committee 90 than of as railway in the politics inscribed the

class fact P However gratuity regarded 1967. work securing assive noted claim shape and humane the early to to bourgeoisie collusive, that compromise, compensation, ers the harness fact contracts The minework of before, for Revolution of 1940s, , on are scheme the granted an reser reproduction as reproduction of a deal a government the and ers uponemployersandstate-power better 'vertical dismissed instance a brought state as class ved the the such kind and was for for advancing ers a is argued rather recommendation share regarded productive corresponding coal in overall compromise fuel the to of i.e., as u's passiverevolutionstrategy a clientelist in lik to India reproduction be on part supports. decided new mark and e supply one the the in 15 than by this medical introduced the industrial brought days of the fore life. settlement. bureaucracy K TISCO, of et. as energy aviraj. class . economic the benefit to They the mining Some and a in wages This increase put , e manifestation grounds operation our supports for accommodation, strategic xperienced work the about ISCO presented In to of this prosperity others coalitions' reproduction gratuity discussion, sector for views working his give richness However that item in and or during ever framework, the they being were compensation of sectors was and as on an y . Bengal made price. , itcouldbe of governance Further , completed that classes; among a eventually hold, the role attractive the relatively relatively reformist declared , andthe K strategic ers and politics aviraj's among of would 1950s by of latter even Coal , the the the the the its in

31 Public Arguments 32 Public Arguments strik although equallyvulnerabletotheschemeofattendance,productivityand'illegal The received rank. mechanical, managers employees. incentive eminence industr two as the absenteeism mines agriculture this, percent, Stabilisation t other still These to land approved railway array advancing their A e good s a have t mid-1960s. i normal class e,' f tr types distribution y the of In mortalities family work uncated i involved and section y n journey given , employee this g from besides of of as phenomenon

of str at life of lastly t seemed relations industrial Notably this regular o production similarly pecking technical noted ucture, the

of in minework employers, a and of t and G.S. h once the new as demand. , the e the about movement top, went probationers,

benefits. regular , to many b , unequal by workforce, career Jabbi, career e all a lease order villages; and comparable become followed n situation. fell year and remarkably Ranajit e ten ers of this f work i The reproduction the from as t the coalminers. family s 97 of of minework seasonal to other percent –

for They employee led half t ers work rest life a abolition visit target h Chief nonetheless, about by temporar matter however the Dasgupta, e 95

to

consisted At to life, 'permanent' a of of successfully super ers to their enforcement down, b a Inspector local this the o production the work 25 ers r hierarchisation v the which constr ural 96 of politics benefits. e of , visors r r percent

y stage, maintained the ural workforce ural floundered i the commuters, work ers and n principle had of visits i t ucted past. they they i zamindari home: of homestead a and both employees school and were negotiated the ers t disappeared in i of Mines, work The v sought Such of e equally and the on old Land career clerks s the until the The

r and of rates work ers ural the b attendance in mid-1940s feature in casual r breaks better considered conte o system efficiency Reform Mazumdar the stood u to was basis 1970. economy the who below miners links the ers g of cherished h achieve in working xt t ones. infant of mid-1940s. payment

estimated off spent for in at of 93 t and in of favour Act, co o

them to

Notwithstanding permanent improved, turn the welfare – 1947-49 an -e participation m the 91 wage, of sent T nine through in

xistence away 1949-52 mortality i ribunal, improved n ver the a classes latter had in e for the of w savings desire at percent y 94 migrant, o facilities terms from the to

a bottom. and r regular mining Labour just k return amply figure a of ones, e 1956 seem their with new r pre- and but the the the s for 46 . in in to of 9 2

Medical-aid (vi) allowance (v)0-4-0 W Fuel (ii) Bakshis F Housing down Mechanisation, instance, the percentages total the 49. income introduction a discussed where work additional incometothework T Employee coalfield. e family and career T ree conveyance(iii) xpanded able p ater able 3.TheShareofEmployeeBenefitsintheW p The e e productivity xpansion night a er Items ofF -supply (iv) workforce. to r 3). minework e labour ever share and by , maternityandsickness d about

It the housing t another benefits, above, wage-work y o would formed seemed

of labour of work r gangs, of 40 a ringe Benefits , as employee PF n (i) its ers. hence percent g This well e was arrangements—to er have appro increased actual

nearly cost to 98 as f which enjoyed

r The o have increase in as the far m it contributed x. (wage particularly benefits improved

1951-52 coverage came removal 1.25 o complaints 30 off: offset seem n the e ers' earningsandincreasedtheproductioncost(see these percent - bills) q percent in Especially u into share to in the a in r restricted regularity its Costs aMonthper of t production Rs 1- about have was in on e encourage the gains e r Cost women of from xistence

share of (4.5 the the t W close o range 0-14-0 the As 8-Pies0 0-3-0 0-8-0 0-4-0 0-7-6 militated ,

employee 50 ork big made h its employers. late percent a production and the from er percent l from to collieries f of cost

variation the over 1930s. o 60 by two steadiness opportunities ork f

settlement against an below seemed percent of instituting t benefits ers' IncomeandProduction h -thirds time, to e the Costs aMonthperF (1.6 personsonA average Around

in The a cost the -ground between b basic the o Rs 1- one to of decidedly to v of monthly in actual in e rise 1950s. the of three-fourths

