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Ecosystems and Agro-Biodiversity Across Small and Large-Scale Maize Production Systems, Feeder Study to the “TEEB for Agriculture and Food”
Ecosystems and agro-biodiversity across small and large-scale maize production systems, feeder study to the “TEEB for Agriculture and Food” i Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge TEEB and the Global Alliance for the Future of Food on supporting this project. We would also like to acknowledge the technical expertise provided by CONABIO´s network of experts outside and inside the institution and the knowledge gained through many years of hard and very robust scientific work of the Mexican research community (and beyond) tightly linked to maize genetic diversity resources. Finally we would specially like to thank the small-scale maize men and women farmers who through time and space have given us the opportunity of benefiting from the biological, genetic and cultural resources they care for. Certification All activities by Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad, acting in administrative matters through Nacional Financiera Fideicomiso Fondo para la Biodiversidad (“CONABIO/FFB”) were and are consistent under the Internal Revenue Code Sections 501 (c)(3) and 509(a)(1), (2) or (3). If any lobbying was conducted by CONABIO/FFB (whether or not discussed in this report), CONABIO/FFB complied with the applicable limits of Internal Revenue Code Sections 501(c)(3) and/or 501(h) and 4911. CONABIO/FFB warrants that it is in full compliance with its Grant Agreement with the New venture Fund, dated May 15, 2015, and that, if the grant was subject to any restrictions, all such restrictions were observed. How to cite: CONABIO. 2017. Ecosystems and agro-biodiversity across small and large-scale maize production systems, feeder study to the “TEEB for Agriculture and Food”. -
Common Corn Smut Tianna Jordan*, UW-Madison Plant Pathology
D0031 Provided to you by: Common Corn Smut Tianna Jordan*, UW-Madison Plant Pathology What is common corn smut? Common corn smut is a fungal disease that affects field, pop, and sweet corn, as well as the corn relative teosinte (Zea mexicana). Common corn smut is generally not economically significant except in sweet corn where relatively low levels of disease make the crop aesthetically unappealing for fresh market sale and difficult to process for freezing or canning. Interestingly, the early stages of common corn smut are eaten as a delicacy in Mexico where the disease is referred to as huitlacoche (see UW Plant Disease Facts D0065, Huitlacoche). What does common corn smut look like? Common corn smut leads to tumor-like swellings (i.e., galls) on corn ears, kernels, tassels, husks, leaves, stalks, buds and, less frequently, on aerial roots. Some galls (particularly those on leaves) are small and hard. More typically, however, galls are fleshy and smooth, silvery-white to green, and can be four to five inches in diameter. As fleshy galls mature, their outer surfaces become papery and brittle, and their inner tissues become powdery and black. Galls eventually rupture, releasing the powder (i.e., the spores of the causal fungus). Where does common corn smut come from? Common corn smut is caused by the fungus Ustilago maydis, which can survive for several years as spores in soil and corn residue. Spores are spread by wind or through water splashing up onto young plants. Spores can also be spread through the Common corn smut leads to tumor-like galls manure of animals that have eaten infected corn. -
The Comparative Study of Bt Corn and Conventional Corn Regarding the Ostrinia Nubilalis Attack and the Fusarium Spp
