Paradoks Hubungan Antara Manusia, Lingkungan, Dan Sains Dalam Enam Sekuel Film Final Destination (Sebuah Pendekatan Self-Deconstruction)

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Paradoks Hubungan Antara Manusia, Lingkungan, Dan Sains Dalam Enam Sekuel Film Final Destination (Sebuah Pendekatan Self-Deconstruction) Paradoks Hubungan antara Manusia, Lingkungan, dan Sains dalam Enam Sekuel Film Final Destination (Sebuah Pendekatan Self-Deconstruction) PARADOX OF RELATIONSHIP AMONG HUMAN, ENVIROMENT, AND SCIENCE IN SIX SERIES OF FINAL DESTINATION MOVIE (AN APPROACH OF SELF-DECONSTRUCTION) Zulkifli Makmur STAI DDI Kota Makassar, Islamic Family Law Dapartment [email protected] ABSTRACT This article tries to examine the sequel movies of Final Destination in representing human-being crisis and error in facing environment. In this 5-series sequel film, human-being both explicitly and implicitly creates trace in his effort to control nature. To find traces, the researcher first extracted the formulas contained in the five series of Final Destination. After that, these formulas were composed and read by Derrida's deconstruction. It is found paradoxical relationship between human and science. Human is considered so far to have left nature by being trapped in utopia and and science mechanism which cannot only save human life, but also destruct themselves. Keywords:Paradox, Deconstruction, Final Destination, Environment, Self-deconstruction A. PENDAHULUAN Sejak tahun 2018, sesorang gadis berusia 15 tahun, Greta Thunberg, mencuri perhatian warga dunia dengan bahayanya perubahan iklim bagi umat manusia(Thunberg). Perlawanan dengan agensi anak-anak bukanlah hal biasa, terbukti ini menciptakan arus isu internasional, yakni kelompok peduli perubahan iklim dan kelompok yang menganggap itu aneh (Holmberg and Alvinius). Gerakan ini terbukti efektif. Perubahan iklim ini memberi kesadaran baru, terutama di dunia tafsir. Dengan itu alam dapat dieksplorasi secara bertanggungjawab(Lestari et al.). Telah diketahui bahwa yang paling bertanggungjawab atas perubahan iklim dan berbagai kerusakan yang muncul di muka bumi adalah manusia. Namun, kesadaran itu tidak hadir karena sejak awal pengetahuan manusia cenderung dibangun atas hubungan dirinya dan alam sebagai hubungan metafisika(Yasser). Anggapan-anggapan tradisional menghubungkan manusia sebagai pemimpin di alam semesta, sedangkan Tuhan, Kosmos, atau Ibu Alam melindunginya melalui ketersediaan pangan dan air yang melimpah. Sainspun demikian.(Yuono) Mengenali Hukum mekanika alam memberikan peluang bagi manusia mengeksploitasi lingkungannya. Alam dipandang sebagai objek pemenuhan kebutuhan, alat-alat produksi, dan properti. Ia menjadi sarana, tambang kekayaan, sumber energi, sumber kekayaan yang harus diekploitasi demi kebutuhan manusia. Antroposentrisme demikian juga didukung oleh fiksi pop yang berkembang saat ini, meskipun fiksi pop lebih banyak memberi hiburan(Cantini) daripada sekadar memberi pesan kritis(Ramadhan). Namun, sebagai sebuah karya seni fiksi/sastra pop mempunyai kemampuan untuk memperlihatkan kenyataan dengan cara yang baru(Manshur). Itu dibutuhkan agar penyegaran etika lingkungan tetap berjalan. Film seperti Armagedon, 2012, Godzilla dan Battleship, Contagion, A Quiet Place adalah fiksi Hollywood yang mencitrakan krisis yang dialami manusia akibat alam atau makhluk lain yang berusaha merebut posisi Alpha dari manusia sebagai puncak rantai makanan di alam semesta(Di Feo). Namun, seperti film- film tersebut, selama tiga puluh ribu tahun manusia mampu keluar dari krisis yang ada. Fiksi/sastra merepresentasikan fenomena masyarakat(Ffrench). Maraknya fiksi- fiksi bertema apokaliptik bukanlah persoalan baru. Manusia, melalui imajinasinya, menyadari kelemahan dirinya sebagai makhluk yang belum banyak menguak rahasia alam. Namun, dengan daya adaptasi yang dimiliki, manusia mampu belajar untuk mengurai masalah, sekaligus menemukan solusi untuk melestarikan spesiesnya. Pola-pola ini dipakai untuk memperlihatkan sejauh mana manusia di samping menemukan kemungkinan-kemungkinan untuk mempertahankan generasinya di sisi lain dia juga menciptakan kemungkinan-kemungkinan yang bisa menghancurkan dirinya. Salah satu dari berbagai kemungkinan yang dapat menghancurkan manusia adalah takdir. Film sekuel Final Destination merupakan film pop thriller dengan tema khas, yaitu takdir. Film ini pertama kali muncul di tahun 2000. Awalnya film ini berasal dari sebuah naskah yang tidak sempat ditayangkan di dalam serial The X-Files. Namun karena film ini mendapat penonton dan permintaan yang besar, tiga tahun kemudian film lanjutan pertamanya dibuat dan seterusnya sampai Final Destination 5. Sedangkan Final destination 6 dijadwalkan tayang bulan maret. Karena alasan wabah Covid 19, belum ada konfirmasi resmi kapan film ini akan tayang. Adapun film-film sekuel Final Destination sebagai berikut: Final Destination 2, You Can’t Cheat The Death Twice (2003); Film ketiga tayang