Ministry of Public Works, Housing and Water Resources

SFG3872 Public Disclosure Authorized MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS, HOUSING AND WATER RESOURCES

NATIONAL DIRECTORATE FOR MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES

Public Disclosure Authorized EMERGENCY RESILIENT RECOVERY PROJECT - ADDITIONAL FINANCING (ERRP - AF)

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (ESMF) Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized

July, 2017 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized

LIST OF ACRONYMS

AIAS Water Supply and Sanitation Infrastructure Administration ARA Regional Water Administration DINOTER National Directorate of Territorial Planning and Resettlement DIPLAC-CEE National Directorate of Planning and Cooperation – School Construction and Equipment DNDR National Directorate of Rural Development DNFFB National Directorate of Forests and Fauna DNGRH National Directorate for the Management of Water Resources DPASA Provincial Directorate of Agriculture and Food Security DPC Provincial Directorate of Culture DPOPHRH Provincial Directorate of Public Works, Housing and Water Resources DPS Provincial Directorate of Health DPTADER Provincial Directorate of Land, Environment and Rural Development DRM Disaster Risk Management DRR Disaster Risk Reduction EA Environmental Assessment EFP Environmental Focal Point EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan EO Environmental Officer ERRP Emergency Resilient Recovery Project for the Northern and Central Regions ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework ESSP Education Sector Strategic Plan EWS Early Warning Systems EU European Union GFDRR Global Facility for Disaster Risk Reduction GoM Government of Mozambique GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome IMR Immediate Response Mechanism INAM National Institute of Meteorology INGC National Disaster Management Institute INIR National Irrigation Institute IPM Integrated Pest Management MASA Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security MEF Ministry of Economy and Finance MINEDH Ministry of Education and Human Development MITADER Ministry of Land, Environment and Rural Development MOPHRH Ministry of Public Works, Housing and Water Resources NGO Non-governmental Organization OP Operational Policy PAPs Project Affected Persons PNDRH National Water Resources Development Project 2

PROIRRI Sustainable Irrigation Project RAP Resettlement Action Plan RPF Resettlement Policy Framework SDIP District Services for Planning and Infrastructures SDSMAS District Health, Women and Social Affairs Services ToR Terms of Reference UN United Nations WB World Bank WHO World Health Organization

TABLE OF CONTENT LIST OF ACRONYMS ...... 2 1. SUMÁRIO EXECTVO ...... 8 1.1. INTRODUÇÃO ...... 8 1.2. DESCRIÇÃO DO PROJECTO ...... 9 1.3. ÁREAS DE PROJECTO ...... 9 1.4. ARRANJO INSTITUCIONAL PARA IMPLEMENTAÇÃO DO PROGRAMA ...... 10 1.5. CONSULTAS PÚBLICAS ...... 10 1.6. POLÍTICAS DE SALVAGUARDA DO BANCO MUNDIAL ...... 10 1.7. QUADRO LEGAL GESTÃO AMBIENTAL E SOCIAL EM MOZAMBIQUE ...... 11 1.8. LACUNAS NO QUADRO LEGAL MOÇAMBICANO E NAS POLÍTICAS DE SALVAGUARDA DO BANCO MUNDIAL ...... 12 1.9. DESCRIÇÃO AMBIENTAL E SOCIAL DOS LOCAIS DO PROJECTO ...... 12 1.10. POTENCIAIS IMPACTOS AMBIENTAIS E SOCIAIS E MEDIDAS DE MITIGAÇÃO ...... 12 1.11. ANÁLISE DE ALTERNATIVAS ...... 13 1.12. REQUISITOS DE MONITORIA DO DA QUADRO DE GESTÃO AMBIENTAL E SOCIAL ...... 13 1.13. PROCESSO DE TRIAGEM AMBIENTAL E SOCIAL ...... 14 1.14. CAPACITAÇÃO E NECESSIDADES DE DESENVOLVIMENTO DE CAPACIDADE INSTITUCIONAL ...... 14 1.15. CONCLUSÕES E RECOMENDAÇÕES ...... 14 2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 15 2.1. INTRODUCTION ...... 15 2.2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 16 2.3. TARGETED PROJECT AREAS ...... 16 2.4. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS ...... 16 2.5. PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS ...... 17 2.6. WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES ...... 17 2.7. MOZAMBIQUE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT LEGAL FRAMEWORK ...... 17 2.8. GAPS IN THE MOZAMBICAN LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND IN THE WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES ...... 18 2.9. DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SETTING...... 19 2.10. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 19 2.11. Cumulative Impacts ...... 20 2.12. Analysis of alternatives ...... 20 2.13. Environmental and Social Management Framework Monitoring Requirements ...... 21 2.14. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING PROCESS ...... 21 2.15. TRAINING AND INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT NEEDS ...... 22 2.16. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 22 2. INTRODUCTION ...... 23 4. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 25 4.1. PROJECT OUTLINE ...... 25 4.2. PROJECT LOCATION MAP ...... 25 4.3. PROJECT COMPONENTS ...... 26 5. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS ...... 28 5.1. INTERVENTIONS WITH POTENTIAL FOR LAND ACQUISITION ...... 29 6. TARGETED PROJECTS AREAS ...... 30 6.1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF CONTEXT IN MOZAMBIQUE ...... 30 6.2. PROJECT LOCATIONS ...... 31 6.2.1. Gaza Province ...... 31 6.2.2. Inhambane Province ...... 33 7. POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK ON ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT IN MOZAMBIQUE 36 7.1. THE CONSTITUTION ...... 36

