An Overview of Impact of Coal Mining on Water Resources

International Journal of Scientific Research in ______Review Paper . Multidisciplinary Studies E-ISSN: 2454-9312 Vol.5, Issue.12, pp.115-121, December (2019) P-ISSN: 2454-6143

An Overview of Impact of Coal Mining On Water Resources

Prashant Hindurao Kamble1*, Jaydeep Suresh Kumbhar2

1,2Environmental Science and Technology, Dept. of Technology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India

*Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Available online at: www.isroset.org

Received: 05/Dec/2019, Accepted: 15/Dec/2019, Online: 31/Dec/2019 Abstract- Water is one the basic needs of the mining industry. All the operations of mining, directly or indirectly require water for their functioning. The mining industry has been utilizing water carelessly without anticipating the negative impacts it is having on the ecology and the bio-diversity of the region. Acid mine drainage has become a common phenomenon associated with mining. Deaths and diseases caused by contaminated water have roused concerns everywhere. The critical situation requires carrying out water analysis of all the water bodies in and around the mines to determine the source, cause, effect and remedies of the different contaminants and pollutants. This is also a part of the corporate social responsibility that the mining industry has pledged to. This also helps in reassuring the people of the pro-development motives of the mining industry.

Keywords: Mining, water, ecology, biodiversity, acid mine drainage, corporate social responsibility.

I. INTRODUCTION the stated national energy strategy of maintaining fuel diversity to secure economic and security objectives. Water is the principal need of life on earth and is an essential Furthermore, the security, stability and availability of coal component for all forms of life, from micro-organisms to reserves provide a mitigating effect against price swings of man. The world’s water resources are under pressure and other fuels. must be managed for human survival. The need for physio- chemical analysis of water is very vital and all sources of Mine water may be acidic or neutral depending upon the water must be known before consumption. Mining of coal pyrite content in the coal as inorganic impurities (Salmon, deposit all over the world are being carried out under 1999). Acid mine drainage occurs in those mines in which complex hydrogeological environments causing a range of sulphur content is found in the range of 1-5% in the form of water problems affecting the production and utilization cost. Pyrite (FeS2). This degrades the water quality of the region Water pollution has now reached a crisis point. Almost every in terms of lowering the pH of the surrounding water water body is polluted to an alarming level. The estimation resources and increasing the level of total suspended solids, of quality of water is extremely important for proper total dissolved solids and some heavy metals. In non acidic assessment of the associated hazards. The extensive mining mines, water quality shows high hardness, TSS and bacterial activities also adversely affect the environment. Due to lack contaminants. The high value of hardness of mine water of proper planning and negligence of regulations an reduces its utility in domestic purposes. Pollutants such as appreciable amount of environmental degradation and TSS, TDS, oil and grease and heavy metal are found in the ecological damage to water air, and soil occurs. coal mining waste effluents. Management of this liquid waste at the primary level and secondary level has always been Coal-based electricity is strategically critical to any country’s suggested to control the pollution level at the source. These environment and water resources though it provides concerns threaten to scatter the whole idea of coal being used economic stability via energy security. In the present world, as an alternative power source. over 50% of the countries, e.g. United States’ derive electricity from the use of domestic coal. This is in view of The problems associated with mining activities are land the fact that no energy source is currently available that can degradation, disposal of overburden, deforestation, washing provide a viable, low-cost alternative for electricity rejects, subsidence, water pollution due to wash off, production. United States, for example, has a doubled coal discharge of mine water, acid mine drainage, coal washing production since 1970, increasing from 520 million tons in operation, air pollution due to release of gases and dust, 1970 to over 1 billion tons in 2001 (AFREPREN/FWD, noise pollution, mine fires etc. Water pollution from coal 2006). The continued use of coal in a clean and includes negative health and environmental effects from the environmentally acceptable manner is possible and supports mining, processing, burning, and waste storage of coal,

