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Malaysia Journal Of Science 38 (2):98-114, August 2019

Food Consumption and Assimilation of The Adult Dog canarium (Linnaeus 1758) at Different Temperatures

Husna, W. N. W. H.1, Nurul-Amin, S. M.2, Mazlan, A. G.3 and Cob, Z. C1*

1School of Environmental and Natural Resource Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, UniversitiKebangsaan , 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia 2Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 3Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia. *Corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Received: 1st Nov 2018 Accepted: 24th Jul 2019 Published: 28th Aug 2019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22452/mjs.vol38no2.7

ABSTRACT (Linnaeus 1758) or the dog conch is a highly important fishery with great potential for introduction into aquaculture. The present study evaluates food consumption and assimilation by the adult conch at different temperatures (i.e. 22°C, 26°C, 30°C and 34°C). The conchs were acclimated for one week in stocking tanks with well-aerated seawater of 30 PSU salinity and at ambient temperature of 26°C. Prior to experimentation, the gastric emptying level of the conchs were standardized by allowing them to feed till satiation, followed by 24 h starvation. Ten similar sized aquaria (20 x 15 x 15 cm) were used, each containing one individual conch. Each conch was provided with similar quantity of food (~ 102.13 ± 0.45 mg of sinking pellets) and they were allowed to feed within a 24 h period. The food consumption rate for adult conchs was significantly different (p<0.05) between different temperature regimes. Hence, the food absorption efficiency was also affected (p<0.05), which ranged from 55.21% to 74.75%. The food energy absorbed showed significant variations between temperatures (p<0.05). Higher food consumption and assimilation was recorded at 26°C followed by 30°C, 34°C and 22°C. Adult L. canarium can adapt well in captive conditions by efficiently digesting particularly food pellets. However, more studies are still needed, particularly by adopting longer exposure times as well as higher temperature ranges, in order to better understand the effect of temperatures on the species.

Keywords: Absorption efficiency, energy absorbed, laboratory condition, Merambong shoal, siput gonggong.

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INTRODUCTION needed if the species is to be introduced into aquaculture. Dog conch or locally According to Staikou and Lazaridou- addressed as ‘siput gonggong’ is a Dimitriadou (1989), consumption and marine gastropod mollusk species of assimilation are fundamental stages of high economic value (Cob et al., energy transport from one trophic 2008a, Cob et al., 2008b, Cob et al., level to another, and many terrestrial 2014). It is traditionally collected by gastropods being primary consumers, the locals for food (Cob et al., 2005; play an important role in the Chuang, 1973) and therefore has great functioning of ecosystems. In aquaculture potential (Castell, 2003; addition, energy budgets were Cob et al., 2011). Abbott (1960), determined taking into account Amini and Pralampita (1987), Cob et acquisition (consumption and al. (2005) and Erlambang and Siregar absorption) (Navarro et al., 2002). (1995) in their studies revealed that Thus, essential to perform a this herbivorous (microphagous) quantitative study if food ingestion mollusk species is generally abundant and assimilation in marine due wherever it occurs and were mostly to assess their role in ecosystems associated with nearshore sandy mud dynamics (Mason, 1970; Charrier & bottoms areas. Other studies described Daguzan, 1980; Staikou & Lazaridou- this species as a tropical marine Dimitriadou, 1989). Nevertheless, gastropod closely associated to preliminary observations on this bed ecosystems (Cob et al., tropical conch species showed that 2012; Robertson, 1961). Theyare they readily consumed the introduced among the dominant herbivorous food pellet, which allowed for direct mollusks in the seagrass bed areas measurements of food consumption (Cob et al., 2005; 2008c; 2009a; rate. 2009b; 2009c), grazing on delicate filamentous or thin layers of Water temperature is one of organic material from seagrass blades the major environmental factors that or sand grains (Cob et al., 2014). They play an important role in determining were also more active at night than the scope for growth (SFG) and daytime andwere constantly searching reproduction of marine organisms for food even when their shells were (MacDonald & Thompson, 1986; partially exposed during ebb tide Bayne & Hawkins, 1990; Navarro & (pers. obs.). Torrijos, 1995). In addition, temperature is also among the most Information regarding important environment factors crucial important physiological parameters in the study of physiology (Resgalla et such as food consumption, food al., 2007). To date, information absorption efficiency and food energy regarding the food consumption and conversion are vital and urgently assimilation of this species is very

