Was the Book of Mormon Buried with King Follett?
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S U N S T 0 N E Moving Gracefully Toward Godhood WAS THE BOOK OF MORMON BURIED WITH KING FOLLETT? By J. Frederic Voros, Jr. SOTERIOLOGY IS THE THEOLOGY OF SALVATION AND, IN ITS To many Mormons, the Fall, redemption, mercy, and grace are narrow sense, the study of how the atonement of Jesus Christ at best mysteries, and at worst "protestant," a distinctly pejorative works. Although soteriology has historically been a theological term in popular Mormon parlance. For them, Paul’s writings are battleground, Mormons have shown only passing interest in it. dead letters: complex, probably mistranslated, best left alone. The But recently, a controversy has been quietly brewing within Book of Mormon fares a little better, but it too is largely a sealed Mormonism that is distinctly soteriological, in the larger sense of book. The occasional sacrament meeting Book of Mormon quota- the word. Opinion divides roughly into two camps, the tion generally falls into one of three catagories: admonitions to redemptive view and the progressive view. obedience, patriotic encomiums to America as the promised land, The redemptive view tends to be theocentric: it emphasizes and the annual Mother’s Day quotation from thc stripling war- the Fall, rebirth, and redemption by grace. It is skeptical of riors. Its more doctrinal passages are sddom cited. human effort and insists upon God’s active role in the salvation Many scholars of Mormonism have also tended to ignore the process. Its defenders look primarily to Paul’s letters and the Book Book of Mormon. For example, Sterling McMurrin’s book pur- of Mormon for support. porting to explicate the theological foundations of the Mormon The progressive view tends to be anthropocentric: without religion contains thirty-two references to specifically Mormon denying the supernatural, it focuses primarily on the personal sources, of which only three are to the Book of Mormon.’ This progress of the individual. It is also progressive in the sense that omission is explainable in part by the fact that few past or present it emphasizes the goodness of human nature, human potential, Mormon authorities have cited the book for its doctrine, and in and human effort; it is skeptical, of rdiance on God and insists part perhaps by McMurrin’s stated belief that the Book of Mor- that man can earn salvation. Its defenders look primarily to the mon is not a revealed text. King Follett discourse for support. Some scholarly proponents of progressive Mormonism have Most rank and file members of the Church probably do not not been content merely to ignore the book, but have sought to hold a clear view on the subject. My casual observation is that eclipse it by superimposing an evolutionary model on Joseph’s many assume that "Mormons don’t bdieve in grace" and put a soteriological views. According to this model, the Book of Mor- high premium on "earning" or "being worthy off exaltation-in mon is the product of Joseph’s early thought, shaped by the short, "making it." But they also struggle with fedings of their own evangelical and revivalist influences in early nineteenth century unworthiness and sense that unless Christ intervenes decisivdy New England. The King Follett discourse then becomes a product they have no hope. of Joseph’s more mature thought-in effect, a revision of his However, Mormon meetings generally reflect little of this earlier and less original views, almost as if Joseph had let fly a tub ambivalence. There, the hegemony of the progressive view seems of rock on the doctrine of Nephi and Jacob, and then interred it nearly complete. Judging from public statements, if the average with the body of Eider Follett. Mormon is clear on anything, it is that he is a child of God, who has sent him to parents kind and dear, who will teach him all that he must do to live with God someday. In fact, "I Am a Child of The Book of Mormon is indeed replete with traditional God" virtually circumscribes our doctrinal discourse in the Christian concepts such as the Fall, rebirth, and redemption by Church, which is then reduced to an attempt to inculcate moral grace. It teaches that because of the Fall of Adam, human nature precepts, the "all that I must do." is "carnal, sensual, and devilish" (Alma 42:10), and man himsdf "an enemy to God" (Mosiah 3:18). Mortals are caught in a J. FREDERIC VOROS, JR., is a lawyer and writer living in Salt Lake worthless and fallen state (Mosiah 4:5; see also 4:11). This City. natural or fallen state is typified by willful stir-interest and the MARCH 1987 PAGE 15 S U N S T 0 