© 2019, IJSRMS All Rights Reserved 115 Int. J. Sci. Res. in Multidisciplinary Studies Vol. 5(12), Dec 2019 including acid mine drainage, thermal pollution from coal determine methods to predict the hazards in advance of plants, acid rain, and contamination of groundwater, streams, mining, if possible. rivers, and seas from heavy metals, mercury, and other toxins and pollutants found in coal ash, coal sludge, and coal waste. The study on geology considers the mineralogy and Water contamination is inevitable. It is bound to occur due to weathering of the rocks, dip of zone 0 coa* occurrence, the presence of various minerals in the rock. competence of the rocks and sediments (surface and near surface geology) (Callaghan et al, 1998). They are Our efforts should concentrate on checking the pollution augmented by geologic discontinuities i.e. ractures and levels of different parameters and keeping it within the lineaments, surface topography, ground water (including prescribed standards. As far as concerned, water pollution water elevation and fluctuation), method of mining, rate of due to man-made activities should be prevented in the best advance, backfilling, time and structural characteristics possible manner. This is where coal mining has the biggest (Brady, 1998). impact. Our actions are not checked. In our endeavor to meet our demands and fulfill targets, we fail to realize the impact Despite all the advantages earmarked by the energy sector, our actions can have on the environment. We also fail to the discovered coal deposits in Mui basin contain sulphur, realize the proper and safe use of resources around pollution iron, volatile matter, ash, carbon, nitrogen and trace elements prone areas. like Cd, Se, Cr, Pb and Hg which are known to be environmental unfriendly if poorly handled especially where We must adopt methods that are less prone to damaging the there is inadequate information on geology, geological environment, in particularly the water bodies, both the structures, soils and groundwater flow systems (Rushton, nearby and the far away ones. For this purpose a complete 2003). Also both opencast and underground mining method survey of the water bodies in the mining area should be can be a recipe for water pollution. In the process of carried out to understand the challenges that need to be exploration and mining, huge amounts of water are faced. Water quality analysis gives an overall picture of the discharged to facilitate the operations. This water often quality of water present in the mines. It helps identify the contains high loads of total suspended solids (TSS), total areas of concern, the parameters which are most harmful, dissolved solids (TDS), hardness and heavy metals, which contaminants which pollute the most and the areas which contaminate the surface and ground water regimes. cause the contamination. The high magnitude of pollution of water during coal In short it helps in identifying the source, the causes and the activities is connected to poor knowledge, assessment or effects. This helps in finding out the methods to reduce the understanding of an area’s geology, geological structures, damages. It also helps to carry out measures which prevent topography, drainage systems and location of water sources the contamination in the near future. To get a good idea of (Dhar, 1993). For example in Mui basin there is no the water quality in the mines, analysis has to be carried out documented assessment of all these issues in relation to systematically and in a pre-planned manner since parameters transmission of coal wastes since the discovery of coal in change with changing environment. The samples have to be early 1950s and subsequent exploratory drilling and targeted preserved in a proper manner to get near accurate results. A mining. Such assessments would have kept in mind the number of methods have been designed for this purpose. permeability of the rocks, the character of the soils and the Different institutions have come with different levels of trend of the geological structures when designing the mining permissible limits for various parameters. and the associated activities e.g. the sites of disposal (Kariuki et. al., 2008 and 2010). II. RELETED WORK III. LITERATURE REVIEW The study of the impacts of coal mining on hydrology with respect to geology has been directed towards the Pathak and Banerjee (1992) carried out water analysis in repercussions of mining efficiency/economics, mine Chapha incline of Umaria Coalfield in eastern Madhya dewatering, ground control and safety (Brady et al., 1988). Pradesh to determine the water quality parameters including Throughout the history of coal mining, geology has been trace element detection and microbial analyses. Sampling at responsible for serious injuries and fatalities as they are the site of investigation was done by random selection so that routinely misidentified and frequently inadequately the composition of the sample was identical to that of the supported. Brady et al., (op. cit), therefore recommends parent water body. The samples were collected before the studies on geology of an area to examine the physical monsoon period as well as after corresponding to low and characteristics of the geologic anomalies in order to make high water table conditions. The physio-chemical analysis of support and other mining recommendations which will help water comprised determination of the following parameters; mitigate the problems associated with each feature and to turbidity, pH, total alkalinity, total dissolved solids, dissolved