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Malaysia Journal Of Science 38 (2):98-114, August 2019 limited due to lack of studies and (01º19.778´N, 103º35.798´E) (Figure knowledge about their ecological 1). Merambong shoal has one of the importance. The objectives of this most extensive seagrass beds in study were to determine the food Malaysian waters and probably the consumption rate and food absorption largest in South East Asia (Bujang et efficiency of adult L. canarium at al., 2006). Adult L. canarium were different temperatures. randomly collected during extremely low tide, i.e. between 1.5 to -2.7 MSL MATERIALS AND METHODS tide levels. Adult conch can easily be recognized by their thick and flared Sampling and Acclimation outer (CFMS, 1999; Cob et al., 2009b). Samples were Conch samples were collected immediately transported to the from the Merambong shoal seagrass hatchery facility at Universiti bed, which is located within the Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Sungai Pulai estuary, Malaysia Selangor, Malaysia.

Figure 1. Merambong shoal seagrass bed at the western Johor Straits, Malaysia.

In the hatchery, L. canarium satiation. A known weight of food was were acclimated in stocking aquaria supplied ad-libitum to the individual (length x width x height = 1.2 x 0.5 x conch. Water quality parameters such 0.58 m3, 400 L) for one week prior to as water temperature, pH, dissolved the experiment. The stocking aquaria oxygen and salinity were monitored were supplied with well-aerated twice daily by using a mercury seawater of 30 PSU salinity, and at thermometer, pH meter, an oxygen ambient temperature of 26°C. meter (YSI Model 59, Yellow Springs Commercial sinking pellets Instrument Company OH, USA), and (®HIKARI MARINE MARINE-S-™, a portable refractometer (ATAGO) crude protein min.48%) were offered respectively. Total ammonia nitrogen daily by allowing them to feed to (NH3-N) was measured by using the

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Malaysia Journal Of Science 38 (2):98-114, August 2019 salicylate method for seawater (Grant OptimaTM T100, Grant (HachTM method 8155). The Instruments, Cambridge, England). On seawater was changed once every the other hand, for the treatment with three days to prevent accumulation of temperatures below ambient a chiller metabolic wastes and dead individuals fitted with a circulator (HS-28 A, 250- were immediately removed if 1200L/H, Guangdong Hailea Grouph encountered. Co. Ltd) was used.

Experimental Set Up The conchs were maintained in their respective experimental After acclimation, only healthy temperature for a week. Prior to conchs were selected, which was laboratory experimentation, the based on their activeness. The selected hunger levels (gastric emptying levels) individuals were then measured (total of the conchs were standardized by 24 shell length, mm) and weighed (total h starvation after a satiated meal. One weight, g), and transferred into was placed in each tank (T1 to individual experiment tank of 20 cm T10) containing 4 L of well aerated length, 15 cm width and 15 cm height. and filtered seawater (0.45 µm). The Shell length and total weight for the control tank (T0), which was setup to conchs used in the experiment ranged obtain a correction factor for each between 54.00 to 69.00 mm, and treatment, also contained one animal 18.00 to 41.00 g, respectively. but no food was given. Screens of 1.00 mm mesh size were fitted at the A continuous re-circulating inflow and outflow of each tank to system was set up to measure food prevent the food and faeces from consumption at each temperature as escaping. Each tank was provided shown in Figure 2. The conchs were with similar quantity of food pellets exposed to four different temperatures (102.13 ± 0.45 mg) and the conchs i.e. 22, 26, 30 and 34°C. The system were allowed to feed within a 24 h comprised of ten experimental tanks period. After the 24 h feeding period, (T1 to T10) and one control tank (T0), the seawater flow was stopped and the in a temperature-controlled water remaining uneaten pellets and faeces bath. For the treatments with were collected and weighed to the temperature above ambient the water nearest 0.1 mg using an analytical bath temperature was gradually raised balance (A & D Company, Limited). to the target temperature at a rate of Throughout experimentation, all 1°C day-1 by using a thermostat heater conchs survived under the different (E-JET heater 200 W, Penang, temperature treatments. Malaysia) and a heating circulator