work an the of wage) the p of of 0-10-6 0-14-0 an As 8-Pies0 employees 0-5-7 0-6-5 0-9-9 e production mainly mining improvement the r the 1920s-30s, c 11.25 the ideal ers, total e situation, 99 n income purposes brought since t traditional a coalmines brought verage) g owing scenario work e in to amily s on 1948- . of 1946

cost. 22.5 of T ers' the the for an h as in to of it a e

33 Public Arguments 34 Public Arguments of schoolingtoelaborateona'conflicting'e capitalist and actualisation The discrimination t on labour household responsibilities f are in lost dr Coalminers free the Bakshis equivalent Labour memorandum The + xi) with about300percentinflation + x).Or(xii:ix+anadjustment with about200percentinflation 1938) i+ii+iii+iv+v+vi+vii+viii) (in Sources: T PF (xi)(1959-60onwards) PF (x)(1948-49onwards) T W Kerosene oil(vii) i h otal (xii:ix+anadjustment otal (ix: n udger orkmen's compensation(viii) e collier the a

cost discernible ever n problematic in P above c c h rasad question i collier organisation, i a y (1931) l

of y y as l d P

of order other r schools. rasad sanitation. d budgets e a to found conte mining i n R f y whole, of f

eport schools. i . Rs of and o had c of other day in advancing u f R aspect xt Indian

l schooling. eport 1-8-0. in t o this A even i and included and did n to e of which unanimously modern girl's wise s l The y

the W

work

of not ( a regard. to the RBLEC), Mining persecution, t ork Here, n h the education bring education incumbent babus d e I and include fact

ers 100

ers' maintain under education a ' quality u

b The it n frequently s dignified The that F some pursuit o V p and ederation means ol. l evinced r third v the i the v i is families work remained 17-1-0 or23-2-0 n II, because of i Sark on measure l with g not e categor an Pt. cost

ser point g t him. that of e life ers h ar a paid 5-8-0 0-3-0 1-2-0 0-9-0 1-8-0 included avenue A, d vices submitted e a xperience of'work favourable ' . of

employee

view 1941, provided included Increasingly of is s took p The table y less c of workmen's a r about h their o of accessible. certain o prestige d to to increased o Bakshis u critical great p. in l 3 c

compensating help caste t 352. to the g unique i presents regular the benefits o view o fee n the i n pains, , list

their to Srivastva compensation, than 'conflicting'

they g identity w and to Let

ever Royal the share o because e debility the ers welfare'withina r subscriptions l children k d us declared enrolled boy's. a family necessar y wilfully e e 4-15-7 0-4-10 teacher ------r r one higher tak , Commission s

of the at . s R

o that e it education eport, Three T of the , n e up absence h which was xperiences

escape them their . the e y f suffering value hands which y haunted r the o for

rarely points 1966. m latter to f a sons took they case

c the the the on a of of e in of a l d l 1971. Dhanbad percent settlements B.P depressed classes, to class much towards demand were classrooms three children schools greatly unsympathetic comple children collieries, Again, implementation relationship. beneficiaries living institutions The 1938-1945. problems teachers have . Guha ' not Babus skilled or 102 conditions.' attention x the their of responsible that four and their while sending of of and from drew district are the class found schools, ' lik designed the the work who attended children 103 schools, were whom look children, children of babus e

the the Many work which treatment untouchables. to of Babus masters an can ers. their in ed in The visited, children their attention the which for upon 1960 Seth ers 1959 earlier educated responsible to say miners' There of babus collier visiting , children but the benefits usher not k children i.e., them eeping that by or have referred that it approached also that of work to may was y led the of phase their children clerks in the send some collier When in schools chose investigators, the went been to concerning the 'civilised about working ers be away as the found for work schools, their discriminator some to teachers Swaraj moral they of and y same some so suffer provided to the were schools were ers eighteen 18 their at improvement far that confine children classes pay objections life' higher management pressure the school were work percent as campaign they found work together benches only meet children and to lik to in by under ers made not the say e percent, their as 1938. to y paid hours, with the for B.R to too out were institutions schools. of and is on only children that be 'humanisation employers in . were primar not with to energies the in from the employees. Seth to ready the Notably sitting the of unsympathetic leaves questioned squat the complained reaching brought the the children part children provided collier aftermath 101 the and schools. y teachers of work to labour in level , on of for and to the the at S.R discouraging undermine the y the the to ensuring of the their ers' This 29.5 total schools. Babus . of other in as against for -management bear corners Deshpande the about In do caste bare of working education to children, the the cost WW not percent not inferiority depressed literacy treatment why upon

facilities of floor Hindus mining the Babus proper pay I a These of in seven high- these were they and and few . the the big big so In of in in in is '

35 Public Arguments 36 Public Arguments visited regular conscious Noniya). calling school, Ramjash wage many lik The pulled progressive Coalfield about necessity W production worldview coal-cutters noted castes perceived and represented between between political assumed employers independent JMWB. Othersectionofminingpeoplesandpublicistshadproceededtolaunchan laid ork e others engagement down Ramjash ers' work. Deshpande others caste-based down a of entered dr before k str its different His Rawani, Committee subsistence, F a of unkard alali the by ederation, efforts against and uggles work was 108 different sharper worldview the a the and initiative were the