© 2019, IJSRMS All Rights Reserved 116 Int. J. Sci. Res. in Multidisciplinary Studies Vol. 5(12), Dec 2019 oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, chloride etc. To were neutral to slightly alkaline and pH values lied within calculate WQI, an approach similar to Horton (1965) was permissible limits. Chloride concentrations were low and followed. Trace metals were determined by Atomic within permissible limits. Sulphate concentrations exceeded Absorption Spectroscope. From the results it was found that the permissible Public Health Standards. Trace metals were the coal mine water was severely polluted. Parameters like found to be either completely absent or present in quantities turbidity, BOD, alkalinity and bacterial colonies were not less than 0.1 mg/L. within permissible limits as compared to standards. High cationic and anionic concentrations were also noticed. They Xu and Gao (2009) assessed the water quality in Huainan concluded that the mining operations were having degrading and Panyi coal mine to provide the theoretical basis for effect on the WQI. comprehensive utilization of coal mine subsided water resources. 36 sampling pints using grid technique and GPS Dharmappa et al (1998) carried out the analysis of water for accuracy were calculated for collecting water samples. quality in the Illawarra coal mines, NSW, Australia to study Water temperature, pH value, clarity, dissolved oxygen etc. the waste water quality management of the mines. A total of were measured onsite and for heavy metals were analyzed in 12 water sampling and monitoring points were established the laboratory. Ion chromatography, inductively coupled for 3 months and 6 months interval monitoring periods. The plasma atomic emission spectrometry, atomic absorption parameters that were measured are pH, electrical spectrophotometry etc. methods were used. Fuzzy evaluation conductivity, non- filterable residues, total dissolved solids method was to conduct comprehensive evaluation of its and barium. The general water quality management at the water environment and the standard for evaluation criteria site as well as the waste water treatment performance were used was GB3838-2002. The results showed that the two assessed using the above parameters. The test results showed subsided areas in the Hainan Panyi area were both polluted that the wastewater though neutral in pH had high with different degree with the west bank being lesser conductivity and total dissolved solids classifying it in class polluted than the eastern bank. 3 i.e. characterized the water as highly saline and hence unfit for irrigation. The investigations on the treated waste water Atkins et al (2010) analyzed the water quality in the aquifers revealed neutral pH, low suspended solids content, low to of the Thar lignite deposit in Sindh, Pakistan to improve the medium conductivity and medium total dissolved solids thus life of the people inhabiting the nearby areas. Water samples placing it as class2 i.e. medium saline water and hence were collected both from top and bottom aquifer from approved for irrigating soils of moderate draining shallow water wells and boreholes. PH values were characteristics. determined using a pH meter. Conductivity and TDS were used to determine total dissolved solids and conductivity of Khandelwal and Singh (2005) attempted to predict the the sample. A spectrophotometer was used to determine the chemical parameters like sulphate, chlorine, chemical oxygen hardness and ions of various elements. The test results demands, total dissolved solids and total suspended solids in indicated that the aquifer can be classified as (sodium, mine water using artificial neural network (ANN) by potassium) chloride type water with a TDS range of 1000 to incorporating the pH, temperature and hardness. The 2000 mg/L. there was no detection of heavy metals and toxic prediction by ANN is also compared with Multivariate metals including arsenic, mercury and lead or cyanide. The Regression Analysis (MVRA). For this purpose a total of 30 aquifer classified as brackish (saline water) was required to data sets were taken for the training of the network while undergo treatment before it can be utilized for domestic or testing and validation of the network was done by 10 data industrial consumptions. sets. The prediction of results of chemical parameters of mine water by ANN were very satisfactory and acceptable as Carlos et al (2011) studied the impact of coal mining on compared to MVRA and seems to be a good alternative for water quality of three artificial lakes in Morizini River Basin. pollutants prediction. Sampling was carried out in two seasons, summer and winter of 2003. Principal component analysis was carried out to Singh (2008) investigated water samples from Jharia, identify possible relations among lakes, depth, and season. Raniganj and Northeastern Coalfields to study the impact of The analysis was based on a product moment matrix coal mining on water quality from underground mines of obtained from a range standardized matrix. The physical and Indian coalfields. Standard methods were used for analysis. chemical variables selected for the PCA were temperature, The pH and conductivity values were measured using Philips total solids, calcium, aluminium, silicon, iron, zinc, nickel, pH-meter and systronics Conductivity Bridge respectively. pH, electric conductivity and dissolved oxygen. The results Iron was estimated spectrophotometrically using VS U2 showed that pH increased with depth ranging from 5-7; the spectrophotometer. The quantitative analyses of trace metals pH being slightly higher during winter. The electrical were done using atomic absorption spectrophotometer, SP conductivity values were high ranging from 700 to 900 μs 1900. The results showed that the underground mine waters cm-1 in both periods. DO values were lower during summer.

