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Mapping the Mean Annual River Runoff in the Ukrainian Carpathian Region

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Mapping the Mean Annual River Runoff in the Ukrainian Carpathian Region 22 Environmental Research, Engineering and Management 2020/76/2 Mapping the Mean Annual River Runoff in the EREM 76/2 Ukrainian Carpathian Region Journal of Environmental Research, Engineering and Management Vol. 76 / No. 2 / 2020 Received 2018/06 Accepted after revision 2020/06 pp. 22–33 DOI 10.5755/j01.erem.76.2.20916 http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.76.2.20916 Mapping the Mean Annual River Runoff in the Ukrainian Carpathian Region Oleksandr Obodovskyi, Olga Lukianets*, Oksana Konovalenko, Valeriy Mykhaylenko Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 2-A, Glushkov Prospekt, Kyiv, SMP680, Ukraine *Corresponding author: [email protected] The paper presents the spatial distribution of the mean annual river runoff in the Ukrainian Carpathians in the form of a map. The methodological approaches concerning the river runoff mapping and the technological stages of map creation by applying the geographic information system (GIS) analytical functions are considered. The accuracy assessment of the calculation of the mean annual river runoff water based on the data from the hydrometric stations for the whole observation period was performed. The mapping reliability of the mean annual runoff and their territorial variability over the main basins in the Ukrainian Carpathians are analysed. Keywords: rivers of the Ukrainian Carpathians, analytical functions of GIS, spatial distribution, mean annual river runoff, water resources. Introduction Maps of runoff give not only an idea about the space- map of the mean annual river runoff in the Ukrainian time variability of river runoff distribution over the Carpathians (the basins of Tisza, Prut and Dniester riv- studied area but also the quantitative information on ers), its generalisation for designing the stream power a spatial variability, seasonality and regularity of river hydro-energy potential of rivers, even those unstudied. runoff. Therefore, maps are widely used for hydrolog- Of particular interest are such maps when a river runoff ical studies on the regime of individual rivers or river locating is required from hydrologically unstudied riv- systems, in hydrological modelling and forecasting, as er basins. The obtained results can be used aiming at well as in construction and hydraulic calculations. The elaborating the usage of water resources for designing main purpose of this paper is to present the modern of hydroelectric power plant placement in Ukraine. Environmental Research, Engineering and Management 2020/76/2 23 Certain regularities, including both latitudinal and al- The methodology of the mean titudinal zoning, cause a change in the runoff of the annual river runoff mapping territory. Therefore, besides climate, the size, char- acteristics and specifics of the river drainage basin Since the very beginning, the detailed mapping of all and depth of underground waters are important. For main basins located within the Ukrainian Carpathians example, with all other conditions being equal, two was encompassed based on observational data. basins located at different altitudes will differ in the The majority of maps cover either separate basins runoff volume. The runoff of the river basin at a higher or the ones with long series for mapping the runoff altitude and, normally, with higher precipitation and characteristics. Many scientists have been engaged in lower evaporation will be more abundant (Dogano- mapping the average annual river runoff. The most vskiy et al., 2011). With prolonged long-term obser- significant researches of the past were presented by vations, the value of the average mean annual river Zaykov, Kocherin and Sokolovsky who are recognised1 river runoffdrainage may basin, become the depth unstable of the groundwaterbecause the and considered atmospheric conditions are important to the GIS mapping as the founders of river flow mapping in the 2Soviet technique. period may coincide with the periods of only increased Union (Zaykov et al., 1937; Kocherin, 1932; Sokolovs3 - orCertain only lowerregularities, annual including river runoff. both latitudinal Therefore, and to altitudinalobtain zoning, cause a change in the runoff of the kiy, 1968). Ukrainian scientists applied such method4 territory.- a stable Therefore, value besidesof the climate,mean annual the size, river characteristics runoff, a se and- specifics of the river drainage basin and depth 5 of underground waters are important. For example, with all other conditions being equal, two basins located at ology for developing runoff maps for Ukraine and for ries of a certain length that includes periods of high rivers of the Carpathian region. The special attention6 different altitudes will differ in the runoff volume. The runoff of the river basin at a higher altitude and, 7 normally,and lowwith water higher content precipitation in the andrivers lower is necessary.evaporation will be more abundant (Doganovskiy et al., 2011). was demonstrated by the scientists of the Ukrainian 8 With Toprolonged compare long-term the