father new Rawani, better The relinquishing (grog collier work cultural str ers. the of IMA, who, with loaders sections at for forced, that agreement discriminator uggle the e mining xperience edge shop). citizen Chapal ers was strata on strongest ensuring strongly y instance. in during 1923 reactionar rationalised disgust along were animated schools. blockage. the as the as on opposite after refuse of Often and children and well also Bhattachar (Amendment) eve aftermath his fortunate with the the the as of in schooling disapproved a within hurdle 'He an y educational of the y as advancement enough, P few issue 1945, working The the great to 107 practices one ermeshwar (Brahmanical) in the the educated, could between with agreement enter working years character reactionar of the of relevance enough depression of that formation ya, that his schooling the there for super masses. not class and General into in found 'education elder of squarely pursuit demise super her efficient primar Noniya classes spend those whereby ensued to such of visor reached the to y of babus youngest brothers babus acquire of in when (Brahmanical) The visors his universal Secretar produced of y collier in y collier the of more myths as stood minework confronted a school, e his would scenario . 'caring' favour managed xaction. children , quarrel between Many the a Republic mediated and 'earning' a (a whole, than y y son. y .' class matriculation in in 105 schools schooling coalminer), mix of mak to production of of

mother contrast preference between 104 This the in some er His of the ed give the by the

conflict . as e babus the of Ideological collier social mother He the the All results. the former well father liberal to India. idiosyncratic conser up six complained children India and children 'depressed' who the JMHB to them y and regularly believed, relations as between years work schools (K degree; for 106 that Indian slowly camps was Some, vative babus made those

amla Mine start This that and and the ers in of of of a out. they been for surprisingly s fitness new ethico-politics emplacement siblings. Rajwar's job pock opted at engaging them son Syamnarain u r the a v with of et socio e took to variety y out to primar a money o schools, of r mining 111 , a father collier treatment all of -political

a m contractor Notwithstanding , school. of Rawani, person the many i y of n besides of concerns level i y who put n sir Photograph 8.AStatueofCoalminer way children employee g schools. dar

of force, He at s an in for re-lived, home.' i the a r , regular the at also d Bhowra son had end different a including militants of the in r hands , benefits. of They

felt 109 altogether recognition to school, o as young

trolleyman such meals v Discordance his e that collier it r of were m were, kinds universal in schooling, the a instances It his away at age n the y opened , different teachers

home. socially the father frequently of e of movement of Kesho n from labour within g spirit labour 12 i par n up He, was for e of e and or the enthood Rawani, lessons not the r of variations, , therefore, he the dropouts,

13. not beat including P a seen 'dark' other possibility avel privileged n had family 110 d able , Dhanbad

Syamnarain,

, to The in and p Korchagin. were schoolmates. to collier o learn. collieries to l took i tak compelled and the Shatr t death those provide i youngsters c of e a enough y Their , of l up modern care development

defined ughan a the of of 112 a d in and him

v constr of Shatr fathers fitter 1968-1975, o The him intellectual c to Rajwar a his hence with who ideas the t teacher , to e receive ughan uction . clerk, other

drop sent new had N any of he , o of a a t

37 Public Arguments 38 Public Arguments reproduction and formed benefits enhanced e work they childcare, including r language the 1920s W welfare the of of families study preferences cheap preference. overlooks maintaining by e choice adopted becoming This Summing e xisting xperienced ork p labour social work r movement landless o ers' preferenceregardingsocialsecurityhasnotreceived dueattentioninthe others considered ers, d paper suggests u onwards. migrant the enjoyed ers c measures, which and by , seminal security t generally of thereby i workmen's the reproduction regular o housing, , migrant conte for My n of civilised as by up productive their thus, and arrangement

work employees p employee the of finding employees that r regular necessar The labour by e xt , land-poor was works proving industrial f r , employer e ers' ural career e in developed and r and xplains the industrial water e self and compensation, n which confronted view , , c interpolates link supports land settled e -respect early on thereby career benefits. which y s human vis-a-vis minework insufficient . with in for

supply , of intact this sections democracy N and about driven the industrial a coalwork o employee an w work stabilisation notion work minework has subject. campaign livestock , confronted life intending coe with

improved and , Similarly what w half by ers; to schools, ers. recreational xistence o ers for seized hitherto and r transferring a the of the ke er of centres. and

benefits modern work and was The civilised, The underestimates r had ers. as s fragile. the thesis dislocation amongst ,

living to the the national and of s thesis means on the ers, health social o workforce of a insufficiently The u settle work opportunity thesis offer view industrial g It and facility modified approaches of circular gave h Consequently and respectable, overlooks the t of constraints correlation

of ers str the industrial centres, s for regarding down reconstr better caused p social urban advancing a of uggle e was unprivileged and fillip became c them employees' i the migration f the sensibility i c modest, in remuneration opened provident security savings the

to of to revealed the uction maternity e pattern from difficulty human , str the m and children, of work employee the minework settled preference p commodification life. uggles l new o mining employers. politics inadequacy . but by y preference , to and ers caste and This e laid This of life fund, e the the the and

it regime over to employee care of e b the from strongly old ers down. and xtended benefits work e groups, village, shift work centre. of shown realise n actual which stable living e ILO's from their view new f and free i the My ers for t or in of er s It , class profitability opinion life, paper reproduction regards qualitative. proletarianised onestofringebenefitsdifferedinquantitativeaspectsratherthan b and women My of factored W Gregor Equilibrium: Histor 2 numbered include million Indian Calcutta. Dhanbad long 1 Notes Kinsmen, Chicago/London: 3

T e The ashington: T the n irthankar . study

e civilised as f R and public Indian i collier suggests y o t y subcontinent. s tons migrants, , and y the it . into and the The 1700-1940

advances F 14 pp. (former a about F rom were, n shaped u dependants y This consideration a Roy Myth the d Refer coalfield form W circular politics India r miles actuated town 176, year t

h orld 1895-1906, A the , e 800,000 making n was fact Company University r unionisation of of m a and Manbhum, 185. c. around the its Bank broad countermovement ences n , o life Mark was d As 1500-2000, r of migrants Delhi: genesis of not

e the by understanding , V T early of

were of the .

