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Malay Book Publishing and Printing in Malaya and Singapore 1807-1949 Volume 1

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Malay Book Publishing and Printing in Malaya and Singapore 1807-1949 Volume 1 Centre for Publishing Studies Department of English Studies University of Stirling Scotland MALAY BOOK PUBLISHING AND PRINTING IN MALAYA AND SINGAPORE 1807-1949 VOLUME 1: TEXT MD. SIDIN AHMAD ISHAK A Dissertation submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy November 1992 ACKNOWLED GEMENTS I am grateful to many people for their cooperation, guidance and support in the work which led to the completion of this study. I would like, first of all, to express my sincere appreciation to my principal supervisor, Dr. Ian McGowan, for his constant advice and support throughout this research; and to Mr A. Kamm for his invaluable suggestions. When I was in London, Ms Annabel Gallop of the Oriental Collections, British Library, kindly assisted me and offered comments with regard to my research. To her and to Ms Elsie of the British Library, who offered similar help, I extend my utmost gratitude. Many people in Malaysia and Singapore also helped me with kindness and enthusiasm. I would like to express my thanks to Siti Marhani S. M. Omar dan Asma Ahmad of the National Library of Malaysia, Hashimah Johari of the National University of Singapore Library, Haji Bee Abu Bakar of the Singapore National Library, Ibrahim Ismail of the University of Malaya Library and to numerous other people especially the librarians in the United Kingdom and Malaysia. To individuals who had kindly allowed me to examine their private collections, especially Prof. William R. Roff, I wish to express my appreciation. Lastly, I want to thank the University of Malaya for granting me a study award to do this research; without their support, this work would not have been possible. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME 1: TEXT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i LIST OF TABLES vi INTRODUCTION 1-10 CHAPTER ONE: THE BACKGROUND AND BEGINNINGS 11-20 1.1 Historical Considerations 11 1.2 Malay Book Publishing Before Printing 14 PART ONE EARLY PUIUSTG AND PRTh1T1TG 17475 CHAPTER TWO: THE STORY OF THE MISSION PRESSES 21-52 2.1 Melaka Mission Press 23 2.2 Penang Mission Press 30 2.3 Singapore Mission Press 35 2.4 Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir Munshi 40 2.5 Book Circulation and Distribution 45 PART TWO D1EVELOJFENTAL STAGE 176492O CHAPTER THREE: THE ADVENT OF THE MALAY BOOK INDUSTRY 53-105 3.1 Factors Contributing to the Growth of the Industry 53 3.2 Re-emergence of the Mission Presss 57 3.3 The Rise and Decline of Hand-lithographic Printing 67 3.4 Letterpress Establishments 81 3.5 Book Writing, Production and Marketing 90 11 CHAPTER FOUR: MALAY BOOK PRODUCTION IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND TURKEY 106-116 4.1 Malays in the Middle East 107 4.2 Malay Imprints 108 IPART TIH[IR1EE PREDE1PEN1D1ENCE PU1L1ES1H1G AND PR1T1TG 121I4949 CHAPTER FIVE: A PROFILE OF THE TRADE 117-146 5.1 Volume of Output 117 5.2 Publishers and Printers 122 5.3 Employment 127 5.4 Printing Techniques 130 5.5 Authors 131 5.6 Kinds of Books 133 5.7 Books in Other Languages 136 5.8 Imported Books 138 5.9 Printing Paper and Machinery 143 CHAPTER SIX: THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION 147-158 CHAPTER SEVEN: THE AUTHORS AND THEIR WORKS 159-178 7.1 Malay Authors 162 7.2 Non-Malay Authors 172 7.3 Female Authors 175 CHAPTER EIGHT: THE PUBLISHERS AND PRINTERS 179-205 8.1 Indigenous Establishments 179 8.2 Non-Indigenous Establishments 189 8.3 Association-Publishers 191 8.4 Government Publishers and Printers 194 8.5 Publishing and Printing Procedure 201 8.6 Local Set-backs 203 CHAPTER NINE: BOOK CONTENTS AND FEATURES 206-226 9.1 Literary Contents 206 9.2 Islamic Contents 211 9.3 Nonfictional Contents 212 9.4 Jawi vs Rumi 217 9.5 Format and Style 221 9.6 Paper Type 223 9.7 Binding 224 111 CHAPTER TEN: THE TRADE AND THE LAW 227-247 10.1 Preservation and Registration of Books 227 10.2 Copyright 230 10.3 Sedition 234 10.4 Printing Presses Ordinance 240 10.5 Undesirable Publications 242 10.6 Other Laws 246 CHAPTER ELEVEN: BOOK MARKETING AND DISTRIBUTION 248-260 11.1 Reading Public 248 11.2 Libraries 250 11.3 Sales Organisations 253 11.4 Marketing 256 CHAPTER TWELVE: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 261-271 BIBLIOGRAPHY 272-294 iv VOLUME 2: APPENDIX INTRODUCTION ii ABBREVIATIONS viii SYSTEM OF TRANSLITERATION ix LIST OF PSEUDONYMS x SECTIION ONE A CATA1LOG1UIE OF MAIFAY ER1TIED 1BOO 19214949 PART ONE: BOOKS LOCATED 1-207 PART TWO: BOOKS BELIEVED TO BE PUBLISHED BUT WHICH COULD NOT BE LOCATED 208-223 PART THREE: MALAY BOOKS PUBLISHED IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND TURKEY 224-242 SECTJION ¶WO A CATALOGUE OF PUL)HDEIE PRJtNTIERS, IOO ELL1ES AND AUTHORS ff4 MALAYA AND S1TGAPORJE 19214949 PART FOUR: PUBLISHERS 243-254 