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Safe Use of Streptokinase in Myocardial Infarction in Patients

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Safe Use of Streptokinase in Myocardial Infarction in Patients Postgrad Med J (1992) 68, 746 - 749 © The Fellowship of Postgraduate Medicine, 1992 Postgrad Med J: first published as 10.1136/pgmj.68.803.746 on 1 September 1992. Downloaded from Medicine in the Elderly Safe use of streptokinase in myocardial infarction in patients aged 75 and over Kalman Kafetz and Robert Luder* Department ofMedicinefor Elderly People, Whipps Cross Hospital, London El INR, UK Summary: We have given streptokinase to 73 patients aged 75 and over admitted to medical admission wards for elderly people using strict exclusion criteria. This was safe and free from significant adverse events by comparison with other studies. The average age of the patients was 78.2 years so they formed a relatively young group compared with all patients over 75. There was a relatively long delay between presentation at the hospital and receipt of treatment. Introduction Myocardial infarction is an important clinical Patients problem among people aged over 75. In 1986, in the Protected by copyright. North West Thames region of the UK, there were The Department of Medicine for Elderly People at 1,742 hospital admissions and 716 deaths ofpeople Whipps Cross Hospital operates an age-related, 75 of this age with this diagnosis. This group of and over, admissions policy.6 This report describes patients formed 32% of all cases and 54% of all 73 patients (37 men) who received streptokinase. deaths from this cause.' The value of thrombolytic Seventy-one had an acute myocardial infarct using treatment in patients over the age of 75 is not clear. standard electrocardiogram (ECG) and enzymatic Trials in the United States have systematically criteria. Two presented with chest pain and ECG excluded patients over the age of 76.2 Of European abnormalities but did not have a myocardial trials, the GISSI-1 trial3 showed no significant infarct in retrospect. The average age was 78.2 difference in mortality between patients aged over years (range 75-88). Because of our initial caution 75 treated with streptokinase and controls (1,215 we used strict criteria for treatment. The policy for patients; mortality 28.9% in streptokinase exclusion criteria in streptokinase use for the whole patients, 33. 1% in controls). By contrast the ISIS- hospital is shown in Table I with extra exclusion 24 study showed that, in patients aged over criteria for patients over 75 noted. The main reason 70, http://pmj.bmj.com/ aspirin and streptokinase, both separately and for the extra exclusion criteria was a concern over together, improved mortality. In particular, the the induction ofbleeding in patients with problems, mortality in patients treated with both aspirin and relatively common among elderly people, ofpeptic streptokinase over the age of 70 was 15.8%, ulcer (often painless), fracture, stroke or heart significantly lower than the 23.8% mortality in block needing pacing. These exclusion criteria were age-matched controls. Lew and colleagues' on the printed in the district formulary. Patients were other hand studied 24 patients over 75 given treated if these criteria were absent and they had streptokinase. Six had major haemorrhagic com- evidence of myocardial infarction with onset of on September 26, 2021 by guest. plications, four of which were fatal. They con- symptoms less than 24 hours before the start of cluded that patients aged 75 and older should not treatment. Evidence of infarction was considered be routinely treated with streptokinase. to be prolonged chest pain with typical ECG In view of this conflicting data, we decided to changes, prolonged chest pain with 1 mm ST institute a policy of using streptokinase for elevation in limb leads or 2 mm ST elevation or myocardial infarction in patients over the age of75 depression in chest leads, and atypical symptoms with strict exclusion criteria and to evaluate our with classical acute ECG changes. If patients had results. prolonged chest pain with a normal ECG, they were not treated but the ECG was repeated in 3 Correspondence: K. Kafetz. hours and only treated if the ECG had changed as *Present address: North Middlesex Hospital, Sterling described. Way, London N18 lQX, UK. Streptokinase was given at an average of 8.1 Accepted: 2 March 1992 hours after the onset of symptoms (range 2-21 USE OF STREPTOKINASE IN ELDERLY PATIENTS 747 Postgrad Med J: first published as 10.1136/pgmj.68.803.746 on 1 September 1992. Downloaded from Table I Exclusion criteria for streptokinase treatment and given streptokinase. Twenty-four hours later she developed chest and back pain followed by 1. Severe heart failure cardiac arrest. At post mortem the left pleural 2. Active peptic ulceration contained 250 ml of 3. Known severe defect in haemostasis or cavity almost fresh blood, the coagulation pericardium contained a small old blood clot, there 4. Known severe liver disease was no evidence of a dissecting aneurysm, the 5. Blood pressure on admission exceeding spleen was very soft and haemorrhagic, and there 180/100 mmHg were areas of haemorrhage near the tail of the 6. Major surgery within the past 6 days pancreas. 