Romanian Biotechnological Letters Vol. 23, No. 4, 2018 Copyright © 2018 University of Bucharest Printed in Romania. All rights reserved ORIGINAL PAPER The comparative study of Bt corn and conventional corn regarding the Ostrinia nubilalis attack and the Fusarium spp. infestation in the central part of Oltenia DOI: 10.26327/RBL2018.138 Received for publication, April, 27, 2016 Accepted, June, 30, 2017 VIORICA URECHEAN 1, DORINA BONEA2* 1Agricultural Research and Development Station Simnic- Craiova, Dolj, Romania 2 University of Craiova, Faculty of Agronomy, Dolj, Romania *Address for correspondence to: [email protected] Abstract Ostrinia nubilalis or the European corn borer is a dangerous corn pest, especially in warmer Romanian regions, including Oltenia. To compare the attack produced by O. nubilalis on the transgenic Bt corn (MON 810) vs. the conventional corn (Deliciul verii), there were performed studies on unirrigated soil, in conditions of natural infestation. The experiments were made at ARDS Şimnic (in the central part of Oltenia) in 2012 and 2013. It was proven that there is a functional direct relation between the O. nubilalis attack and Fusarium spp, in that an intensive Ostrinia attack favors the installation of Fusarium-type pathogens. Our results have shown that the use of transgenic hybrid Bt-MON 810, which contains the gene CrylAb, reduced the O. nubilalis attack by 99.55% in 2012 and by 100.0% in 2013, and the infestation with Fusarium spp. by 95.54% in 2012 and by 100.0% in 2013. Therefore, Bt-MON 810 corn can reduce the damages caused to corn harvest by Ostrinia and implicitly by Fusarium, both quantitatively and qualitatively. -
Zea Mays Subsp
Unclassified ENV/JM/MONO(2003)11 Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Economiques Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 23-Jul-2003 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ English - Or. English ENVIRONMENT DIRECTORATE JOINT MEETING OF THE CHEMICALS COMMITTEE AND Unclassified ENV/JM/MONO(2003)11 THE WORKING PARTY ON CHEMICALS, PESTICIDES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY Cancels & replaces the same document of 02 July 2003 Series on Harmonisation of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology, No. 27 CONSENSUS DOCUMENT ON THE BIOLOGY OF ZEA MAYS SUBSP. MAYS (MAIZE) English - Or. English JT00147699 Document complet disponible sur OLIS dans son format d'origine Complete document available on OLIS in its original format ENV/JM/MONO(2003)11 Also published in the Series on Harmonisation of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology: No. 4, Industrial Products of Modern Biotechnology Intended for Release to the Environment: The Proceedings of the Fribourg Workshop (1996) No. 5, Consensus Document on General Information concerning the Biosafety of Crop Plants Made Virus Resistant through Coat Protein Gene-Mediated Protection (1996) No. 6, Consensus Document on Information Used in the Assessment of Environmental Applications Involving Pseudomonas (1997) No. 7, Consensus Document on the Biology of Brassica napus L. (Oilseed Rape) (1997) No. 8, Consensus Document on the Biology of Solanum tuberosum subsp. tuberosum (Potato) (1997) No. 9, Consensus Document on the Biology of Triticum aestivum (Bread Wheat) (1999) No. 10, Consensus Document on General Information Concerning the Genes and Their Enzymes that Confer Tolerance to Glyphosate Herbicide (1999) No. 11, Consensus Document on General Information Concerning the Genes and Their Enzymes that Confer Tolerance to Phosphinothricin Herbicide (1999) No. -
La Ciudad De Puebla Y Su Identidad Culinaria
CULINARIA Revista virtual especializada en Gastronomía No. 15 < Nueva Época > Enero / Junio 2018 UAEMéx Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México www.uaemex.mx/Culinaria Publicación Semestral Fecha Recepción: 07 de abril de 2018 - Fecha Aceptación: 22 de junio de 2018 - Págs. 38 - 68 La ciudad de Puebla y su identidad culinaria. Manuales, recetarios, cocina y vida cotidiana. Siglo XIX Las viejas recetas nos llaman a ponernos en el lugar del otro, del hombre o de la mujer que tenían otra escala de valores y un concepto diferente del mundo. Asimismo, rescatan para la posteridad un tiempo, un estilo y un modo de vida, ciertas preferencias y caprichos que de otra manera sería difícil recuperar. (Corcuera, cit. en Ramos, 1997, p. 22) Dra. Alejandra López Camacho Historiadora y Pintora. Área de Investigación: Historia de la prensa e historia político-cultural de México durante el siglo XIX. Instituto Culinario de México, campus Puebla. Blog personal: https://policromiadelahistoria.blogspot.mx/ 38 CULINARIA Revista virtual especializada en Gastronomía No. 15 < Nueva Época > Enero / Junio 2018 UAEMéx La ciudad de Puebla y su identidad culinaria. Dra. Alejandra López Camacho Manuales, recetarios, cocina y vida cotidiana. Siglo XIX La ciudad de Puebla y su identidad culinaria. Manuales, recetarios, cocina y vida cotidiana. Siglo XIX The city of Puebla and its culinary identity. Manuals, cookbooks, cooking and everyday life. 19th century Resumen Abstract Este trabajo es un ensayo enfocado en tres recetarios This work is an essay focused on three cookbooks printed impresos en la ciudad de Puebla en diversos años del in the city of Puebla in various years of the 19th century. -
