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Landmines Landmines in Mozambique Mozambique LANDMINESLANDMINESLANDMINES INININ MOZAMBIQUE The Arms Project Africa Watch Human Rights Watch New YorkNew York$$$WashingtonWashingtonWashington$$$Los AngelesLos Angeles$$$LondonLondonLondon Copyright 8 February 1994 by Human Rights Watch. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Card Catalog Number: 93 81027 ISBN: 1-56432-121-5 The Arms Project of Human Rights Watch The Arms Project of Human Rights Watch was formed in 1992 with a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation for the purposes of monitoring and seeking to prevent arms transfers to governments or organizations that either grossly violate internationally recognized human rights or grossly violate the laws of war. It also seeks to promote freedom of information and expression about arms transfers worldwide. The Arms Project takes a special interest in weapons that are prominent in human rights abuse and the abuse of non-combatants. The director of the Arms Project is Kenneth Anderson and its Washington director is Stephen D. Goose. Barbara Baker and Cesar Bolanos are New York staff associates, and Kathleen Bleakley is the Washington staff associate. Monica Schurtman is of counsel. Members of the international advisory committee of the Arms Project are: Morton Abramowitz, Nicole Ball, Frank Blackaby, Frederick C. Cuny, Ahmed H. Esa, Jo Husbands, Frederick J. Knecht, Andrew J. Pierre, Gustavo Gorriti, Di Hua, Edward J. Laurance, Vincent McGee, Aryeh Neier, Janne E. Nolan, David Rieff, Kumar Rupesinghe, John Ryle, Mohamed Sahnoun, Gary Sick and Tom Winship. Africa Watch Africa Watch is a nongovernmental organization established in 1988 to monitor and promote the observance of internationally recognized human rights in Africa. The chair is William Carmichael; the vice-chair is Alice Brown. Abdullahi An-Na'im is executive director; Janet Fleischman is the Washington Representative; Bronwen Manby, Karen Sorenson and Alex Vines are research associates; Kimberly Mazyck and Urmi Shah are Associates. Copies of this report may be obtained by contacting Human Rights Watch Publications Department, 485 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10017 USA, Tel. (212) 972- 8400, FAX (212) 972-0905. HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH Human Rights Watch conducts regular, systematic investigations of human rights abuses in some seventy countries around the world. It addresses the human rights practices of governments of all political stripes, of all geopolitical alignments, and of all ethnic and religious persuasions. In internal wars it documents violations by both governments and rebel groups. Human Rights Watch defends freedom of thought and expression, due process and equal protection of the law; it documents and denounces murders, disappearances, torture, arbitrary imprisonment, exile, censorship and other abuses of internationally recognized human rights. Human Rights Watch began in 1978 with the founding of Helsinki Watch. Today, it includes Africa Watch, Americas Watch, Asia Watch, Helsinki Watch, Middle East Watch, and four collaborative projects, the Arms Project, Prison Project, Women's Rights' Project, and the Fund for Free Expression. It now maintains offices in New York, Washington, Los Angeles, London, Moscow, Belgrade, Zagreb and Hong Kong. Human Rights Watch is an independent, nongovernmental organization, supported by contributions from private individuals and foundations. It accepts no government funds, directly or indirectly. The executive committee includes Robert L. Bernstein, chair; Adrian W. DeWind, vice chair; Roland Algrant, Lisa Anderson, Peter D. Bell, Alice L. Brown, William Carmichael, Dorothy Cullman, Irene Diamond, Jonathan Fanton, Alan Finberg, Jack Greenberg, Alice H. Henkin, Stephen L. Kass, Marina Pinto Kaufman, Alexander MacGregor, Peter Osnos, Kathleen Peratis, Bruce Rabb, Orville Schell, Gary G. Sick, and Malcolm Smith. The staff includes Kenneth Roth, executive director; Holly J. Burkhalter, Washington director; Gara LaMarche, associate director; Susan Osnos, press director; Ellen Lutz, California director; Jemera Rone, counsel; Stephanie Steele, operations director; Michal Longfelder, development director; Rachel Weintraub, special events director; Allyson Collins, research associate; Joanna Weschler, Prison Project director; Kenneth Anderson, Arms Project director; Dorothy Q. Thomas, Women's Rights Project director; and Gara LaMarche, the Fund for Free Expression director. The executive directors of the divisions of Human Rights Watch are Abdullahi An-Na'im, Africa Watch; Juan E. Méndez, Americas Watch; Sidney Jones, Asia Watch; Jeri Laber, Helsinki Watch; and Andrew Whitley, Middle East Watch. Addresses for Human Rights Watch 485 Fifth Avenue 1522 K Street, N.W., #910 New York, NY 10017-6104 Washington, DC 20005 Tel: (212) 972-8400 Tel: (202) 371-6592 Fax: (212) 972-0905 Fax: (202) 371-0124 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] 10951 West Pico Blvd., #203 90 Borough High Street Los Angeles, CA 90064 London, UK SE1 1LL Tel: (310) 475-3070 Tel: (071) 378-8008 Fax: (310) 475-5613 Fax: (071) 378-8029 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACEPREFACEPREFACE...............................................................................................................................................viiPREFACE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................viii MAPMAPMAP..........................................................................................................................................................ixMAP INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................1 BACKGROUNDBACKGROUND......................................................................................................................................4 Colonial Rule....................................................................................................................4 Independence.................................................................................................................6 The War.................................................................................................................................7 Peace Negotiations....................................................................................................10 THE MINESTHE MINES............................................................................................................................................12MINES Number and Location of Landmines ................................................................12 Mine Types and Sources.........................................................................................13 Landmine Use--Tactics and Strategies.........................................................26 Renamo Use of Landmines...............................................................................26 Government Use of Landmines .......................................................28 Use of IEDs and Booby-Traps ............................................................30 Other Users of Landmines .....................................................................? Landmine Training......................................................................................................31 Renamo...........................................................................................................31 Government ................................................................................................32 Landmine Records.....................................................................................................35 THE HUMAN COST ............................................................................................................................37 The Victims.....................................................................................................................38 Case Studies ..................................................................................................................41 Mine Locations...........................................................................................41 Mine Warnings .........................................................................................44 Poor Clearance.........................................................................................45 NGO and U.N. Mine Incidents................................................................................46 Emergency Care for the Injured ........................................................................48 Hospital Treatment ...................................................................................................49 Rehabilitation................................................................................................................51 ICRC Activities...........................................................................................52 Handicap International Activities.................................................53 THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT ...................................................................................55 Repatriation...................................................................................................................56 The Mine Threat.........................................................................................57 Mine Awareness Initiatives .................................................................................62
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