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Introduced Palm Flora– 5

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Introduced Palm Flora– 5 INTRODUCED PALM FLORA– 5 5.1. Introduction Palms are one of the most attractive well-known, highly cultivated economically most important plants in the world. It has important roles to the human throughout much of history. Introduced palms are much widely used in landscaping for their beautiful appearances (Roystonea regia, Roystonea borinquena, Raphis excelsa, R. humilis, Ptychosperma macarthurii, Chamedorea elegans etc.) and sometimes as cultivated crops (Elaeis guineensis). There were about 2600 species of ornamental palms that restricted to the various climatic zones of tropical, subtropical to humid regions of the world. In India as well as in West Bengal it is not exactly known about the exact numbers of exotic species of palms because quite a large number of them introduced by private growers. In some important government and public gardens in West Bengal palms are seldom labelled and listed with their correct nomenclature and thus case inconvenience to the palm lovers (Basu and Chakraverty 1994). Introduction and cultivation of exotic palms in India began in the early 18th century when Arabian date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) was brought for cultivation. Cultivation of indigenous and exotic palms on a scientific basis was started after the establishment of East India Company’s garden in West Bengal, when Malayan Sago palm Metroxylon sagu was introduced to India. Latter on several palms like Indonesian sugar palm (Arenga pinnata), African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) South American oil yielding Babasunut palm (Orbignya cohune) were also introduced. Several exotic species have been introduced and many of them are cultivated at present as ornamental palms in the various gardens (Renuka 2010). 5.2. Result Present survey recorded the occurrence of 47 species belonging to 26 genera of exotic palms that were recorded from the various Government gardens (Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden, The Agri Horticultural Society of India), public gardens, parks, reputed nurseries, private and Govt. institutes of West Bengal and from road side landscapes. All these species were enumerated below along with their Sub- family and tribes, Genus and species accompanied by common names, salient features, availability status, flowering and fruiting periods and distribution and with the photographs. 187 5.3. Check list of Introduced Palms in West Bengal Sub family: Coryphoideae Tribe: Borasseae Hyphaene bussei, Hyphaene thebaica, Latania loddigesii, Lodoicea maldivica Tribe: Corypheae Licuala grandis, Livistona saribus, Livistona chinensis, Livistona rotundifolia, Prichardia pacifica, Prichardia thurstonii, Raphis humilis, Raphis excelsa, Thrinax parviflora, Sabal mauritiformis, Washingtonia filifera, Washingtonia robusta Tribe: Phoeniceae Phoenix reclinata, Phoenix roebelenii, Phoenix zeylanica Sub family: Arecoideae Tribe: Areceae Archontophoenix alexandrae, Archontophoenix cunninghamiana, Areca concinna, Areca macrocalyx, Carpentaria acuminate, Dictyosperma album, Dypsis lutescens, Dypsis madagascariensis Heterospathe elata, Hyphorbe lagenicaulis, Hyphorbe vershaffeltii, Normanbya normanbyi, Ptychosperma elegans, Ptychosperma macarthurii, Ptychosperma waitianum, Roystonea borinquena, Roystonea oleracea, Roystonea regia, Veitchia merrillii. Tribe: Cocoeae Bactris major, Elaeis guineensis Tribe: Caryoteae Arenga caudate, Arenga englerii, Arenga obtusifolia, Arenga undulatifolia Sub family: Ceroxyloideae Tribe: Hyphorbeae Chamedorea elegans 188 5.4. Enumeration Archontophoenix alexandrae (F. Muell.) H. Wendl. & Drude, Linnaea 39: 212. 1875. ‘King palm’ [Fig. 65C] Solitary pinnate leaved monoecious palms. Stem erect about 4 – 6 m long, about 30 – 35 cm in diameter near base, annulate, grayish, smooth with distinct bole at base. Leaves pinnate, erect to arching, about 1.5 – 2.5 m long, crownshaft cylindrical, leaflets linear, bifarious, alternate, to 80–90 cm long, 4 – 5 cm broad at middle, reduplicately folded at base, green upper, pale green below. Inflorescence infrafoliar; prophyll large, bicarinate, spatuliform, leathery, about 50 – 60 cm long when unopened; peduncular bract large, leathery, green; both prophyll and peduncular bract caducous; flower branches decompounds, pendulous, flattened, turning to deep green in fruiting; flower clusters in triad of 2 lateral male flowers and a middle female flower, protandrous; male flowers slightly angular in bud, white about 8 mm long; stamens many; female flowers smaller than males, stigma expends at anthesis. Ripe fruits globose, deep red in colour, 1 – 1.4 cm in diameter, mesocarp pulpy, with anastomosing fibres slightly adhering to seed coat; seed one, globose, endocarp brittle. Flowering: February – September Fruiting: December – January Distribution: Native to Eastern Australia; its natural habitats is commonly found in creeks and in riverine closed forests. Cultivation: Introduced in the AJC Bose Botanic Garden, Howrah in 1978 through seed received from the Brisbane Botanic Garden, Australia; this species is useful for planting along the drive-ways, paths etc. Specimen examined: West Bengal, AJC Bose Indian Botanic Garden, Howrah, 12. 