di tahun 2006, berjudul Final Destination 3, The Ride Will Be The Death of You; Film keempat Final Destination 4 (2009), Rest in Peace, dan; Final Destination 5 (2011). B. Analisis Struktur Formula Sekuel Final Destination Sekuel Final Destination (FD) memiliki formula khas yang dimiliki setiap filmnya. Untuk mendapatkan formulanya adalah dengan memperhatikan konvensi dan invensi suatu genre dalam rangka melihat perkembangan suatu genre. Konvensi ditujukan untuk menemukan regularitas, sedangkan invensi ditujukan untuk melihat perubahan- perubahan yang ada. Formula sendiri merupakan kombinasi atau sintesis dari sejumlah konvensi kultur yang spesifik yang bentuknya meliputi cerita secara universal, atau dalam hal ini disebut arketipe. Sekuel FD disusun dari 7 formula. Yang pertama, kecelakaan massif. Kedua, firasat. Ketiga para penyintas. Keempat, peringatan awal. Kelima, peramal. Keenam pola kematian. Ketujuh takdir baru. Film-film ini dimulai dengan berkumpulnya sekelompok orang yang homogen. FD 1, FD 3, dan FD 5 berasal dari institusi yang sama sedangkan di FD 2 dan FD 4 masing-masing adalah pengguna kendaraan di jalan tol dan penonton balapan. Sebelum kecelakaan terjadi, salah seorang dari komunitas merasakan kecelakaan massif tersebut lebih awal apakah itu melalui mimpi atau berhayal. Adanya firasat tersebut, protagonis menciptakan kekacauan yang membuatnya diusir dari arena kematian, seperti yang terjadi pada FD 1, FD 3, dan FD 4. Sedangkan di FD 2 dan FD 5, masing-masing protagonis memblokir jalan agar kendaraan lain tidak meninggalkan lampu merah dan keluar dari bus. Karena kekacauan yang dibuat, protagonis dan beberapa orang mengikutinya dengan berbagai motivasi yang menyebabkan mereka gagal tewas. kecuali di FD 2 para penyintas terpaksa menghentikan kendaraan mereka karena protagonis menutup jalan mereka. Para penyintas bertemu di pemakaman kerabat mereka kecuali di FD 2 dimana pertemuan terjadi di kantor polisi. Formula selanjutnya muncul ketika penyintas kembali ke rumah masing-masing. Kecuali protagonis, di semua sekuel tidak ada satupun penyintas menyadari bahaya yang akan mereka hadapi. Peringatan bagi penyintas adalah kematian awal di antara mereka. Jumlah kematian di awal kebanyakan dua orang, sedangkan di FD 3 terjadi dua peristiwa kematian. Yang pertama kematian kembar Ashlyn dan Ashley yang terpanggang di tunning bed dan kedua kematian Frankie di sebuah kecelakaan drive thru, sehingga kematian tanpa peringatan di FD3 sebanyak tiga orang. Namun, jumlah korban ini tidak dihitung dari kematian penyintas yang kejadiannya masih di area kematian massal seperti yang terjadi di FD 2 dan FD 4. Di FD 2 Tiga penyintas tewas sesaat setelah kecelakaan massal. Dari firasat protagonis, kematian mereka hanya tertunda beberapa saat, bahkan mereka belum sempat keluar dari arena kematian, sehingga ini memberi kesan kematian mereka masih bagian dari kecelakaan massal di jalan tol meskipun kematian tiga kawan Kimberly itu telah membentuk pola yang dibentuk oleh Clear. Kejadian berikutnya adalah kematian yang terjadi di scene tribun penonton arena balapan di FD 4. Satu penyintas tewas tertimpa ban setelah mereka baru saja terbebas dari kecelakaan massal di tribun penonton. Berbeda dari kematian 3 orang di FD 2, kematian Nadia FD 4 tidak membentuk desain tertentu. Setelah menyadari kematian akan mendatangi mereka. Penyintas secara misterius bertemu peramal. Profesinya secara fiski bukan seorang peramal, melainkan pengurus jenasah/Coroner. Pertemuan antara penyintas dan peramal acak. Di FD 1 dan FD 2, penyintas sendiri menemui peramal, sedangkan di FD 5 penyintas bertemu dengan peramal sebanyak tiga kali di luar rencana. Peramal hadir menyampaikan sabda kematian. Sabda ini selanjutnya ditafsirkan menjadi teori para penyintas membuat pola kematian mereka, atau mensiasati kematian masing-masing. Di FD 3 dan FD 4, pengurus jenazah tidak hadir, namun penyintas mengandalkan instingnya untuk memahami maksud Takdir. Di FD 3, protagonis menghubungkan garis yang melintas di foto Abraham Lincoln, dan peristiwa WTC dengan foto-foto penyintas sebelum mereka Formula lain yang selalu hadir di setiap film Final Destination adalah kematian berpola. Disini setiap penyintas sadar kematian akan menjemput mereka. Di scene ini, satu-satunya harapan mereka adalah firasat dan Sabda peramal untuk menghindari maut. Satu persatu penyintas tumbang. Di FD 1, FD 2, dan FD 5, beberapa penyintas berhasil selamat dari desain takdir sehingga takdir melompat ke daftar selanjutnya, bahkan di FD 1 dan FD 5 urutan tersebut diurut kembali setelah kematian terakhir. Di FD 3 dan FD 4, desain takdir tidak bisa dicurangi, bahkan di FD 4 diceritakan sisa penyintas didesain oleh takdir untuk berkumpul di tempat awal mereka mendiskusikan takdir mereka. Di fase terakhir formula dibentuk lebih beragam dan tak-tertebak. Meskipun begitu, secara keseluruhan memiliki persoalan yang sama yaitu
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