Jharia Research mark in

Roy t et – a of overall Jharia. h merely S minework regular of 1960. it in e w F purely of the matter

ailur OUP , as responsible Kinsmen: a developed and edly a 'Labour Eastern and the m Chicago is p employers as 1919-20, p y , New number e. a , progress. r P . career any

north contrasting employees' 2010, o pragmatic ublication, semi-proletarianised shallow is L Employment a ers a c that for Y at Institutions, w h spontaneous India) ork: Enterprise Press, e of

as minework of s variance for of coal protection a pp.

the as about n 113 the o Damodar minework Oxford sickle-shaped d the f well

aspiration tradition raisings 2016, spirit and 153-189. to 1986. t p largest h r str that and e o 140,000, as

and l with ers uggles e University is Japanese E the t and (contra pp. phenomenon, c the a of River ers o and, located r on coal-producing Community of n i the the ethico a 104-22. for o Deepak L advancement was whose n this proletarianised m abour of basin . i generally the proletariat. s a y dominant It P work e Competition,

respectable, about olanyi); d coalfield -politics Press, i is 170 collier n

Mark

o – approach Roy in Lal, ers n C about in o e miles undirected 100,000. the , s l , 2005, o development for y

et South Company n instead view of zone The a touched of F population i in district n inally a employee working- 22 men d working l humane west and

Me

p. to Hindu I which in Asian s miles n If e xico, 237. , d and m the the the the the we i 12 by of of a of i - ,

39 Public Arguments 40 Public Arguments Economic Chaudhar p. University 8 5 11 7 Breman, Economy pp. 10 of 6 4 2008, Contractor V pp. Crisis 1947,' Simeon, 'CoalandColonialism:ProductionRelationsin anIndianCoalfield,1895- Coalfield, Press, and Chandavarkar W 1947,' 80. the pp. Sector: 9

Roy Roy Roy Morris BR ol. Jan

DasGupta, Chandavarkar orking the 994.

84-100. 83-108. Bottom 407-32. Ranajit 43 the , , , T Breman, Company ´Sardars,' Company omlinson, Bombay pp. of 1994/2002, Inter Social A (1), David W 'Industrial Cotton Susan concluding Class 288, of y Contribution orking Histor , Press, and of national 2008, Bishnupriya J. Dasgupta, T 'Migrants', ea Scientist the , 'The Breman, Morris, Cotton 292. The of of Indian , in p. Mills Plantations The y W The Classes Economy 1996, Kinsmen, Kinsmen, of pp. 996. olcott, Study pp. Easter Labour', Origins Colonial Economy Origins. R review Mills, 37-45, The in eview , Economic 124-165. Roy to Outcast 'Migrants p. V p. Inter Gupta, in ol. of Indian n Emer 38. 115. 'Industrial , , 1854-1947, ,' Bombay pp. Delhi: pp. Industrial 'Labour of p. 13 India, of in India Contribution 41. Breman, Rana war of 425. Industrial gence 153-189. 178-187. Social Colonial Roy (2), L T Dilip Moder Histor T Sociology abour rithankar in . Oxford Mumbai,' , Roy , New Behal, Calcutta: , 1985, Institution,' 'Labour Coal 1900-1940 of Histor Labour Labour Outcast Simeon, , n y an in Berk ´Sardars, Y ,' Assam, India, ork: University Capitalism Mines: Moder One pp. Asia: to Industrial (CIS), Roy y Economic eley: Institutions', Indian , Routledge, KP 18-43. in Hundr V in L 'W 1860-1970, ol. n abour p. and , Cir Delhi: P V Cambridge: P California Bagchi ork ost-colonial Asian Late Jobbers, 44. ol. easants culation 41 Sociology Press, Anand ed L R in 33 . and (3, abour and . C. Tulika Y Colonial India: DasGupta, Studies (1&2), ears 2016, Joshi, supplement & pp. Resistance 2012, K or P V University and Cambridge: anganies: Co., F olitical Cambridge of , 41-44. Swamy or Books Proletarians, India V Business pp. L 1999, ce Ser ol. Infor (MAS), ost pp. India', 1994. in 195-217. 33 vitude: L W – , W 8, abour India: Roy malisation 2014, (eds.), issue), The orlds: pp. in (1&2), eekly Press, 11, The V Cambridge Rajnar University , Strategies the in ol. 43-72. 'Sardars,' Informal

44, P A and Labour p. 1850s- olitical (EP Indian 42 Latika A Jharia Study 1965, 1996, 1999, 171- 269. New yan (5), W) the D. at , , 1, Secretariat 16 L Government 18 (contemporar 2 Burdwan. 20 (Central 14 21 the 17 University of P minework influence Gooptu shaped production 15 19 T State 12 Simeon, Industr Industrial Calcutta,' 13 2 abour

ime,

rincely Joshi, Ibid. Census K Arjan The My P F Census F F arl the rom atna: rom impact r o in US: causes m

study P pp. y and olanyi, L De Urban

Chota the Province). ,' that the the Mysor ost The Secretariat of S CIS, Beacon ers. the 158-159, MAS Labour of a of Press, Haan, Press, relations, India Its h articulation W P districts districts advances reformist included a Dhanbad y P both ublication politics Nagpur orlds V b e Janaki olitics F , The P . ol. Uttar a or V Delhi: oor d 2003. (Bengal, ´Unsettled Press, 1913, ol. Recr gotten