Total solids concentrations were higher in Lake 1 and 2 than purposes. The analysis showed the water samples to vary in Lake 3. So42-, Ca, Mg and K concentrations were higher from neutral to little alkaline, high values of EC, TDS, TH, in Lake 1 and 2 than in Lake 3. The data observed showed HCO3-, Cl-, SO42- and K. Among the trace metals Fe, Zn, that coal mining has made a strong environmental impact. Cu and Mn analyzed, Mn content was found to be dominant. The nearby areas were found unfit for irrigation due to high Muthangya and Samoei (2012) assessed the quality of values of salinity and alkali hazard (SAR), RSC, SSP and PI. water due to mining activities in coal rich Mui Basin on Kitui Sandipan et al (2013) assessed the ecological status and County, Kenya. 9 sampling points were chosen from shallow seasonal variation of surface water parameters of opencast open wells and boreholes to collect water samples. Mapping coal pit lakes in Raniganj Coalfield area. Water samples were of the location of the selected shallow wells as well as the collected from four different OCP at strategic locations and boreholes was carried out by use of a high sensitivity GPS mixed thoroughly before analysis. The sampling procedure navigator, GARMIN eTrex Legend HCx. The pH, electrical and analysis was carried for 3 consecutive years on regular conductivity, resistance, total dissolved solids and salinity basis seasonally. Parameters like temperature, pH, electrical were determined using SANXIN Model SX751 while the conductivity, free carbon dioxide, dissolved oxygen and cationic composition were determined according to standard primary conductivity were analyzed on time in the field. The methods in an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The rest of the parameters were analyzed in the laboratory. It was results showed that the samples were alkaline but within found that the surface water quality in the abandoned mines guidelines suggested by WHO. The conductivity was high were alkaline, soft to moderately hard and fresh in nature. ranging from 1600 - 3700 micro Siemens/cm at 25oC which The rest of the parameters were within permissible limit is outside the permissible limit. TDS values varied from 635 hence the pit could be used as a reservoir and its water for – 2637 outside the 500 – 2000 mg/L prescribed limit. various purposes.

