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Australian Council for Educational Administration Reproductions DOCUMENT RESUME ED 355 640 EA 024 741 AUTHOR Aldrich, Richard TITLE The Emerging Culture of Educational Administration: A UK Perspective. PUB DATE Jul 92 NOTE 19p.; Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Australian Council for Educational Administration (Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia, July 5-8, 1992). PUB TYPE Speeches/Conference Papers (150) Viewpoints (Opinion/Position Papers, Essays, etc.) (120) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC01 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Administrative Change; *Administrative Organization; *Educational Administration; *Educational Change; *Educational History; Elementary Secondary Education; Foreign Countries IDENTIFIERS *United Kingdom ABSTRACT Organization of the United Kingdom's education system mirrors its political divisions; education is different and somewhat autonomous in each area: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The Department of Education and Science, based in London, oversees the English education system. Education in the United Kingdom has a longstanding foundation of voluntary provision based on the Church and private philanthropy. In recent years, local power in English education has been based in some 100 Local Education Authorities (LEAs). This has led to some wide disparities between educational systems. The educational system is divided into primary schools, secondary schools, and higher education. The overriding feature of all three parts is that historically they have not invested much in administration. The origins of educational reform can be traced to three sources: the oil crisis of 1973-74, Labour party views, and the Conservative radicalism of Margaret Thatcher. This Conservative educational view was implemented through a series of reform laws. It is still uncertain what the long-term effect of this reform period will be. However, the role of educational administration and administrators has been changed significantly, and local educational authorities have been depleted. (JPT) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** 47i4 in THE EMERGING CULTURE OF EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION: Cst A UK PERSPECTIVE Richard Aldrich University of London Instituteof Education U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Once of Educahonai Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC1 Fle:isdocument has been reproduced as received from the person or organization ong.nahng O Minor changes have been made to Improve reprOtluCtiOn Quality PoInts of view or op.mons stated in this dzku. meat do not necessarily reoreSent off.c.al OE RI pos.tIon or potty "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) BEST COVII 2 The Emerging Culture of Educational Administration: a UK perspective by Richard Aldrich University of London Institute of Education United Kingdom Abstract This paper is divided into five sections.It begins with a briefoutline of the salientfeatures of the educational systems of the United Kingdomand of the organizational cultures of its educational institutions. It then proceeds to an analysis of recent educationalreform, with particular reference to organization and administration, under three broad headings: origins, implementation, outcomes. The systems The United Kingdom iscurrently composedof four elements: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Broad population figures are England - 47.5 million; Scotland - 5 million; Wales - 3 million; NorthernIreland - 1.5 million - a total of some 57 millions,very roughlythree timesaslarge asthat of Australia. The population is virtually static,the last20 years has seen an increase of about one per cent.It is a densely populated country, but although the modern industrial and urban revolutions came firstto Britain,andthe vast majorityof peopleliveintowns, theideals, imagesand culture of manyBritish people arefirmly rooted in the countryside. Although urban areas tend to overlap into each other in the United Kingdom, so that places which in another country might be deemed as one city are divided up into two or three,it should be noted that,London apart, which hasa declining population and has been at the centre of the recent economic downturn, thereare (by internationalstandards)noother really large cities in the United Kingdom. The country's second, city, Birmingham, only has a population of onemillion, considerably smaller than those of Sydney or Melbourne. The contrast between the geographical sizes of the two countries could hardly be greater. The 246,050 sq kms of the UK would fit into Australia more than 30 times. Another factor in modern British society is that of unemployment. It is difficult toobtain precise figures, but in 1992 some two and half millionpeople in the United Kingdomare unemployed. This should beseen as part of a general Western European trend. In 1970 unemploymentin Western Europe stood at 2.5 million. This rose to 7.8 millionin 1978, 14 million in 1982 and 16 million in 1987.Some 40 per cent of this figure was accounted for by young people. (Unesco, 1991, 61) It is right to talk of the educationalsystems of the United Kingdom, for there are differencesbetween the separate parts. This shows at the centre, for whilethe Secretary of State for Education and Science oversees education inEngland and has broad powers in respect of higher education,the other parts of the education service are headed by theSecretaries of State for Scotland, Wales and NorthernIreland respectively. Thus while there is an overall uniformityin the systems historic differences still remain. Scotland is the most independent of thethree smaller areas for four reasons: it is the second largestpartner; the Scottish Education Department has hada separate existence for over 100 years; Scotlandhas its ownseparate legalandreligious establishment; the Scots firmly believe thattheir educational system is superior to those of the rest of the UnitedKingdom. There are tangible differences. For exampleScottish university students take a four-year first degreecourse; students in the rest ofthe United Kingdom have only threeyears.Scottish teachers have had a General Teaching Council since1965; those in the rest of the United Kingdom donot. This paper will, of necessity, focus primarilyupon education in England, which has a populationmore than four times greater than Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland together,and, in London, the seat of legislative and executivepower. The Department of Education and Science is based in London,and is headed by a Secretary of State. Though centralpower in education, which began in a desultoryway in 1839, preceded that of local government which dates from 1870, education in the United Kingdom has a longstanding foundation ofvoluntary provision based on the Church and private philanthropywhich stretches back to the middle ages. Not until 1899was a Board of Education established, only in 1944 did it become a Ministry. In 1964 it was renamed the Department ofEducation andScience.Traditionally politicians who headed education were of second rank, and few served for any length of time.'One notable exception was Margaret Thatcher who heldthe post from 1970 to 1974, and wasthe only oneto have become Prime Minister. In recent Conservativegovernments it has been occupied by three prominent politicians: Keith Joseph,1981-6, Kenneth Baker,1986-9,and Kenneth Clarke,1990-2.Of lower status were Mark Carlisle, 1979-81, and John MacGregor, 1989- 4 90, and the current Secretary of State, John Patten,appointed in April 1992, following the fourth Conservative victory. The centralauthorityin English education hastended to exercise a supervisory, rather than an initiatory role. It isa small department and has some 2,500 employees,many of whom are engaged in the administrationof teachers' pensions. It hasno regional organization. Central government has not been in the business ofowning or running schools or other educational institutions. Crucial to this supervision have been Her Majesty's Inspectors(HMI),whose existence and prestigious title date back to 1839. Their originalpurpose was to inspect schools which wished to qualify for government grants. The HMI have always claimed a semi-independence from the Department,so that the chief inspector's annual reportmay be seen as a report to Parliament which may be critical of central government policy,for example by pointing outpoor quality buildings or shortages of textbooks whichmay be ascribed to under-funding. Such semi-independence has always beena source of contention,notleastin thelasttwo years,when the Conservative government tried to abolish, orseriously to reduce the inspectorate and its powers. In recent years local power in English education has been based upon some 100 Local Education Authorities (LEAs). This local authority tradition stems from 1870 when itwas decided that publicly-funded schools should be organized and controlledat local rather than central level. LEAs are based upon traditional local units: counties, towns and London boroughs. The largest group are the 47 county councils. TheLEAs vary considerably in size. For example thecounty of Hampshire has a population of1.5 million,the bcrough of Kingstona mere 133,000. Even smaller are the City of London andthe Scilly Isles. (Sharp and Dunford, 1990, 61) Since 1902 LEAs,each of which has an Education Committee composed of elected councillors and co-opted
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