33 Gr , the 171, a p. Press, n 31 eat the in of (1 of Pradesh) Nair of of 1928-39 d the uitment: 99. pressure, this Oxford District

e p. 1944/1957, & Division, 202, L xperiences Histories (4), Early Transfor Hazaribagh, working G dynamics of Manbhum, abour availability Bihar , 587. a 2), 1923, y Miners interests understanding Settlers: a 1997, 556, 1999,

University , , Census Managers' ( T and Delhi: and mechanisation w under 1971, pp. wentieth- mation: P , classes e 558. Delhi: atna, of s and pp. pp. pp. t Orissa 298-304. of the e Hazaribagh, community Migrant among of Gaya, r Manohar of n L 141-48. Series labour 271-301. 919-949. cheap Millhands: pp.

ate India P P Press, partly r the and unjab. ermanent Centur e and that g 211, Colonialism: Monghyr i P work o W W 4, (Bihar male olitical n ,

relations Sikkim) and 1998. ork 1995, ork ) helps the 251, identity y

Joshi, A B. De ers. Santhal d ers ers' 'protective' India i & labourers W Black, s F factors and t 572, Haan, oley ork, and Nandini Chapter r and elucidate B and The

i Strategies L 1911, c ost , t and - and , Orissa) W s Economic 574. 2003. Industrial Cultur , Cambridge: Bihar R P

argument ork Bilashpur W argana, involving 'The eport t elite V h from orlds community 1. Gooptu, legislation. ers, ol. e ,

the

e 1921, U Badli in V P politics , of , art and the n Union Pt. pp. Calcutta's Origins case i Capitalism Bank t the e of and mid-1920s, The X, 1, labour d V Cambridge 90-103. P System

ol. olitics Nair Calcutta: of P together Coalfield BL and ura identity P r Nagpur VII, o of olitics Jharia v Das, Jute and and i Our and the n Pt. D. in in in c e

41 Public Arguments 42 Public Arguments 32 Infor 2002. Transfor U '“Sociological M Sons Asian str orientation 33 V one-third 25 24 Co. 23 R Committee 31 79-89. Housing Geological 28 1923: 30 29 cut 27 Thesis: Ghosh, 26 ol.

oyal F Census Seth, Whitely n The B.R o The The National M.D. E.C. ucture ofworkforce:Thisphenomenonhasbeenobser oley d i 1940, and o X. e mal n r . labour of Commission literacy L n urban Seth, s Geert Pt. employment pp. R Agabeg, -919 Calcutta ' loaded

'A Singh, , eport mation Steel:

Condition A of Economy p. R of C. i . s 167-168). Study n Institute eport Dhanbad i Archive of 176. p. Calcutta: mining L

a (8). contractor De centres. abour n C , rate 70.) work Mar by pp. .

Autochthony Bhuli

University

Neve, S ( 'Labour T H RCL), of his t oday 68, , among xism” on u a and ers New persons in policy d a of the of District F gang i n L See Bishri Secretariat 82. e oley the abour ,

, mark The India s 1931, India Sanitation normally a , Cambridge: Labour Delhi:

in n in the Indian Andrew V of , R of d Ever 1992, o were eport, ed ,

, Central Bengal recr l K (Whitely (NAI, (TMG V 1971, . K the mining Descent

ariya, ol. by . Social 4

yday uits. Movement , 8 literate H Coal IV pp. Press, collier

received the pp.

Sanchez of a Delhi): , II) ( pp. r P 5 India: Coal-Mines,' Cambridge Labour t 62-66. P persons art kinship 62, P ) , Science R

Industr atna: , and olitics 572-4.

V ( eport) y E ol. 1920: 2 in II: 82. d 0 owners, about 'Department s 1971 1 122. the and P VIII, in . 4 in Samta ) olanyi, , y , and was , of Press, 1931,

, Jharia Jharia,' 57-132. Class M Bombay: p Christian University ( 10 L 1913, p Census a abour: caste/ethnicity in merely . on r

percent k Prakashan, 1 2005. V Gramsci e Transections ol. Concept 2 Coal one t in

7 pp. of J.H 6 a I. of D.B. TMG W ved inmanyotherSouth six - n Str Delhi: 1 side, Industries Sharad . F Dhanbad d 37-40. orking commission 3 Press, ield, Whitely

umpell, percent 0 S T and II 1 in araporevala o , . and, 1978, c

Secretariat V shaped Industrial 1900-1977', i J ol. e J.H Chari, o the Lives 2009, of t n , y District in XII, a 'Sons on . : R and