Verma et al (2012) analyzed the water sample of pond Dwivedi et al (2014) studied the pollution levels in Hasdeo located near Nandani Mines in Durg district, Chhattisgarh. River due to coal mining activities nearby and assess it for its For the purpose sampling strategic locations were plotted and portability. Water samples collected from three different water samples were collected in plastic bottles and locations on the river in Korea district and analyzed for transported immediately to the laboratory. The water samples parameters such as pH, alkalinity, hardness, sulphate, fluorite taken from the pond were analyzed for BOD, TDS, COD, and chloride concentrations, total oxygen and total dissolved nitrate, chlorine, iron sulphide, magnesium, calcium, solids. The samples were analyzed in the laboratory for carbonate, PO4, NH3. The observed values of various physio-chemical properties. It was found that all the tested physiochemical parameters of water samples were compared parameters were within the permissible limit and there was with the standard values recommended by World Health no adverse effect on the waste quality of the river. Organization for drinking purposes. It was found that the pond water was slightly alkaline and hardness was high. The IV. IMPORTANCE OF GROUND WATER TDS value was 1970 mg/L. the values were also compared to MODELING IN COAL MINING AREAS ON tap water samples and were found to be quite higher in POLLUTION AND ON LIFE comparison. They concluded that the pond water was unsafe for drinking because of contamination by nearby mining An aquifer is a water-bearing body of rock which stores and activities. transmits water. The disturbance of the subsurface caused by coal mining creates substantial systems of interconnected Zakir et al (2013) assessed the water quality around voids which, once flooded, typically display the storage and Barakpuria opencast coal mine for suitability in domestic, transmission functions characteristic of aquifers (Adams and industrial, livestock and irrigation use. 26 water samples Younger, 1997). However, because of the size and from different water sources (19 mine water and 7 ground engineered connectivity of mined voids, the aquifer water sources samples) were collected from different sides of behaviour of flooded abandoned mine voids often has little in Barakpuria coal mine area. The samples were analyzed in the common with the Darcian laminar flow aquifers which laboratory for pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved account for most groundwater resources. Undoubtedly, coal solids, dissolved oxygen, major cations & anions and trace mined systems do display marked behavioural similarities to elements. Methods such as AgNO3 titration, titration with karstified limestones and evaporites, although they are also standard H2SO4, flame photometry, spectrophotometry, distinguished from these closest natural relatives by the atomic absorption spectrophotometer etc. were used for particular geometries of voids present and the lateral scale of analysis. Parameters such as sodium absorption ratio (SAR), interconnection. soluble sodium present (SSP), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), permeability index (PI), and hardness were calculated In order to protect water sources from pollution in such a to evaluate the suitability of water quality for the agricultural setting, modeling is used to brush over the fact that the

© 2019, IJSRMS All Rights Reserved 118 Int. J. Sci. Res. in Multidisciplinary Studies Vol. 5(12), Dec 2019 system does not compare very well with a sand filter (the consequences at a later stage in the life of the mine. The device for which Darcy’s Law was after all devised) and gravity of the impact of these activities depend on a number apply a standard Darcian flow code (Di Pretoro and Rauch, of factors like the geology of the area, the mineral 1988) such as MODFLOW (Dutta et al., 2002). In this, the constituents of the coal, the composition of the overburden, model seeks no more than a regional water balance. scale of operations, rainfall distribution, etc. Some of the According to Amyot and Vezina (1997) this approach is major sources of water pollution in coal mining areas are unlikely to disappoint, though it remains no more defensible as an algorithm than the simplest of “black box” calculations. 1. Mine water drainage/Acid mine drainage As long as Sjjme detail required e.g. reproduction of the Coal seams sometimes have high concentration of pyrites details of a well and the piezometric level record at a given which in presence of water and oxygen undergo oxidation to point, then the formulating transfer coefficients is possible give sulphuric acid thereby increasing the acidity and pH of (Juwarkar, 2004). the water used. This water contaminates the other water bodies and the ground water when discharged from the mine. The results of modeling consists of two continuum models, On the other hand, Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) related one representing the Technical Report (Teutsch and Sauter, pollution loads include •environmental, socio-economic, 1990) relatively slow flow through small fractures while the political and financial risks (Adler and Rascher, 2007). other represents flow through the major conduits mostly Environmental risks include surface and groundwater characterized by changes in the flow direction. In order to pollution in the form of heavy metal uptake in the consider cavities in area underlain by limestone like around environment, the degradation of soil quality and the harming Mui, CAVE (Carbonate Aquifer Void Evolution) model has of aquatic fauna (Pulles et al., 2005; Adler and Rascher, been developed in which a single-layer MODFLOW model 2007). Such pollution has been linked with several health has a 2D pipe network routed through it representing caves related consequences. Groundwater contaminated with AMD and other large cylindrical conduits in which the flow can be might unwittingly be consumed by individuals, with represented as either laminar or turbulent according to treatment often ineffective by the time the effects materialize ambient conditions (Juwarkar, 2004). This model also (Cooke and Limpitlaw, 2003). allows for simulation of the development of caves during coal mining. Moebs and Sames (1989) described a similar Acid mine drainage also has enormous direct and indirect model in which the “fast flow” network is represented by a financial implications for government and the mining “parallel plate” fracture model using the Poiseuille equation. industry and can raise constitutional issues under certain According to Nuttal et al., (2002) interpretation of circumstances. According to a recent Australian report, the MODFLOW results help to simulate piezometric drawdown total costs of AMD in Australia were expected to reach (during mining), flow direction and subsequent recovery approximately $80 million annually with an estimated cost. (after mine closure) for strata surrounding a coal mine. $1 000 million over 15 years. Similar expenses were also Neymeyer (2003) recommended a collaborative reported in Canada and the United States (Clescerial et al., geotechnical-hydrogeological during mining to investigate 1998). The South African Department of Water Affairs and the changes in permeability arising from active subsidence forestry has spent more than R120 million over the last above longwall workings. However, where the model must decade to investigate and clean up the historic pollution simulate flow in flooded voids, rather than (or as well as) in caused by abandoned or liquidated mines. This amount is the surrounding strata, MODFLOW and similar laminar-flow only a traction of the total amount that may ultimately be models appear to be less applicable. required (Schwab, 2002).