06. 2014. Mondal and Chowdhury, 1071 (Acc. No. 10710, NBU). Archontophoenix cuninghamiana (Wendl.) Wendl., & Drude, Linnaea 39: 214 1875. ‘Bangalow palm’ Solitary, pinnate leaves monoecious palms. Stem slender, erect, 16 – 14 m long, about 25 – 30 cm in diameter near base, not deeply annulate, bole not conspicuous. Leaves pinnate, arching, 2 – 6 m long; leaflets linear-lanceolate, bifarious, 1 – 1.2 m long, 2.5 – 3.5 cm broad at middle, green in colour, smooth, pointed at apices; midnerve distinct on 189 both sides, scurfy on lower side. Inflorescence infrafoliar, slightly ascending at emergence, decompounds; prophyll large green, penduncular bract leathery, rachillae satin white in colour, smooth to slightly pubescent; flowers clusters in triad of 2 lateral male flowers and a middle female flower; male flowers angular in bud, 5 mm long, petals lavender colored, stamens many; female flowers more or less gobose. Ripe fruits globose, cherry red, 1.5 cm in diameter, measocarp pulpy. Flowering: February – April Fruiting: May – August Distribution: Native to Eastern Australia. Cultivation: Introduced in the AJC Bose Indian Botanic Garden, Howrah in 1971 through seeds received from the Brisbane Botanic Garden, Australia. In each fruiting season, trees produce enormous ripe fruits/seeds that easily germinate after sowing. It is expected that within next few years this species will be common in cultivation. Specimen examined: West Bengal, AJC Bose Indian Botanic Garden, Howrah, 12.06.2014. Mondal and Chowdhury, 1072 (Acc. No. 10711, NBU). Acacia concinna (Willdenow) Candolle, Prodr. 2: 464. 1825 Climbers, shrubs, or small trees. Branchlets, leaf rachises gray tomentose; prickles abundant, minute, hooked. Stipules deciduous, ovate–cordate, 3–8 × 1.5–6 mm; leaf 10–20 cm; pinnae 6–18 pairs, 8–12 cm; glands near base of petiole and one between uppermost pinnae; leaflets 15–25 pairs, glaucous abaxially, greenish adaxially, linear- oblong, 8–12 × 2–3 mm, membranous, with a wrinkled appearance when dry, both surfaces hirsute or glabrescent, margin ciliate, midvein near upper margin. Heads globose, 9–12 mm in diam., arranged in a panicle; branches tomentose. Flowers white or yellowish, fragrant. Calyx funnel-shaped, ca. 2 mm. Corolla slightly exserted. Ovary glabrous or sericeous, stipitate. Legume brown, strap-shaped, 8–15 × 2–3 cm, fleshy, with wrinkled surfaces, sutures straight or slightly sinuate, seeming to break into seg- ments. Seeds 6–10. Flowering: April – June Fruiting: July–December Distribution: Native to Asia Areca macrocalyx Zipp. ex Bl., Rumphia 2:75,t.101,160,163 D. 1838-1839. ‘Highland betel nut palm’ 190 Stem solitary, slender, 4 – 5 m long about 12 – 15 cm in diameter near base; crownshaft distinct, cylindrical, green in colour. Leaves pinnate, ascending with a short stout petiole, leaflets linear closely packed, about 0.8 – 1 m long, terminal leaflets base joined. Inflorescence infrafolier, 25–30 cm long, simply branched, prophyll bicarinate; male flowers minute, distal; female flowers longer than males. Ripe fruits ellipsoid to ovoid, 4 × 2 cm, stigmatic portion somewhat incurved, seed conical, 2 cm long, endosperm deeply ruminate. Flowering: February– May Fruiting: June – November Distribution: Native to New Guinea. Cultivation: Very rare in cultivation. Introduced in the Indian Botanic Garden, Howrah in the year 1973 through seeds received Papua New Guinea. Germination adjacent ligular type; fresh seeds takes about 40 days to sprout. Specimen examined: West Bengal, AJC Bose Indian Botanic Garden, Howrah, 12.06.2014. Mondal and Chowdhury, 1073 (Acc. No. 10712, NBU). Arenga caudata (Lour.) H.E. Moore, Principes 4: 114. 1960. ‘Formosa palm’ Small clumping palms, stems clustered, 1.–1.5 m tall, 1 – 2.5 cm in diameter. Petioles 0.4 m, rachis 0.4 – 0.5 m, leaflets 10 per side of rachis. Inflorescence 30 cm long, male flowers 4 – 10 mm, sepals 0.8 – 1 mm, petals 4 – 9 mm, stamens 12 – 16, female rachilla 1, 25 – 30 cm long; female flowers 4 – 5 mm long, sepals 1 mm, petals 2 – 5 mm long. Fruits red, ellipsoid to oblong, ca. 1.6 × 0.9 cm. Flowering: February– May Fruiting: June – October Distribution: Native to Southeast Asia. Cultivation: Cultivated and planted in the Green mall Nursery, Samukpota, South 24 parganas. Not very popular in cultivation. Specimen examined: West Bengal, Green mall Nursery, Samukpota, South 24 parganas 07.08.2014.
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