Mining t Evans, case eport p. h 1921. T on a the in the h Frater 1918, pp. n 27. e Labour', the

of Sons

India's Press. India', of 1971, P social G other of a Only 175- Soil, R re coal 'The PhD and r nal the pp. the .K. r a & y t , , R 34 Commission Death 45 1918, Orissa 44 1917: 41 IRSH, 'Repertoires discussed solidarity time Society Delhi: Capital: Industrial Capitalism 46 920 37 40 43 (B). 42 1940. 35 38 Mining 36 39

eport), Agabeg, P Evans, J.R NAI: NAI: J. NAI: Dr S.R Annual N.P See, rasad E. 'Department . (5). .R wore . Rajendra . Copeland, V F/no.20, V , or 'Department Thadani, . 'Department Deshpande, P Curjel ol. Industr ol. and Pick ermanent 1917 Michael V P ´Housing' R Serious ol. easant 'Labour', R on, II). 61, below eport England amongst and eports ering, Economy II, ( of Report, Whitely this 2016, (T 3 Prasad, y A, Socialism, , Resistance, R ransaction 'A in of 1941, Burawoy (qua P eport 1941, W ARCIM phenomenon Black, ermanent of F India, p. R of Case of ork and inance', pp. minework eport in , the 38. R Commerce Commerce Cambridge: Joshi, ers, eport) II, The of 'Department 423-58.) p. the for

Chief for Delhi: 2004. A the 342. , London: of : R Self of Question The 324, F the 1907 P eport Disablement.' , L an Committee ile ayment V ost the ers Inspector -Made ol. did Secretariat Barbara No. and . Enquir Handloom and P 380-88. , IV olitics W Cambridge of based Geological pp. not V . 1922: of orlds. erso, Industr Pt. Industr the of Men, of 3-12. Industries,' preclude y I, Class R Harriss- Bihar Compensation of into 1931, on of egar 1985. 676-77. Chandavarkar Memorandum Press, Mines and y', W y P some ,' University 1848 the and eavers ding r Geology G&M, L oduction: pp. the P abour Globalisation White, atrick 1946, Conditions for Labour Metallurgical Housing 257-58. emergence of – F 1914, of the ile the Enquir and Joyce, p. in India , Press, South No. Y submitted 32. Branch, The F ears All shared actor Minerals Cambridge: of 1914: of y Visions Origin. W L Accidents of in 2003, Committee India, (ARCIM) abour L orking: y Research the abour P F R concerns, r F ile ovincial egimes to Branch ebr broader pp. of DW in No. 1800-1960', the uar in the Cambridge Essays Bihar of 17-46. involving 1923: K the (P Whitely Society y 1900 P ar (G&M) Under India, 14-17 social eople: rasad as uan, Coal and As on L is – - ,

43 Public Arguments University Press, 1991. 47 Census Report of B&O 1921, Vol. VII, Pt. 1, pp. 298-304 48 Whitely Report, Vol. II, p. 269. 49 Deshpande Report, pp. 26-37. 50 H. Coupland, District Gazetteer of Manbhum, 1911, Calcutta: Secretariat Press, p. 181. Foley Report, p. 66. Whitely Report, Vol. IV, B, pp. 104-05, 107. Prasad Report, Vol. II, Pt. A, pp. 313, 370. 51 Arvind N. Das, Agrarian Unrest and Socio-Economic Change in Bihar, 1900-1980, Delhi: Manohar, 1983. Sugata Bose, Peasant Labour and Colonial Capital: Rural Bengal Since 1770, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006/1993. 52 NAI: 'Department of Industries', 1923: L- 1028. 53 Foley Report, p. 66. TMGI, Vol. 27 (2), 1931, pp. 96, 107. 54 Shapurji Saklatwala, 'India in the Labour World,' Workers Welfare League of India, London, 1920. 55 N.M. Joshi was a member of the Servants of India Society and a nominated Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA). Chaman Lal was the General Secretary of AITUC and a nominated MLA. Krishna Kant was an MLA. 56 NAI: 'Department of Industry and Labour', files Nos. (1925: L – 1150 (9), L – 1174 (4); (1924: L – 1162 (1)). The very second congress of AITUC held in Jharia called for agitation on a wide range of issues: the ratification of the ILO conventions; ublic Arguments

P improvement in the wage rates and an equal wage for the women workers; reduction in working hours, provisions for weekly holiday; housing, crèche, education, medical facilities; maternity benefits and leaves for the women workers; the representation of working masses in the legislative assembly; the prohibition on employment of the women in night works and of children below the age of fourteen. The emphasis on the need of removing coal control and a supply of sufficient number of wagons to all Indian colliery proprietors, and a prohibition on the sale of spirits accompanied the aforesaid agenda ('Department of Industries', 1923: L-1028). They included the agenda of nationalisation of the means of production in the session held in the year of 1928, when the AITUC congress was held again in Jharia, in their quest for a genuine social emancipation of humankind. See Bihar State Archive (BSA, Patna): 'Political Special', files 1923/ 115/1923; 1928: 244, 102 / 1928. NIA: 'Department of Industries', 1923: L – 1028. 44 Jharkhand,' Guild, Nirmal Company A Secretariat F 54/1937. 63 380. in 62 P Census 61 60 58 proceedings 'Department 57 Industries', 59 184/1947, (Labour) 69 64 66 Neve, 67 127-157). Jharia 65 68 ile art

NAI: NAI: Sengupta, Maharaj B Saurabh Suk B Census Study See, NAI: B B Sumut SA SA SA SA I, No. umar The : 246-297). : 'Department 'Department and : : 'P Sanchez 1982 of 'P 'Department Sengupta olitical 'P of 'P 1008/52. , olitical Department 'Labour Bihar Ever Sarkar of olitical and olitical 1979. Dube, XL R Press, the Banerjee, 1922: in Destitutes, - , aniganj B&O of 17-24. pp. (S) Sengupta yday Iyer Bauri and Special' Industries', and 'Myths, R Special and 252/1947, 1964, L Department',

, 1931, (ed.), Special' .N. 165-200. Special P of of -920 'Agrarian .C. P Orissa olitics. of Str Coal Impact Industries', Industries Community T Maharaj F anika RoyChoudhur iles, pp. F pp. Industries umpell, (1). (ed), Symbols The ile, F V Ar ile', ol.