V. USE OF WATER IN COAL MINING Mining operations substantially alter the hydrological and topographical characteristics of mining areas and Water as a resource is integral to process of extraction of subsequently affect surface runoff, soil moisture, coal both from surface and underground mines. Operations evapotranspiration and groundwater behaviour (Schwab, (op. such as coal cutting in underground mines, dust suppression, cit). Further, the interconnectedness of underground mine coal preparation, coal washing, domestic use in mines, etc. workings associated with different mining companies The mines usually salvage the ground water to meet their increases the liabilities associated with AMD, especially for demands and in the absence of ground water, they acquire those companies last in operation, since “the cumulative water from the nearby water resources. impact resulting from all the mines in a region could be imposed upon the last mine in the region to cease operations” VI. IMPACT OF COAL MINING (Pulles et al., 2005). The removal of highly acidic water from active mine workings may also have large cost implications, Coal mining activities can directly affect the quality of the as the replacement of infrastructure such as pumps and water or indirectly through processes which may show its pipelines due to excessive corrosion is extremely expensive

© 2019, IJSRMS All Rights Reserved 119 Int. J. Sci. Res. in Multidisciplinary Studies Vol. 5(12), Dec 2019 and could reduce mine productivity over time (Colwel et al., rivers. Polluted water can affect the bio-diversity of the area. 1999). Increase or decrease in pH of the water can affect or prevent the growth of the plants in the area. Similarly, increase in 2. Loose material runoffs other physical and chemical parameters directly or indirectly The process of mining is usually associated with generation affect vegetation of the area. With no vegetation and of large amount of dust and, the mineral and overburden contaminated water the wildlife also faces the brunt. excavated are converted to loose material. Winds pick up these dust particles along with loose material and deposit VIII. HEALTH IMPACTS them on water bodies. Loose material is also carried by the streams running through the mines which eventually meet The consumption of such waters can lead to severe health the main course or end into a water reservoir causing problems, diseases and even deaths in some cases. Different pollution in both cases. contaminants affect different portions of the body individually and collectively. Consumption of water 3. Oil and fuel spills containing lead beyond permissible limits causes Oils and fuels are used for the machinery and equipment neurological disorders with most cases ending up in deaths. used in the mining operations. These oils and fuel sometimes Similarly there are trace metals like arsenic, cadmium, leak away or washed off during cleaning and maintenance. cobalt, copper, iron, etc. which can severe damages to the The water used for washing or during rains, these oils and nervous system. The major health problems associated with fuels contaminate the nearby water bodies. water contamination are gastro-intestinal irritation, methaemoglobinemia and dental and skeletal fluorosis. 4. Pollutant leaching from overburden dump Overburden dump is the waste material which has to be IX. CONCLUSION removed before the mineral resources can be salvaged. The waste materials can contain pollutants in the form of heavy It clearly shows that coal mining has certain impact on the metals of other chemicals which leach out during the rains water quality. The present review shows that coal mining has and pollute the surrounding areas. significant impact on various environmental parameters of water. Based on above information it can be concluded that 5. Sewage discharges coal mining has impacted various components of A mine employs hundreds of people, who’s domestic and environment and the life and livelihood of the local sanitary water needs have to be taken care of. The sewage population. It is therefore attention of all concerned from the domestic and sanitary use of water can cause stakeholders; particularly the owners of mines are drawn for pollution if they discharges untreated. proper management and conservation of the environment in order to halt further loss of forest cover and top soil and to VII. