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The Relevance of Human Rights and Human Capital Investment in the Implementation of Sustainable Development Goals (Sdgs 3 and 4) in Nigeria

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The Relevance of Human Rights and Human Capital Investment in the Implementation of Sustainable Development Goals (Sdgs 3 and 4) in Nigeria The Relevance of Human Rights and Human Capital Investment in the Implementation of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 3 and 4) in Nigeria By Precious Olayinka Hepzibah Student No: U1000170 A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the school of Business and Law, University of East London, for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. March 2021 i Abstract A human rights-based approach to development has found recent support from both State and Non-State Actors in the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals in addressing development challenges in Nigeria and Africa. Since 2015, in Nigeria, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have attempted to create a renewed national conversation about the extent of the country‟s development challenges. These include poor human capital development/investment, infrastructure issues, and the lack of technological innovation, corruption and governance challenges, and the lack of proper government policies on development, which continue to hinder development progress. This thesis set out to define this approach, to examine the extent to which it is relevant, how it is applied, and to evaluate the barriers and challenges to the use of this approach in addressing poor human capital development challenges in Nigeria. This thesis is a library-based enquiry and adopts quantitative, inter-disciplinary, databases, and socio-legal approaches to understanding the context behind the poor human capital development challenges in Nigeria. Through examples this thesis shows how the approach works in practice, it went on to identify and discuss three human rights principles that play key roles to showcase its relevance in the implementation of Sustainable Development Goals SDGs 3 and 4 in Nigeria. This includes (1) participation and inclusion, (ii) non-discrimination and equality, and (iii) accountability. In terms of relevance, this thesis shows that the approach is related to the process of empowerment, and provides an opportunity for the use of legal instruments in defence of the marginalised or vulnerable groups such as women, girls and the Almajiris in the North. This thesis concludes that a human rights-based approach provides new avenues to address the issue of inequality by providing help to the marginalised or vulnerable groups such as women, girls, and the Almajiris in the North thereby ensuring equality between the North and South in terms of development outcomes. ii CONTENTS ABTRACT …………………………………………………...………...……………….... ii CONTENTS …………………………………………………………......………….……. iii-vi ABBREVIATIONS ……………………………………………………...…......……...…. vi-x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………………………………………...……...………...…… xi DEDICATION ……………………………………...……………………......………...…. xi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION, STUDY SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY …………………......… 1 1.1 General Introduction ……………………………………………………………... 1-8 1.2 Statement of Research Problem ……… ……………………………….......…… 9- 1.3 Objectives of the Study and Research Questions ………………………….……. 10-13 1.4 Research Methodology ……………………………………………………….…. 14-18 1.5 Expected Contribution to Knowledge and Originality …………………………... 18-20 1.6 Significance of the Study ………………………………………………………... 20 1.7 Scope and Limitation of Study ………………………………………………...… 20-21 1.8 Structure of the Study ………………………………………………...…….……. 21-23 CHAPTER TWO: DEFINING A HUMAN RIGHTS-BASED APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENT ……. 23 2.1 Evolution of a Human Rights-Based Approach to Development …………...…... 24-27 2.2 The Key Features of a Human Rights-Based Approach to Development ………. 27-28 2.3 Universality and inalienability …………………………………………………... 28-29 2.4 Indivisibility ……………………………………………………………………... 29-30 2.5 Inter-dependence and Inter-relatedness ……………………………….………… 30-31 2.6 Equality and Non-discrimination …………………………………………….…. 31-34 2.7 Participation and Inclusion …………………………………………………….... 34 2.8 Accountability ……………………………………………………...…………… 35-36 2.9 The Rule of Law …………………………...…………………………………… 36-37 2.10 The Concept of Right-Holders and Duty-Bearers …………………………….… 37-39 2.11 The Duty-Bearers ……...……………………………………………………...… 39 2.12 The Right-Holders……………………………………………………….……… 39-44 2.13 The African Regional Human Rights System …………...……………………… 44-45 iii 2.14 The Africa/Banjul Charter on Human and Peoples ………...…………………... 45-46 2.15 Article 22 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights ……………… 46-48 CHAPTER THREE: LITERATURE REVIEW ……………………………………………...………...…….... 49 3.1 Understanding Human Rights, Human Capital Development and the SDGs ...