91-118. for F F 97-133. Chari, ile', 1947: eas, iles, 1938: XL Labour of Radha Movement'. F F Sarkar VII, ourth ourth 1921 397/1922; the and Labour and (S) 'Sons Delhi: AnthropologicalSur 372/1920, 1923: and 1938: in Pt. Frater 379/38. Industrialisation XL and 1947. K.G. Nirmal (V Labour', W Kumar the (Eds.), W branch y Community: I, , ol. orld, (S) orld of Branch, L Bihar pp. Labour', Bok - nal Iyer Kumar 379/1938. VII, 60/1924; Soil'. 1028. Labour 17/1947. , pp. Sengupta, Dynamics: 248, Caste ar , Capital. 246/1921, 1925: 'W P file, 'Agrarian District art o 203-210. ill , P August R 'W arr 285. 1923: I, Department egion June in Satnampanthis F ill L 234-245) 171/1925; y eminist 1948: -1150 on 1940: , Harriss- Moder F Destitutes '“Sociological eminist'. Gazetteer B , Jharkhand the 1923: Movement 1957, SA 04/1921, L Delhi: -920 (9)) XL : Tribal n 70 vey ofIndia,1981,pp. Standards 'P White, and India F olitical Proceeding L 07/1926; (S) Concept iles, (5). (II)/1940. , -1028 and for Dhanbad, P . of 25/1947, , 244/1928. opulation in India Delhi: 2014, 'Department 1949: Mar 1931 Chhattisgarh', Development: Dhanbad,' Special (1), Sur P 102/1931. xism”. ublishing W No. Revenue (V pp. XL Authors orking.

vive B XL ol. P in atna: (S/2) part, 340- F 121, NAI: VII, ile', the (S) De In in of

45 Public Arguments 46 Public Arguments 8/48, earth sense mark mobilised 77 76 proceeding XL 73 150-266, (S) (S/2) Department', Managing Dharmaband, 70 74 leaves Act attended weeks maternity 75 1948: 71 Nonia, Gundri Mahto, Mahto, miners Mahto, 72

Ambedkar Suk It B These This B B (S/2)-260/47) SA 252/47), SA SA in laid ed 8/48), omal XL and 1945 : (S/2) of : : for after Nehal was 'Labour Harin, Jadu not down Babu who 'Labour 'Labour Sukri (S)-121/47, were human by XL ten leaves labour goodwill Sen, no. Agency), 24/48. (Nov ensured only the daies so P (December (S) Mahto, Rajwar Labour receiving weeks apers: the Mahto, Mur 16 421, Mahtain, Bistu despite Department', The confinement 25/47), by Department', Department', 1948. and brotherhood,

for provision medium-size (attendant) 1948: ulidih, the W D1-2068/52. towards Indian and that XL and Branch war Mansu which a K orking T abolition amar Pros. relief obarak 1948, a serious (S/2) (June a XL the Ganga support Bhusia recognisable Bhatdih, relief Information, that (S/2) , belowground 485-493, Class wage had (F 191/48. Majhi, day man 1949: Ragahunath to Pros 1949, Labour Labour ile unifying Khan, wage collieries: P injuries a the . of – andit. Such Nos.): 7000 collier with Mahtain, as in of 127/48. privileges 104-149, and XL woman Jaippur XL India, annas of its Md. XL Branch, Branch, (S/2) the collier difference annas (S/2) the y (August miners 1944 all motto. were (S) employing woman the 1949: Ishaque, hope Mahto, Calcutta,

8 classes Jogta work Dt., 8/1948. Jhari XL 197/47), of 191/48, per y

12 K Bhim should 1948: F ever achi Jagjivan (S) ebr in of Dhuma 1949, III/D day er per (K work in Ghatwalin, . establishment Chuto 184/47), uar and June y The alyanji Beni 1995, The woman day Balihari, Mochi, their for kind -124/49 Pros. (Nov XL also er y Pros Amendment all . four Mahto, Ram miners 1947: should 1947. (S/2)-127/48. Hari, Sao, but

pp. perspectives. 1948,

91-92). maintain Mavji nations, no. (December work Amir weeks also 88-310. mobilised Khas Manjua Rajan 267-380, Jadu XL See receive killed and Pros. er & of an (F Mahto, (S) before should Co. Kirk the with ebr brought crèche B Mahto, Md. all-per Sao, 388-398, SA were 17/47. 1948, Mehtarani, May uar mandator Owner new Ambedkar end, labour F/No : Safi. peace and Chnadu y 'Labour Ganesh provide ser vading K 1953: 1948: Bhole to order armu Khas Pros. – May four vice and The the for XL XL on y , 319. The in Labour more patriotic 82 78 84 83 Globalization, Indian 'F accommodation, 8 10201/69, 88 No. 87 86 824-830. 829, government. and percent 1971. collier 1970: 85 81 80 Singh 79 9

rom R B India B Whitely Ibid. Srivastva Srivastva MN MD B the T eport SA SA SA 4 h V their Economic er i of Gupta, : : work Class y Singh to s : Labour proceeding They