Corn Smuts, RPD No
report on RPD No. 203 PLANT February 1990 DEPARTMENT OF CROP SCIENCES DISEASE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN CORN SMUTS Corn smuts occur throughout the world. Common corn smut, caused by the fungus Ustilago zeae (synonym U. maydis), and head smut, caused by the fungus Sporisorium holci-sorghi (synonyms Sphacelotheca reiliana, Sorosporium reilianum and Sporisorium reilianum), are spectacular in appearance and easily distinguished. Common smut occurs worldwide wherever corn (maize) is grown, by presence of large conspicuous galls or replacement of grain kernels with smut sori. The quality of the remaining yield is often reduced by the presence of black smut spores on the surface of healthy kernels. COMMON SMUT Common smut is well known to all Illinois growers. The fungus attacks only corn–field corn (dent and flint), Indian or ornamental corn, popcorn, and sweet corn–and the closely related teosinte (Zea mays subsp. mexicana) but is most destructive to sweet corn. The smut is most prevalent on young, actively growing plants that have Figure 1. Infection of common corn smut been injured by detasseling in seed fields, hail, blowing soil or and on the ear. Smut galls are covered by the particles, insects, “buggy-whipping”, and by cultivation or spraying silvery white membrane. equipment. Corn smut differs from other cereal smuts in that any part of the plant above ground may be attacked, from the seedling stage to maturity. Losses from common smut are highly variable and rather difficult to measure, ranging from a trace up to 10 percent or more in localized areas. In rare cases, the loss in a particular field of sweet corn may approach 100 percent. -
Menú Intriga
B I E N V E N I D O EEnnttrraaddaass Guacamole $80 Queso cilantro $160 PPoossttrreess Queso empanizado, bañado en salsa verde de tomate con cascara de papa. (PARA 2 PERSONAS) Papas a la francesa $75 Gelatina Oreo Nachos $70 $35 Frijoles, queso gratinado y chiles en vinagre. Arroz con leche Verde Chico $60 PPoozzoollee Blanco Mediano $65 Rojo Grande $70 Pozole $85 CON JUMIL EN TEMPORADA Para acompañar ... Tacos $25 Pollo - Sesos - Requesón Blanditos $25 Maciza - Surtido Tostadas Nachos $75 Sencillas $15 Maciza - Cueritos Carne $25 Cueritos $30 Pata $35 Tinga $25 A la vinagreta Chalupas $60 Pata $90 Chipotles caseros Lengua $90 Surtido $90 Oreja y trompa $70 EEnncchhiillaaddaass Verdes $85 Rojas (Guajillo) $85 Mole $85 Suizas $90 Chico Grande Coctel de camarón $85 $175 MMaarriissccooss Vuelve a la vida $80 $160 Campechana $80 $160 Ceviche $60 $120 Caldo de camarón $80 $160 Para acompañar ... Pescadillas $45 Tostadas / Camarón 1 pza $50 Tostadas / Ceviche 1 pza $40 Caldo de jaiba con camarón $100 Mojarra Frita $150 Al mojo - A la diabla - Empapelada Camarones $150 Al mojo - A la diabla - Empanizados - A la mantequilla Espagueti Marinata $160 Camarones al gratín acompañados de pan con ajo. Aguacate relleno de atún $70 Aguacate relleno $90 Camaron - Pulpo Filete de pescado $120 Al mojo - A la diabla - Empanizado - Empapelado Filete de pescado a la veracruzana $130 Pulpo al ajillo $220 Clemole de Filete $120 Queso criollo y epazote. Aguachile $160 PPoorr llaass nnoocchheess ¿Qué tipo de tortilla? GGrriillll EPAZOTE - GUAJILLO - MAIZ Tacos Volcanes Chuleta $35 Chuleta $35 Bistec Bistec $50 Costilla $40 Costilla Cecina$40 Cecina Arrachera$45 Arrachera La costra nostra Suculenta costra de queso asadero con el relleno de tu elección. -
Fungal Pathogens of Maize Gaining Free Passage Along the Silk Road