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Figure 2. The experimental setup for measurement of food consumption in Laevistrombus canarium. Experimetal tanks (T1 to T10) were provided with sinking pellets, while T0 is a control experiment without food.

Laboratory Analyses

The food consumption (FC) was calculated using the equation below (Britz, 1995):

…(1)

where, FC = consumption (mg), F = initial food weight (mg) and R = weight of food remaining (mg) after feeding.

The conch faeces were were ashed in a muffle furnace at collected at every four hours till the 550°C for 3 h, cooled to room end of the experiment (the next 24 to temperature in desiccators and finally 48h), using a Pasteur pipette. The re-weighed to estimate the organic faeces were rinsed with filtered content. Food absorption efficiency seawater (47 mm diameter, 0.45 µm, (AE) was determined by calculating Whatman GF/F). The remaining salt the organic and inorganic (ash) that adhered to the faeces were content of the ingested food and washed using distilled water (Smaal & faeces. The AE was calculated Widdows, 1994) before oven-dried at following Conover (1966), Bayne and 60°C for 24 h to a constant weight. Newell (1983), Kesarcodi-Watson et The dried faeces were allowed to cool al. (2001) and Resgalla et al. (2007), to room temperature in a desiccator using the formula of: and then re-weighed. Afterwards, they

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…(2)

where, F = ash-free dry weight: dry weight ratio of food (g), and E = ash-free dry weight: dry weight ratio of the feaces (g).

The food energy content was food energy absorbed were measured determined by using bomb calorimetry following Sobral and Widdows (1997) (PARR6100, Parr Instrument). The and Widdows and Johnson (1988) fecal samples were pounded to a fine using the formula of: powder using pestle and mortar. The

…(3)

where, EA = food energy absorbed (J/h), FC= food consumption rate (g h-1), AE = food absorption efficiency (%) and E= Energy content of food (J g-1). In this study the conversion factor of 1 g dry pellet weight = 16469.46 J was used throughout.

Statistical Analysis RESULTS

Prior to any statistical analyses, data Food consumption (FC) by distributions were tested for normality adults L. canarium at different and homogeneity of variances. temperatures is illustrated in Figure 3. Differences in food consumption, food Result indicates that temperature have absorption efficiency and food energy a highly significant effect on food absorbed between the four consumption of adult conchs experimental temperatures were then (Kruskal-Wallis, p<0.05) where the further analyzed via the univariate mean FC values at 22°C (2.16 ± 0.23 method, non-parametric Kruskal- mg h-1) was significantly lower than Wallis tests. A Kruskal-Wallis all the other temperatures tested. The nonparametric analysis was conducted mean FC values of conchs cultured at for data that depart from the 26°C (4.04 ± 0.12 mg h-1) and 30°C assumptions of normality and (4.03 ± 0.06 mg h-1) did not differ homogeneity of variance. Then, post- significantly (Kruskal-Wallis, hoc analyses (Dunn’s test for non- p>0.05), but both were significantly parametric) comparison tests were higher (Kruskal-Wallis, p<0.05) performed to examine the differences compared with treatment at 34°C among temperature regimes with all (3.42 ± 0.16 mg h-1). parameters at 0.05 probability level. Statistical analyses were conducted using MINITAB® release 14.1 statistical software.