PART FIVE: PRINTERS 255-264 PART SIX: BOOKSELLERS AND DISTRIBUTORS 265-277 PART SEVEN: AUTHORS 278-293 V LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Lithographic Publishers/Printers Before 1921 Table 3.2 Lithographed Books Before 1920 Table 3.3 Letterpress Publishers/Printers Before 1920 Table 5.1 Book Production in Terms of Titles Table 5.2 Book Production in Terms of Edition Size Table 5.3 Category of Publishers/Printers Table 5.4 Publishers/Printers by Race Table 5.5 Concentration of Publishers/Printers Table 5.6 Top Malay Book Publishers Table 5.7 Top Malay Book Printers Table 5.8 Population in Printing and Related Industries in Malaya and Singapore in 1931 Table 5.9 Population in Printing and Related Industries in Malaya and Singapore in 1947 Table 5.10 Malay Book Authors by Race Table 5.11 Malay Book Authors by Sex Table 5.12 Number of Titles by Category Table 5.13 Output by Category Table 5.14 Book Production in Malaya and Singapore by Different Languages Table 5.15 Import of Books and Maps Table 5.16 Import of Books and Maps from Various Countries Table 5.17 Import of Paper and Paperware Table 5.18 Import of Printing and Book Binding Machines Table 6.1 Malay Imprints During the Japanese Period, 1942-1945 Table 7.1 Malay Book Authors by Profession Table 7.2 Top 100 Authors Table 7.3 Non-Malay Authors Table 7.4 Female Authors Table 9.1 Contents of Literary Works Table 9.2 Contents of Baba Literature Table 9.3 Contents of Islamic Works Table 9.4 Contents of Non-Fictional Works Table 9.5 Contents of Works on Social Science Table 9.6 Contents of Works on Language Table 11.1 Booksellers and Distributors, 1921-1949 vi INTRODUCTION For a long time in Malaysia as in many other developing countries, book publishing and printing has been an area in which there has been little research done despite its accepted role in and contribution to the nation's development. In contrast with newspapers,1 information on publishing of English or vernacular language books is very limited. Studies relating to its history and chronology, business and trade, organisational arrangement, technical development and its cultural aspect are markedly lacking. The absence of a comprehensive bibliography of early books makes it difficult to appreciate previous works. The handful of studies available are scattered and still at a preliminary stage. One of the pioneering studies was carried out in 1970 by Byrd, who investigated the beginnings of printing in the Straits Settlements. 2 Byrd's research inspired Bloomfield to further explore the life and activities of A. B. 1 Among others see W. R. Roff, Guide to Malay Periodicals, 1876-1941, With Details of Known Holdings in Malaya (Kuala Lumpur: Eastern Universities Press, 1961); W. R. Roff, Bibliography of Malay and Arabic Periodicals Published in the Straits Settlements and Peninsular Malay States, 1876-1941, With an Annotated Union List of Holdings in Malaysia, Singapore and the United Kingdom (London: Oxford University Press, 1972); Khoo Kay Kim, Majalah dan Akhbar Melayu Sebagai Sumber Sejarah (Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Library, 1984); Khoo Kay Kim and Jazamuddin Baharuddin, eds., Lembaran Akhbar Melayu, (Kuala Lumpur: Persatuan Sejarah Malaysia, 1980); Iskandar Haji Ahmad, Persuratkhabaran Melayu, 1876-1968, (Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa & Pustaka, 1973); Lim Pui Huen, "A Survey of Newspapers Published in the Malaysian Areas", International Conference on Asian History (Kuala Lumpur, 1968); John A. Lent, Newspapers in Asia: Contemporary Trends and Problems (Hong Kong: Heinemann Asia, 1982). 2 Cecil K. Byrd, Early Printing in the Straits Settlements, 1806-1857 (Singapore: Singapore National Library, 1970). 1 Bone who in 1806 established the first newspaper and became responsible for introducing printing to the country.3 A consistent survey on Malay publications has been carried out by Proudfoot. In one study he traced the trends in Malay language book publishing by using the Straits Settlements Government Gazette and the Federated Malay States Government Gazette as his sources.4 From these gazettes which recorded all the publications registered in the area, a profile of Malay language publishing from 1887 to 1920 was drawn. This profile provides a picture of how the Malay book publishing industry was developed during its critical stage. In another work, Proudfoot surveyed several major libraries in Europe and Southeast Asia to locate and record Malay printed books published from 1817 to 1920. In a different work he analysed a catalogue issued by a Malay lithographer in 1897 and in this analysis he provides some idea of how the Malay lithographic book trade operated.6 A recent study by Annabel Gallop described some of the main developments in the history of the early Malay language printing with reference to the collection in the British Library? Other important works on B. C. Bloomfield, A. B.
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