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS prevent deterioration of water quality, soil degradation, air and noise pollution for the healthy environment and The mines acquire natural water reservoirs to fulfill their sustainable development of the region. The acidic nature of needs. These reservoirs are sometimes the only source of the water is mainly due to the pyrite content contained in the usable water for the people for their domestic and coal. The high selenium concentrations may be due the agricultural needs. 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Assessment of Impact of on water quality of three artificial lakes in Morozini River Basin”, Bauxite Mining on Environment. i-manager’s Journal on Future Actd Limnologica Bratsiliensid, Vol. 23, pp: 271-281. Engineering and Technology, 14(4), 14-21. [14] Muthangya M and Samoei D, 2012, “Status of water quality in the coal https://doi.org/10.26634/jfet.14.4.16069 rich Mui Basin on Kitui county, Kenya”, ARPN Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 1, pp: 48-51. AUTHORS PROFILE [15] Verma S, Thakur B and Das S, 2012, “To analyse the water sample of pond located near Nandini mines in Durg district, Chattisgarh, India”, Mr. Prashant Hindurao Kamble, completed Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Vol. 22, pp: 1-3. his B-Tech (civil engineering) from [16] Zakir H M, Islam M M, Arafat M Y and Sharmin S, 2013, Department of Technology, Shivaji University, “Hydrogeochemsitry and quality assessment of waters of an Open coal Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India. He is currently mine area in a developing country”, International Journal of Geosciences Research, Vol. 1, pp: 20-44. pursuing M-Tech (Environmental Science and [17] Pal S, Mukherjee A K, Senapati T, Samanta P, Mondal S, Ghosh A R, Technology) from Department of Technology, 2013, “Surface water quality assessment of abandoned opencast coal Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India. He also pit akes in Raniganj coalfields area, India”, Journal of Environmental qualified UGC NET (Environmental Science). His research Sciences, Vol. 4, pp: 175-188 [18] Dwivedi P R, Augur M R, Agarwal A, 2014, “Assessment of water interest includes Environmental Impact Assessment, Waste quality of Hasdeo river, Korea district, Chattisgarh: with special Management, and Water Management etc. reference to pollution due to coal mines”, International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology, pp: 854-857. Mr. Jaydeep Suresh Kumbhar, completed [19] Adams, R. and Younger. P.L. (1997). Simulation of groundwater his BE (civil engineering) from Sanjeevan rebound in abandoned mines. [20] Di Pretoro, R.S. and Rauch H.W. (1988). Use of Acid- Base Accounts Engineering and Technology Institute, in Pre-mining Prediction of Acid Drainage Potential: A new Approach Panhala, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India. He is from Northern West Virginia. In: Proc.. Mine Drainage and Surface currently pursuing M-Tech (Environmental Mine Reclamation, Vol.l USBM IC 9183. P 1- 10. Science and Technology) from Department of Technology, [21] Dutta, M., and Ghosh, R. S. G. (2002). Impact of Mining on Water Regime and its Management in Jharia Coalfield India, Proceedings, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India. His International Conference on Hydrology and Watershed Management research interest includes Environmental Impact Assessment, with a Focal Theme on Water Quality and Conservation for Water Management etc. Sustainable Development. Eastern Province- Kenya. [22] Juwarkar, A. A.. Jambulkar, H. P. and Singh, S. K. (2004). Appropriate strategies for reclamation and revegetation of coal mine spoil dumps, National Seminar on Environmental Engineering with special emphasis on Mining Environment (NSEEME), ISM, Dhanbad.