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4.5 a a

) 4.0

-1 b 3.5

3.0

2.5 c

Food consumptionFoodh (mg rates 2.0

22 26 30 34 Temperature regimes (°C)

Figure 3. Food consumption rate (mg h-1) by adults Laevistrombus canarium at different temperatures. Values are means ± standard errors (N=10). Different letters indicate significant difference between treatments at p = 0.05 probability levels.

Food absortion efficiency (AE) (73.85 ± 1.50 %) were significantly for adults L. canarium is presented in higher compared with AE at 22°C Figure 4. There was also significant (55.21 ± 4.95 %) and 34°C (55.69 ± different in adult conch’s AE values 3.18 %) (p<0.05). There was no when cultured in different significant different in AE values temperatures (Kruskal-Wallis, between 26°C and 30°C (p>0.05); and p<0.05). The AE values recorded at between 22°C and 34°C (p>0.05) 26°C (74.75 ± 3.35 %) and 30°C temperature treatments.

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80 a a 75

70

65

b 60 b

55

Food absorptionFood (%)efficiency 50

45 22 26 30 34 Temperature regimes (°C)

Figure 4. Food absorption efficiency (%) of adults Laevistrombus canarium at different culture temperatures. Values are means ± standard errors (N=10). Different letters indicate significant difference between treatments at p = 0.05 probability levels.

Different culture temperatures significantly (p>0.05) but were affected the amount of food energy significantly higher than EA at 22°C absorbed (EA) by adult conchs (19.14 ± 2.41 J h-1) and 34°C (31.15 ± (Kruskal-Wallis, p<0.05), as 1.99 J h-1). There was no significant demonstrated by Figure 5. The mean difference in mean EA values between EA values recorded at 26°C (50.14 ± 22°C and 34°C (p>0.05). 3.43 J h-1) and 30°C (49.09 ± 1.46 J h- 1) culture temperatures did not differ

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55 a a 50

)

-1 45

40

35 b

30

25 b Food energyFoodabsorbed h (J 20

15 22 26 30 34 Temperature regimes (°C)

Figure 5. Food energy absorbed (J h-1) by adults Laevistrombus canarium at different temperatures. Values are means ± standard errors (N=10). Different letters indicate significant difference between treatments at p = 0.05 probability levels.

DISCUSSION 27 to 30°C (Cob, 2008a; Husna et al., 2017). Temperatures lower or higher This study shows that the food than these optimum values are consumption (FC values) of adult expected to affect the conch’s overall conch increased with increasing activity and performance. Husna et al. temperature (22 to 30°C), but then (2019) reported that the conch can decreased again at a much high tolerate and become acclimatized to temperature (34 °C). This pattern of temperatures between 26 to 30°C. fluctuations in FC values against Marine mollusk in general can temperatures was similar when regulate their activity in response to compared with previous studies changes in temperatures through reported by several authors such as acclimatization, which may increase Kideys (1997), Navvaro et al. (2002), their capability to survive (Kinne, Resgalla et al. (2007) and Yukihira et 1971: Sobral & Widdows, 1997). This al. (2000). The natural habitat where study showed lower activity at lower the conch was sampled has a and higher end of tested temperatures, temperature ranged fluctuate between which indicates that temperatures

