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Local Knowledge of Utilization and Management of Sugar Palm (Arenga Pinnata) Among Cipanggulaan People of Karyamukti, Cianjur (West Java, Indonesia)

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Local Knowledge of Utilization and Management of Sugar Palm (Arenga Pinnata) Among Cipanggulaan People of Karyamukti, Cianjur (West Java, Indonesia) BIODIVERSITAS ISSN: 1412-033X Volume 19, Number 1, January 2018 E-ISSN: 2085-4722 Pages: 93-105 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d190115 Local knowledge of utilization and management of sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) among Cipanggulaan People of Karyamukti, Cianjur (West Java, Indonesia) RIMBO GUNAWAN1,♥, UGA GEMA RAMADHAN1, JOHAN ISKANDAR2, RUHYAT PARTASASMITA2,♥♥ 1Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences and Researcher at the Insitute of Ecology (PPSDAL), Universitas Padjadjaran. Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km 21, Sumedang 45363, , West Java, Indonesia. Tel. +62-22-7798418, ♥email: [email protected]; [email protected] 2Department of Biology, FMNS and Postgraduate of Environmental Study, and Researcher at the Institute of Ecology (PPSDAL), Universitas Padjadjaran. Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km 21, Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia. Tel +62-22-7797712, ♥♥email: [email protected]; [email protected] Manuscript received: 15 September 2017. Revision accepted: 9 December 2017. Abstract. Gunawan R, Ramadhan UG, Iskandar J, Partasasmita R. 2017. Local knowledge of utilization and management of sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) among Cipanggulaan People of Karyamukti, Cianjur (West Java, Indonesia). Biodiversitas 19: 93-105. Sugar palm, locally known as kawung or aren, (Arenga pinnata (Wurmb.) Merr.) has long been known for its various ecological, economic, and socio-cultural uses among rural people of West Java. Rural people have utilized and managed kawung based on their local knowledge. Nowadays, however, the abundance of kawung trees has been decreasing in many areas, for example, through reduction in planting and destruction. The decreasing experience in managing kawung trees among local people has eroded their local knowledge, and therefore documenting this knowledge is important before it disappears entirely. This paper (i) reports local knowledge of the Cipanggulaan people of Cianjur, West Java on landraces of sugar palm; (ii) identifies various uses of sugar palm by those people, and (iii) describes traditional management systems for the sugar palm conducted by those people. This study adopted qualitative methods developed in ethnobotany based on participant observation and in-depth interviews. Research findings identified two local landraces and at least 10 different plant parts used in various ways. Particular attention was paid to the making of palm sugar in various ways. Conservation of the sugar palm has traditionally been conducted by selective harvesting of the sugar palm fruit and allowing some palms to regenerate naturally. Keywords: Local knowledge, species variation, utilization, management, sugar palm INTRODUCTION are managed, sugar palm (kawung) is tapped, chicken is taken care of, and our life is always healthy". Sundanese people who live in rural areas of West Java Based on this manuscript, it can be inferred that based have known sugar palm plant, locally known as kawung or on the advice from Sundanese ancestors, each household of aren (Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr), for a long time. This rural people who would like to achieve a good livelihood plant plays important roles in ecological, economic, and and to be always healthy (hurip), some endeavors must be socio-cultural functions for rural people. On the basis of carried out, such as swidden fields (huma) to be managed, ecological functions, for example, the sugar palm plant has sugar palm to be tapped, and the chicken to be looked after. been known as protection for soil against erosion due to its In addition, the special mythology on the sugar palm plant root strength in holding soil. In terms of socio-economic has been popularly known by Sundanese people, and cultural functions, the sugar palm plant has particularly for old generation. Based on Sundanese traditionally been utilized for various purposes, for mythology, for example, the sugar palm plant is similar to instance, its flowers are tapped to obtain sap for making the paddy crop in that it has been traditionally believed as special Sundanese drink (tuak) or making sugar (gula originated from the tomb of the Goddess Dewi Asri or Nyi kawung). Tapping sugar palm plant has traditionally been Pohaci (Prawirasuganda 1964; Iskandar 1998). done by the rural Sundanese people. The old Sundanese Therefore, based on ecological history, initially, both lontar-leaf manuscript of 1518, called Sanghyang Siskanda paddy and sugar palm had traditionally been respected by ng Karesian (registered as ‘kropak 630' in the National the rural people. However, unlike paddy crops, sugar palm Museum) documented this traditions as follows: “…. imah plant had not been cultivated intensively. Sugar palms are kaosi, loit kaosi, paranje kaosi, huma kaomean, sadapan scatteringly found in various biotopes: secondary forest, (kawung) karaksa, palana ta gurip, sowe waras nyewana garden or mixed garden, even in the home-garden. Most (kropak 630, translated by Atja and Danasasmita 1981)”. sugar palms have grown naturally. Normally when This can be translated as: “ ….