pathogens Review Fungal Pathogens of Maize Gaining Free Passage Along the Silk Road Michelle E. H. Thompson and Manish N. Raizada * Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-519-824-4120 (ext. 53396) Received: 19 August 2018; Accepted: 6 October 2018; Published: 11 October 2018 Abstract: Silks are the long threads at the tips of maize ears onto which pollen land and sperm nuclei travel long distances to fertilize egg cells, giving rise to embryos and seeds; however fungal pathogens also use this route to invade developing grain, causing damaging ear rots with dangerous mycotoxins. This review highlights the importance of silks as the direct highways by which globally important fungal pathogens enter maize kernels. First, the most important silk-entering fungal pathogens in maize are reviewed, including Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium verticillioides, and Aspergillus flavus, and their mycotoxins. Next, we compare the different modes used by each fungal pathogen to invade the silks, including susceptible time intervals and the effects of pollination. Innate silk defences and current strategies to protect silks from ear rot pathogens are reviewed, and future protective strategies and silk-based research are proposed. There is a particular gap in knowledge of how to improve silk health and defences around the time of pollination, and a need for protective silk sprays or other technologies. It is hoped that this review will stimulate innovations in breeding, inputs, and techniques to help growers protect silks, which are expected to become more vulnerable to pathogens due to climate change. -
Diversity and Use of Traditional Mexican Medicinal Fungi. a Review
International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 10(3):209–217 (2008) Diversity and Use of Traditional Mexican Medicinal Fungi. A Review Gastón Guzmán* Instituto de Ecologia, Xalapa 91000, Veracruz, Mexico * Address all correspondence to Gastón Guzmán, Instituto de Ecologia, Apartado Postal 63, Xalapa 91000, Veracruz, Mexico; [email protected] ABSTRACT: In this review, more than 70 species of medicinal mushrooms from Mexico, which can help treat over 40 illnesses or health problems, are discussed. Among the latter, anxiety and rejuvena- tion are considered, as well as traditional beliefs about the evil eye or hearing the voice of a specifi c person. This article is based on an extensive bibliographic review, as well as the inclusion of fi eld work done by the author during several years of study in Mexico. Schizophyllum commune, several species of Pleurotus and Ustilago maydis, as well as some lichens, are the most important medicinal fungi considered for the treatment of specifi c illnesses or health problems. Many medicinal mushrooms are also edible and are currently sold in the marketplace. Amanita muscaria is the only toxic mushroom used in traditional medicine, as well as some hallucinogenic species of the genus Psilocybe. KEY WORDS: medicinal mushrooms, relationships, traditions, distribution, ethnomycology, Mexico I. INTRODUCTION Guzmán12,13 published two works on this subject. Unfortunately, with the development of Different ethnic groups in Mexico have extensive modern civilization, Indian traditions are affected knowledge about the use of many species of fungi, by the introduction of foreign medicinal products including medicinal mushrooms. However, this and by progress in modern medicine, as well as by knowledge about medicinal fungi has been insuf- the development of agricultural and cattle practices, fi ciently documented. -
47 Section 3 Maize (Zea Mays Subsp. Mays)
SECTION 3 MAIZE (ZEA MAYS SUBSP. MAYS) 1. General Information Maize, or corn, is a member of the Maydeae tribe of the grass family, Poaceae. It is a robust monoecious annual plant, which requires the help of man to disperse its seeds for propagation and survival. Corn is the most efficient plant for capturing the energy of the sun and converting it into food, it has a great plasticity adapting to extreme and different conditions of humidity, sunlight, altitude, and temperature. It can only be crossed experimentally with the genus Tripsacum, however member species of its own genus (teosinte) easily hybridise with it under natural conditions. This document describes the particular condition of maize and its wild relatives, and the interactions between open-pollinated varieties and teosinte. It refers to the importance of preservation of native germplasm and it focuses on the singular conditions in its centre of origin and diversity. Several biological and socio-economic factors are considered important in the cultivation of maize and its diversity; therefore