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Malaysia Journal Of Science 38 (2):98-114, August 2019 beyond the optimal value can be with AE stressful to the species studied. valuesranged from 47% to 83% Previous study on carpet (Navarro et al., 2002); and the trumpet (Ruditapes decussatus) by Sobral & shell Charonia suguenzae with AE Widdows (1997) also reported a ranged from 45% to 93.5% (Doxa et decline in FC values with increasing al., 2013). temperatures, while Walne (1972) revealed that mollusc species are very The relatively lower AE values vulnerable to reduction in for L. canarium recorded in this study temperatures. could be related to the low concentration of ash in the food pellets In this study, the AE values for used, compared with other types of adult conch ranged between 55.21% to food. This was in agreement with Cox 74.75%, which was relatively low & Murray (2006), who attributed the compared with other herbivorous low AE for L. undosum because they gastropods. Peck et al. (1987) reported preferentially consume kelps, which AE values ranged from 78% to 81% in has low energy value compared with tuberculate, while other macrophytes. Navarro & Torrijos (1995) reported AE values from 81 to 95% for Chilean The food energy absorbed abalone concholepas. On (EA) by adult L. canarium increased the other hand, Cox and Murray with increasing temperature (22 to (2006) reported low AE values for the 30°C) and then declined when the turban snail Lithopoma undosum, temperature increased to 34°C. which ranged between 34.9% and Results from this study was quite 61.2%. similar with the previous study by Yukihira et al. (2000) on the effect of Carnivorous and scavenging different temperatures (ranged from gastropods normally show higher 19°C to 32°C) on . They values of AE. For example, reported found that the upper temperature AE values for Clione limacina ranged tested (32 °C), although showed a from 82 to 98% (Bayne & Newell, decline in EA values, was not 1983), and for Thais haemastoma sufficiently near the lethal temperature ranged from 81 to 97% (Bayne & of the oysters. Earlier study by Sobral Newell, 1983). The scavenging and Widdows (1997) showed that R. gastropod Nassarius festivus that decussatus, was in stress condition consumed on excise Tapes and showed lower EA values at higher philippinarum, their reported AE temperatures (above 27°C). They values ranged from 94% to as high as concluded that temperature is one of 98% (Cheung et al., 2008). However, the factors limiting the distribution of some predatory gastropod does show marine animal through its effect on wide range of AE such as the muricid their activity level and energy balance.

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For the declined EA values digesting the given food pellet. This recorded at lower temperature limit, study not only determined the optimal the present finding is quite similar temperature range for the best culture with the previous study by Bashevkin practice of this edible marine snail, and Pechenik (2015) who but more importantly allows us to demonstrated that the food energy understand the physiological absorbed by Crepidula fornicate was characteristics of the conch, which is significantly depressed at lower temperature dependent like most other temperatures. On the other hand, ectothermic organisms. However, Sobral and Widdows (1997) reported more studies are still needed, that food energy absorbed by R. particularly by adopting longer decussatus was higher at low exposure times as well as higher temperature (20°C) as compared with temperature ranges, in order to better high temperature (32°C). This understand the effect of temperatures previous finding quite similar with on the species. Navarro et al. (2002) who also reported lower food energy absorption at higher temperature but the ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS temperature appears not to influence food absorbed for C. giganteus. As This study was funded partly by indicated by Ansell, (1981) and Bayne research grant from the Ministry of & Newell, (1983), absorption rate is Science, Technology and Innovation, not strongly affected by temperature Malaysia (MOSTI) through UKM across normal range. fundamental research grant #FRGS/2/2014/STWN10/UKM/02/1 and Centre for Research and CONCLUSION Innovation Management (CRIM) grant #AP-2012-013. The optimum temperature for food consumption and assimilation by adult L. canarium is between 26°C to REFERENCES 30°C. This likely indicates that L. canarium is well adapted to its natural Abbott R.T. (1960). The habitat where the temperature ranges in the Indo-Pacific. roughly between 26°C to 30°C. Thus, Indo-Pac. Moll. 1: 33-146. any increase or decrease in temperatures from this optimal range Amini S. & Pralampita W.A. (1987). most likely will affect their Growth estimates and some physiological traits. Laevistrombus biological parameters of canarium can adapt well within this gonggong (Strombus optimal temperature range, as showed canaarium) in Bintan Riau by their efficiency in consuming and waters. Journal Penelitian

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