[our need] in the household seedlings of sugar palm are naturally found, which are (imah) is fulfilled, barn (leuit) is filled with rice, cage predominantly dispersed by common palm civet or luwak (paranje) is packed with chicken, swidden fields (huma) (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus Pallas 1777) in some agro- 94 BIODIVERSITAS 19 (1): 93-105, January 2018 ecosystem types, such as swidden farming, garden or production and content of starch in stalk of sugar palm mixed-garden, they are not given special treatment, but the were investigated (Fitriani et al. 2012; Manatar et al. 2012). surrounding area is usually left weeded (cf Iskandar 1998). This paper elucidates local knowledge of local people Historically, because villages have been closely of Cipanggulaan, Cianjur, West Java on varieties or interrelated with sugar palm plant, the villagers have landraces, utilization, and conservation of sugar palm mythology and plentiful local knowledge of this plant. As a (Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr). Three main aspects are result, the villagers have utilized sugar palm based on their elucidated in this paper, namely (i) local knowledge of the local knowledge as well as their cosmos or beliefs (cf. villagers on landraces of the sugar palm; (ii) traditional Toledo 2002; Berkes 2008). Local knowledge, in this case, utilization of the sugar palm by villagers; and (iii) has been called with various terms, including folk traditional conservation system of the sugar palm carried knowledge, traditional knowledge, indigenous knowledge, out by villagers. traditional environmental (or ecological) knowledge, We use the word landrace (following Shigeta 1996; people science or rural people knowledge. It may be Brush 1991, see also Iskandar and Ellen 1999), to defined as knowledge owned by local people, orally distinguish local people of Cipanggulaan categories for transmitted and inherited intergeneration based on practical sub-division of ancestral crop species from ‘varieties' in the engagement in everyday life and constantly reinforced by conventional Western taxonomic sense. Thus, in this experience, trial and error, and deliberate experiment which context, a landrace is a local category for grouping the is characteristically the product of many generations of sugar palm plant according to characteristics reflected in intelligent reasoning (Ellen and Harris 2000). specific vernacular names. Since the sugar palms have been managed by the rural people based on the local knowledge and beliefs, these plants have been utilized sustainably for a long time. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nowadays, however, due to human population increase, intensive market economic penetration, and the erosion of Study area local knowledge, the utilization of sugar palms in many This research was carried out in Cipanggulaan Hamlet, rural areas has decreased. For example, in many cases Karyamukti Village, Campaka Sub-district, Cianjur sugar palms have been vastly cut, even various biotopes District, West Java Province, Indonesia (Figure 1). which were previously full of sugar palms, have been Cipanggulaan hamlet was chosen due to some converted into commercial monoculture gardens, such as considerations. For example, the people in this hamlet still vegetable gardens. As a result, population of sugar palms predominantly manage and utilize sugar palm trees. In has rapidly decreased in many rural areas of West Java. addition, most old people and tappers still use and own Today the populations of sugar palm are found only some local knowledge of the sugar palm plant. areas, particularly in the upland of remote rural areas. It is To reach Cipanggulaan we can use motorcycle from interesting that although sugar palm trees have rarely been Bandung to Cianjur with an approximate distance of 62 found in many rural areas, the trees are still abundantly km. From Cianjur, we continue to travel by motorcycle found in Cipanggulaan, Karyamukti Village, Cianjur, West heading to Warung Kondang and to Cikancana, Lampegan Java. These trees have traditionally been managed and Pal Dua and finally arrive at Cipanggulaan Hamlet. The utilized for a long-standing. Indeed, the hamlet name of distance from Cianjur to Cipanggulaan is approximately Cipanggulaan is referring to a ‘location of sugar about 25 km and it takes about 2 hours to reach there by processing' because sugar palm trees have been motorcycle. predominantly found in this area, and have been The Cipanggulaan Hamlet has total area of traditionally
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