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nacularisation in owners the increases olitical 'Labour the abour of c production R inability a the December the s eport, Indian R on R Compromise Prasad e accumulated was T eport Rajiv

eport Official echnical Department', and Indian p Y Department', Department', the fell Economy', and ear r Department', e V which a in s , no. Council , ol. the Kumar to back e 1966: Committee call Book socialist 1966, P the n with 1970. function olitical IV Mining Discourse t 79, State s of R ,

wage of on Pt. eview took (IL to a , L 55-73. p. the of I/C3 in large

´Nationalisation abour Mother its 1, YB) , Class q in 1947: Labour 79. Medical USA trade Michael Association u W p. bill place contributions motto, Labour a normally (BLEC). on Sabyasachi –

eekly 1970, l 227. of BA debts, i 1009/67. : P f following Accommodation: Pneumoconiosis i Routledge, India, M-23/47), olitics, union c India : Branch, a in 'Labour R (EP Goldfield t 'W Delhi: esear i P Branch, o the argues ork, rasad n because W) , 1942-52: T leader

Calcutta: New oday'. IL Bhattachar t aftermath , ch the o by to 1949: Secretariat hard Department,' YB P (1948:

2007, , art R work t Delhi, Default: and Delhi: announcement Rajiv h Proceeding eport for from e of See II, work,

XL Analysing in Debdas IMA, C ers Labour's other the pp. M-23/48)). V h , 1970. India, Kumar ol. (S/2)-8/48. Tulika Shivangi V 1938. i of ya provident b ol. 32-61. Press, The years b and 1951, 16 independence. and e undue III, Labour r Banerjee No. ' case T s , (18), Memorandum Incorporation Books, honest echnical

C, the because p. 1966 Rana a p. of p. Jaiswal, r 55, 62. inter of g fund 86. Grammar W May Branch, 216. u coal age m P and F 2016, (Eds.), work . ile ference e R during Behal n of 2, eport Board in t V 'Caste 1970 No.

1981, . about F o and India,' pp. Chibber into of ebr L f of

(Eds.), abour Series I/C3 1968- of Caste c 1967 . M.D. 294- uar l ever and The a the the pp. 30 s p. y – s , ,

47 Public Arguments 48 Public Arguments P Ph.D. 99 proceeding 95 96 Proceeding 'Labour workforce asperthereportofNationalCommissiononLabourin1969. 93 file 100 Studies 98 102 Branch, 94 103 proceeding 92 101 file the 97 remained shared misnomer the Sanchez 91 143. of 90 olitics).

DasGupta, Ar B Dhiraj Sudipta It Haan Census

CIMAR B Census B P the B SA no. no. SA rasad labour SA National came vind SA [F Thesis, : Indian : : irst : 'Labour VI/57-1011/69. VI/57-1011/69. , 'P ('Unsettled by 'Labour F 'Labour department', Kumar V , and N. olitical ebr of down ol. of a R K 1965 published elite, eport the and no. no. No. part. Das, aviraj, Dhanbad Dhanbad uar 'Migrants'. II, Str Commission New State: 79, VI/57 Department,' Delhi: 54. , permanent Nite, to y umpell whom 'Agrarian the , Department,' and Special' p. V 1970: five Delhi: 'The I/C3 ol. Settlers'; 13. P – in description 'W Employment olitics Oxford II, 1971 Labour 1971 1011/69. percent – P others EPW ork B ('Sons proceeding A, assive 1009/67. F SA Jawaharlal ile, Change on p. , , and ones, : P and V (special Labour 'The University 325. 'Labour art 1920: Labour ol. Branch, call Labour of in Revolution Culture X: Soil') X, Ideas, the Badly underestimates from and the Department', B, no. Pt 248/1920, Branch, Nehr number) mid-1960s. in Department,' p. Branch, labour C, describe September

79, the Above on Ranikhet: System'), Bihar Press, 8-9. pp. u the I/C3 and University relation 436. 'The ,' aristocracy November and Mines: 1983, 372/1920; September September – India: the 1009/67. Labour B Condition P It 1970, Below: P SA the arr permanent Labour ermanent was of pp. : A Jharia , y 'Labour 2010, e ('Sociological e Critique', 180-227. xperience . nearly 1988, xploitation F Branch, 1928: Such Bihar ile 1970: 1970: Branch, of Coalfields, P

Black, Labour: No. production art pp. Department', term one-half 1947-78', 102/1928. proceeding proceeding in I September 2429-2444]. VI/57 (W of The F

sounds 2013, in ebr Mar ork, The vulnerability 1895-1970', Trajectories which uar of – xism) Subalter work T Report 1011/69, the pp. ime y to Labour no. no. 1970: 1970: B me total er 100- they and and SA 54, 54, as of n a : 110 immigrated t bastee 108 on 107 105 Preferences 104 retired, collier 109 redistribution commodification, ononeside, and,ontheother and premodern These recently 113 background the 112 V the W India);' and W 106 111 h ol.

ork ork e S. Deshpande S. B 'Memorandum P P Ramjash B P Labour

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as 'Labour bastee 'Oral 'P Korchagin - shown was F the Bhowra F 1 olitical (i) ederation senior in ederation 9 Coalfields economy membership The and to 9 Rawani: in Inter Bihar', disembededdness Inter 0 connection T R Evidence Inter and the Ukraine emper s (Dhansar). eport department', Gr , W a

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49 Public Arguments 50 Public Arguments 51 Public Arguments Tata Institute of Social Sciences Patna Centre

Public Arguments is a research paper series published by the Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Patna Centre. Writings under this series can be referred to and used for public educational purposes with due acknowledgement.