7. Major trauma within the past 4 days Ofthe patients with possible adverse reactions to 8. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation or central streptokinase, two died. One was the patient de- venous cannulation prior to institution of scribed above. The other had a hypotensive reac- treatment tion and on the next had clinical evidence 9. Pregnancy day of *10. Cardiogenic shock ventricular septal rupture. * 11. Recent peptic ulceration or receiving treatment for peptic ulceration or other site or suspected site ofgastrointestinal bleeding Discussion * 12. Trauma within past 4 weeks including limb or skull fractures Age is still seen as a contraindication to throm- * 13. Unstable bradyarrhythmia likely to need bolytic treatment, covertly as much as overtly. pacemaker Pfeffer and colleagues, writing in 1991, studied * 14. Stroke within the last 3 months 2,231 patients up to the age of 79 and noted:8 'The * 15. Other life-threatening illness or prognosis for influence ofage on the use ofthrombolytic therapy life of 3 months or less could not just be attributed to major differences Protected by copyright. * Marks specific exclusion criteria for those 75 and over among older patients since the frequency ofthrom- only. bolytic use decreased progressively with age, even in the individuals younger than 70 years.' About a third of the coronary care units in the United Kingdom, have an age-related thrombolysis policy hours) and an average of 3.2 hours after presenta- excluding patients from thrombolysis by varying tion at the Accident and Emergency Department age criteria.9 The British Heart Foundation survey (range I-14 hours). After 100 mg hydrocortisone of cardiologists and general physicians treating was given intravenously, 1.5 MU streptokinase myocardial infarction in 1989 showed that 50% of was given over 60 minutes in 50-250 ml of 0.9% the respondents denied thrombolysis to patients saline or 5% dextrose. Patients were not given aged 75 and over.'0 Our department has argued heparin but did receive 150 mg aspirin daily. that one of the advantages of age-related geriatric medicine is to eliminate ageist bias in clinical policies." Gurwitz and colleagues2 felt that the http://pmj.bmj.com/ Results prospect of an adequately sized, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in patients aged over 75 of There were 18 deaths (24.7%, 95% confidence thrombolysis in myocardial infarction was ex- intervals 15.3-36.1%). tremely unlikely as 4,000 patients would be needed Complications and comparisons with other pub- if death were the major end-point. Baillie and lished results are shown in Table II. The two studies Furniss have called for more data regarding cur- used for comparison4'7 are the two largest to date. rent practices of thrombolysis in elderly patients One patient had hypotension of such severity as to with myocardial infarction to enable the establish- on September 26, 2021 by guest. warrant a 'cardiac arrest call' but recovered with no ment of optimal management policies.'2 resuscitation procedures. No patients had cerebral Our results show that, contrary to the experience haemorrhages. Of the two patients with strokes, of Lew and colleagues,5 it is possible to replicate the one had a computed tomographic scan confirming results of large trials in terms of safety of throm- infarction. The other had a minor episode of right bolytic treatment in a district hospital setting hemiparesis without impairment of consciousness among patients aged 75 and over. Lew and col- the day after thrombolysis. There were minimal leagues are cardiologists and our department is a residual signs 3 months later. This contrasts with specialist department of medicine for elderly the catastrophic picture ofcerebral haemorrhage in people. This audit has encouraged us to persist with patients given streptokinase.4 The major haemorr- this treatment. However, the results raise a number hage in one patient may have been secondary to of questions. The average age of the treated attempted resuscitation. This 75 year old lady was patients is younger than the average age of all our admitted with an anterior myocardial infarction acute in-patients (about 84). Are we ourselves using 748 K. KAFETZ & R. LUDER Postgrad Med J: first published as 10.1136/pgmj.68.803.746 on 1 September 1992. Downloaded from Table II Side effects of streptokinase in this Whipps Cross series compared with the ISIS-2 study4 and the ISG study.7 The comparative figures are for patients of all ages
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