… 49-57 3.2 Theoretical and Conceptual Framework on Human Rights, Human Capital Development and SDGs ………………………………………….…….….…… 57-60 3.3 The Concept of Sustainable Development Goals ……………………….……... 60-63 3.4 The Concepts of Human Rights ……………………...…………….... …..……. 63-67 3.5 Human Capital Development/Investment ……………………………………… 67 3.6 Human Resources and its link to Human Rights ………………………………. 68-69 3.7 The linkages between Human Rights, Human Capital Development and the SDGs………………………………………………………………………….… 69-75 3.8 Anti-Corruption ……………………………………………………………...….75-76 3.9 Governance …………………………………………….………………………. 77-79 3.10 A Review of African Perspectives on Human Rights, Human Capital Development and the SDGs…………………………………………………………....……… 79-82 CHAPTER FOUR: UNDERSTANDING NIGERIA’S DEVELOPMENT CONTEXT……………….… 83-86 4.1 Placing Human Rights in Nigeria into Broader Context ………………….……. 86-87 4.2 Human Rights and Human Capital Development in Pre-Colonial/Slave Trade Era …………………………………………………………………………………………… 87-95 4.3 Human Rights and Poor Human Capital Investment in Colonial Era ….….…… 95-98 4.4 Human Rights and Poor Human Capital Investment in the Post-Colonial Era … 98-100 4.5 The Implementation of the SDGs in Nigeria ...…………….…………………… 100-101 4.6 Barriers to the Implementations of SDGs in Nigeria ……………………...…… 101-102 4.6.1 Militancy in the Niger Delta in the South …………………………...…… 102-104 4.6.2. Conflict and Violent Extremism in the North …………………………… 104-112 4.6.3. Limited Financial Capacity for Investment in SDGs Related Activities ... 112-113 4.6.4. Humanitarian Crisis in the North East ……………………………...…… 113-115 4.6.5. Weak Public Sector Institutional Capacities ……………………….….… 115-119 4.7 Current Developmental Challenges ………………………………...….………. 119-120 4.8 Poor Human Capital Investment/Development …...……...…………….….…... 120-126 4.9 Education Policy Performance and Student/Teacher Ratios ………………...… 126-130 iv 4.10 The Challenge of Socio-Economic Inequalities …………………………….…. 130-143 4.11 Lack of Evidence-Based Intervention …………………………………………. 143-144 CHAPTER FIVE: UNDERSTANDING BARRIERS AND CHALLENGES TO THE USE OF A HUMAN RIGHTS-BASED APPROACH IN NIGERIA …………………….…. ……….…… 145 5.1 Barriers to the Use of a Human Rights-Based Approach in Nigeria ………...… 146-147 5.2 The lack of Implementation and Enforcement of Laws and Policies ………...... 147-149 5.2.1. Globalisation and its negative consequences …………………………... 149-150 5.3 Lack of Respect for All Human Rights ………………………………………… 150-152 5.4 Challenges to the use of A Human Rights-Based Approach to Development in Nigeria ………………………………………………………………………. 152-154 5.5 Governance ………………………………………………….…………………. 154-155 Good Governance ……………………………………………………………… 155-156 5.7 Poor Governance ………………………………………………………………. 156-158 5.8 The Lack of Transparency and Accountability /Corruption ……………...…… 158-162 5.9 Judicial Performance ...………………………………………………………… 162-164 5.10 The lack of Access to Justice for All ...………………………………………… 164-166 5.11 Rule of Law ……………………………………………………………………. 166-167 5.12 Legal pluralism and its impact …………………………………………………. 167-169 5.13 The Lack of Institutional Capacity ………………………………...………...… 169-170 5.14 The Lack of Human Right Education ………………………………….….…… 170-173 5.15 Inequality and Discrimination ………………………………….……………… 173-176 5.16 The lack of human rights-based approach to participation …………………… 176-178 5.17 Lack of Monitoring and Evaluation………………………………….…….…… 179-181 CHAPTER SIX: ADDRESSING HUMAN RIGHTS AND POOR HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA …………………………………………………………………….…... 182-184 6.1 A Human Rights-Based Approach in Addressing Development Challenges in Nigeria ………………………………………………………………….…. 184-188 6.1.1. A Human Rights-Based Approach to Health in Nigeria ……….…… 188-189 6.1.2. The Right to Health in Nigeria ……………………………………… 189-192 6.2 Key Elements of the Right to Health in Nigeria …………………………… 192 6.2.1 Availability ………………………………………………...…...…… 193 6.2.2. Accessibility …………………………………………………...……. 193-194 v 6.2.3. Acceptability ………………………………………………...……… 195 6.2.4. Quality ………………………………………………………………. 195 6.3 Key Elements of a Human Rights-Based Approach to Health …………….… 196-197 6.3.1. Participation and Inclusion of the Citizen in the Decision-Making Process …………………………………………………………………………….…... 197-198 6.3.2. Equality and non-discrimination …………………………………...… 198-199 6.3.3. Accountability for the right to health ………………………………… 199-200 6.4 A Human Rights-Based Approach to Education in Nigeria …………… …. .... 200-202 6.4.1. The Right to Education and its Legal Framework …………….……… 202-203 6.4.2. The Rights to Education in Global or International Treaties …………. 203-204 6.4.3. The Right to Education at Regional Level ………………………….… 204-205 6.4.4. The Right to Education in Nigeria Legal Framework ...………………. 205-207 6.4.5. The Right of Access to Education in Nigeria ……………….………… 207-210 6.5 The Right to Quality Education in Nigeria………………………………………211 6.5.1. The Right to Equality of Educational Opportunity in Nigeria………….211-212 6.5.2. Equality of Opportunities and the Quota
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