N E proclivity to gratify one’s own appetites and ego. followers of Christ should (and will) perform many good works, Unlike Calvinism, which teaches that the human will is so it is still his grace, not their works, that saves them. depraved it cannot even desire God, the Book of Mormon stresses In keeping with the doctrine of grace, the Book of Mormon free will: though in a fallen state, the individual can at least seek specifically teaches that salvation cannot be earned. King Benja-" and accept God’s saving power. But free will alone provides no min describes even the most diligent disciples as "unprofitable escape from the Fall, since mortals tend to exercise their freedom servants" (Mosiah 2: 21). Again, some attempt to circumvent grace to satisfy their own wills. Left alone, and bearing the seeds of by distinguishing between salvation, which according to their spiritual as well as temporal death, man, like ripe fruit, has a explanation comes by grace, and exaltation, which must be earned. tendency to spoil, and, taught Alma, "must unavoidably perish" This distinction leaves unexplained how people whose supreme (Alma 34:9). effort cannot earn the lesser blessing can possibly earn the greater. Jacob’s assessment is stark: free or not, had there been no Nor does Moroni seem to observe this distinction when he speaks atonement, "our spirits must have become like unto [the devil], of being "by the grace of God . perfecl! in Christ" (Moro. and we become devils, angels to a devil, to be shut out from the 10:32-33; emphasis added). presence of our God" (2 Ne. 9:9). Thus, while human beings are, The concept of grace is elucidated by other passages which as some Mormons are fond of repeating, "gods in embryo" in the explain that a person is saved, not by his own merits, but by the sense that they are the spirit offspring of a divine being, the Book merits of Christ. We read that since man had fallen he could not of Mormon teaches that humans are also devils in embryo in the merit anything himself’ (Alma 22:14); consequently, "no flesh.. sense that, without a savior, they would naturally devolve into ¯.. can dwell in the presence of God, save it be through the merits, diabolical, not divine, beings. mercy, and grace of the Holy Messiah" (2 Ne. 2:8). In addition to asserting that men inherit the effects of the Fall, Although the Book of Mormon does refer repeatedly to a the Book of Mormon holds that all humans also commit personal judgment in which men are judged by their works, such references sin, so that "by the law no flesh is justified;" in fact, "by the law never purport to establish a scheme of salvation based on human men are cut off’ from happiness (2 Ne. 2:5). merit. They can best be understood as prophetic exhortations to -[he Book of Mormon explains how humans are rescued from avoid that judgment by exercising faith in Christ. Your choice, in this predicament. Alma the Younger states that "all mankind... other words, is to be judged yourself, on your own merit, or to must be born again; yea, born of God, changed from their carnal allow Christ to be judged in your stead, in which case you are and fallen state, to a state of righteousness, being redeemed of judged on his merit. Thus Alma warns that all men shall reap the God, becoming his sons and daughters ..." (Mosiah 27:25). So, "reward of their works.., if they have been :righteous they shall revising the metaphor, the natural man is less like a god in reap the salvation of their souls, according to the power and embryo than an ovum whose development will inevitably be deliverance of Jesus Christ" (Alma 9:28, emphasis added; see also truncated unless it is fertilized by "holy seed;" it is only the D&C 45:3-5). resulting zygote, the son or daughter of God, whose natural end Third Nephi records Christ himself stating that men will stand is godhood. before him to be judged of their works, where ihe, Christ, will hold This redemption comes "in and through the Holy Messiah" guiltless those who have repented, been baptized, and endured to who "offereth himself a sacrifice for sin, to answer the ends of the the end (3 Ne. 27:16). He will hold the repentant guiltless because law, unto all those who have a broken heart and contrite spirit" he will take upon himself their transgressions; they are redeemed, (2 Ne. 2:6-7). The gateway to salvation is "repentance and in Lehi’s words, "because of the righteousness of [their] redeemer" baptism by water; and then cometh a remission of your sins by (2 Ne. 2:3). This is the gospel: our sinfulness imputed to him, his fire and by the Holy Ghost." These acts are "the commandments righteousness imputed to us.