estimates observations, of the the accuracy value of thedesign average of mean annual river runoff may become unstable Hydrometeorological Institute who created the map of 9 becausethe the mean considered annual period river mayrunoff coincide water with for thedifferent periods riv of- only increased or only lower annual river runoff. the mean annual river runoff as a part of the National10 Therefore, to obtain a stable value of the mean annual river runoff, a series of a certain length that includes ers, the concept of the relative value of the stand- Atlas of Ukraine in 2007 (Paton et al., 2007). This11 mapperiods of high and low water content in the rivers is necessary. ard deviation (SD) is introduced. This is expressed in covered the observation period from 1950 to12 2000. To compare the estimates of the accuracy design of the mean annual river runoff water for different rivers, 13 the conceptequation of the (1): relative value of the standard deviation (SD) is introduced. This is expressed in equation (1): Establishing of the Geographic Information System 14 (GIS) technique allows performing various types of 100Cv Qn (1) interpolations that made the issue of GIS mapping of n the river runoff actual. Ukrainian hydrologists 15put the (1) 16 river runoff maps on the GIS platform for the17 entire Where:Where: Cv – coefficientcoefficient of of variation variation of annualof annual mean mean runoff value series for n years. territory of Ukraine (Horbachova, 2010) as well18 as for runoff value series for n years. the individual river basins (Konovalenko et al.,19 2012). UnlikeUnlike thethe values ofof thethe averageaverage SD SD that that characterise characterise the fluctuations of the water runoff of individual 20 rivers, the coefficient of variation allows comparing the runoff of all rivers according to their variability GIS mapping of the runoff features is also the subject the fluctuations of the water runoff of individual riv- 21 (Doganovskiy et al., 2011; Luchsheva, 1976). of study by Russian scientists (Denisova et al., 2009; ers, the coefficient of variation allows comparing the Klimenko, 2009; Melnikova, 2004). As of now, 22the riv- For mapping of the mean annual river runoff, it is necessary to represent the river runoff in a value 23 associatedrunoff with of alla catchment rivers according area-specific to theirdischarge variability (dm 3 · (Dos -1 ·- km - 2) and the depth of runoff (Y, mm) (Ven Te ers runoff maps on a GIS platform have found wide 24 Chowganovskiy et al., 1988; et Klibyshev al., 2011; etLuchsheva al., 1970). , 1976). use in most countries (Mean annual Surface 25Runoff Mapping of hydrological characteristics that do not depend on the size of the catchment area is based on the 1950–2000; Global Data Explorer). 26 assumptionFor mapping of their ofsmooth the mean changes annual over riverthe territoryrunoff, itin isline with the distribution of climate (rainfall, necessary to represent the river runoff in a value as- The rivers runoff is the ultimate result of water27 balevaporation)- and other physical and geographical factors. The feature of mapping the hydrological characteristic 28 lies insociated the fact thatwith the a values catchment illustrated area-specific on the map are discharge attributed not to the point of measurement (as in mapping ance and the main component of the river hydrologi- 29 the climatic(dm 3 · scharacteristic), -1 · km - 2) and but the to depth the entire of runoff catchment (Y, mm) area (Ven as a whole. It depends upon the fact that the water cal regime. It determines their water-bearing and rate 30 river Terunoff Chow as measuredet al., 1988; at the Klibyshev hydrological et al., gauging 1970). section is the mean water runoff from the whole river basin. of water stream-flows (Klibyshev et al., 1970;31 Kom Values- of the depth of water runoff or specific discharge are attributed to conventional points, namely, to the lev, 2002). Changes in climatic (or weather) circum32 centre- Mapping of gravity of (centroid) hydrological of the characteristics river catchment that basin do (Ven not de Te- Chow et al., 1988). stances affect active factors, such as precipitation33 and pendThe mean on the annual size ofriver the runoff catchment maps arearea created is based usually on the for the closed river basins. When drawing a map, evaporation, and the latter, interacting with river34 bathe- riverassumption runoff data of fromtheir smallsmooth catchment changes areas over are the not territory plotted on the map, which means that the annual river 35 runoffin isline largely with determined the distribution by the ofazonal climate factors. (rainfall, What evapis more,- when mapping, the materials of hydrometric sins, largely form river runoff. Therefore, the size36 andobservations along the major rivers that usually flow along from the several geographic areas are neglected. The characteristics of the river drainage basin, the37 depth mean oration) annual river and runoffother forphysical both sm andall andgeographical large river factors.catchment areas may serve only for the control over the of the groundwater and atmospheric conditions38 aremapping The reliabilityfeature of (Doganovskiy mapping the et hydrological al., 2011).
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