these are described as well. A. Use as a crop plant In industrialised countries maize is used for two purposes: 1) to feed animals, directly in the form of grain and forage or sold to the feed industry; and 2) as raw material for extractive industries. "In most industrialised countries, maize has little significance as human food" (Morris, 1998; Galinat, 1988; Shaw, 1988). In the European Union (EU) maize is used as feed as well as raw material for industrial products (Tsaftaris, 1995). Thus, maize breeders in the United States and the EU focus on agronomic traits for its use in the animal feed industry, and on a number of industrial traits such as: high fructose corn syrup, fuel alcohol, starch, glucose, and dextrose (Tsaftaris, 1995). -
Los Moles. Aportaciones Prehispánicas
los moles. aportaciones prehispánicas CRISTINA BARROS Diálogo, 2005 / Bruno Aceves Cristina Barros Los moles. Aportaciones prehispánicas Cristina Barros es maestra en Letras. Las primeras menciones del mole que conocemos se encuentran en la His- toria general de las cosas de la Nueva España de Bernardino de Sahagún. Al referirse a los guisados que le servían a Moctezuma menciona el totolin patzcalmollo, que definen sus informantes como “cazuela de gallina hecha a su modo con chilli bermejo y tomate y pepitas de calabaza molida que se llama agora pipiana”. Otras maneras de chilmule, eran el chiltecpin mulli o “mole hecho con chiltecpitl y tomates”; el chilcuzmulli xitomayo, un mulli de chilli amarillo con tomates; el meocuilti chiltecpin mollo, gusanos de maguey con salsa de chiltecpin; el mazaxocomulli iztac michyo, guiso “de ciruelas no maduras con unos pececillos blanquecillos y con chilli amarillo y tomates”; y el huauhquil- molli que se elaboraba con bledos cocidos (quelites de amaranto) y con “chilli amarillo y tomates y pepitas de calabaza con chiltepecpitl solamente”; del izmiquilmolli con chile verde, dicen que es “bueno de comer.” En su Vocabulario en lengua castellana y mexicana y mexicana y cas- tellana (1571), Alonso de Molina traduce la frase salsa o potaje de chilli, como chilmulli, de donde se deduce que mulli significa salsa. Los moles se preparaban para los dioses. Así los mercaderes o poch- tecas, al llegar a su casa después de un viaje, ofrendaban a Xiuhtecuhtli, dios del fuego, “cabezas de gallinas en caxetes con su molli…” Ellos mismos, cuando lograban buenas transacciones en sus viajes, tenían que dar un es- pléndido banquete. -
Influence of Pollination on Smut Disease and Yield in Maize
Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi Journal of Agricultural Sciences Tar. Bil. Der. Dergi web sayfası: Journal homepage: www.agri.ankara.edu.tr/dergi www.agri.ankara.edu.tr/journal Influence of Pollination on Smut Disease and Yield in Maize Mehmet AYDOĞDUa, Nuh BOYRAZb aBatı Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute, Department of Plant Health, Antalya, TURKEY bSelçuk University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Konya, TURKEY ARTICLE INFO Research Article DOI: 10.15832/ankutbd.490958 24 (2018) 463-470 Corresponding Author: Mehmet AYDOĞDU, E-mail: [email protected], Tel: +90 (533) 726 89 85 Received: 09 March 2017, Received in Revised Form: 05 September 2017, Accepted: 01 November 2017 ABSTRACT Ustilago maydis, causal agent of smut disease in maize, induces significant yield losses by forming colossal galls (tumours) on cobs. Since infection process of U. maydis is parallel with natural pollination of maize, an interaction between maize pollination and the smut fungus is probable. To reveal this interaction perceptibly, a 2-year field study was carried out in Antalya province of Turkey. As host plants, 8-maize-cultivars belonging to different maize variety groups [dent (Ada-523, Pioneer-3394 and Side), flint (Karaçay and Karadeniz Yıldızı), sweet (Merit and Vega) and popcorn (Antcin-98)] were used in the experiment. Inoculations were performed by injecting inoculum into cob silks in pre- and post-pollination periods in plots. In addition, control plots were set up for each treatment. In conclusion, average disease severity, incidence and yield losses of all the maize cultivars in pre-pollination inoculations (PrePI) were 3.8, 20.7 and 45.5%, whereas in post-pollination (PostPI) inoculations, they were 0.9, 15.7 and 35.9%, respectively.