7.2. ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION ...... 36 7.3. DISASTER MANAGEMENT ...... 39 7.4. THE NATIONAL STRATEGY FOR CLIMATE CHANGE (ENMC) ...... 39 7.5. THE NATIONAL ADAPTATION PROGRAM OF ACTION (NAPA) ...... 39 7.6. THE LAND LAW ...... 40 7.7. LEGISLATION ON WATER AND WATER RIGHTS ...... 40 7.8. THE NATIONAL STRATEGY FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES ...... 41 7.9. THE REGULATION FOR SMALL DAMS ...... 41 7.10. ELECTRIC ENERGY LAW ...... 42 7.11. LABOR LAW ...... 42 7.12. CONTRACTING FOR PUBLIC CIVIL WORKS ...... 45 7.13. RESETTLEMENT PROCESS ...... 45 7.14. PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS PROCESS ...... 46 8. REVIEW OF WORLD BANK SAFEGUARDS AND IMPLICATIONS ...... 47 8.1. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OP 4.01 ...... 48 8.2. NATURAL HABITATS (OP/BP 4.04) ...... 50 8.3. INVOLUNTARY RESETTLEMENT (OP 4.12) ...... 50 8.4. PHYSICAL CULTURAL RESOURCES (OP/BP 4.11) ...... 51 8.5. SAFETY OF DAMS (OP 4.37) ...... 52 8.6. PROJECTS ON INTERNATIONAL WATERWAYS (OP 7.50) ...... 53 8.7. EXEMPTIONS TO NOTIFICATION REQUIREMENT ...... 53 8.8. WORLD BANK POLICY ON DISCLOSURE OF INFORMATION BP 17.50 ...... 54 9. GAPS IN MOZAMBICAN LEGISLATION AND IN THE WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES ...... 55 10. PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS ...... 58 10.1. CONSULTATIONS IN CHICUALACUALA ...... 58 10.1.1. Key Issues Raised by Participants ...... 59 10.1.2. Key Recommendations Provided...... 59 10.2. CONSULTATIONS IN CHÓKWÈ ...... 59 10.2.1. Key Issues Raised by Participants ...... 60 10.3. CONSULTATIONS IN FUNHALOURO ...... 60 10.3.1. Key issues raised by Participants ...... 60 10.3.2. Key Recommendations Provided...... 61 11. SIGNIFICANT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS ...... 62 11.1. SUB-COMPONENT A.5 REHABILITATION OF THE MACARRETANE BARRAGE ...... 62 11.2. POTENTIAL ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ...... 62 11.3. POTENTIAL ADVERSE SOCIAL IMPACTS ...... 63 11.4. POTENTIAL POSITIVE IMPACTS ...... 63 11.5. SUB-COMPONENT A.6 – WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS REHABILITATION AND EXPANSION ...... 64 11.6. POTENTIAL ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ...... 64 11.7. POTENTIAL ADVERSE SOCIAL IMPACTS ...... 64 11.8. POSITIVE IMPACTS ...... 65 11.9. SUB-COMPONENT A.7 – INSTALLATION OF WATER DESALINATION SYSTEMS ...... 65 11.10. POTENTIAL ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ...... 66 11.11. POTENTIAL ADVERSE SOCIAL IMPACTS ...... 66 11.12. POSITIVE IMPACTS ...... 67 11.13. MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 68 11.14. MITIGATION MEASURES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ...... 68 11.15. MITIGATION MEASURES FOR SOCIAL IMPACTS ...... 69 11.16. CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ...... 70 12. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) ...... 72 13. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ...... 112

14. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING PROCESS ...... 114 14.1. STEP 1 - REVIEW OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS CHECKLIST FOR PROJECTS ...... 115 14.2. STEP 2 - SCREENING OF SITES ...... 116 14.3. STEP 3 – ASSIGNMENT OF ENVIRONMENT CATEGORIES...... 116 14.4. STEP 4 - PREPARATION, REVIEW AND APPROVAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PLAN ...... 116 14.5. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE ...... 117 15. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS ...... 118 16. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL PLAN MONITORING AND REPORTING REQUIREMENTS ...... 120 17. CAPACITY BUILDING AND TRAINING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT...... 122 17.1. CAPACITY TO IMPLEMENT AND MANAGE THE ERRP AF ...... 123 17.2. STAFFING RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 123 17.3. INTER-INSTITUTIONAL COORDINATION TEAM ...... 123 17.4. PROVINCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL FOCAL POINTS ...... 123 17.5. SITE ENGINEERS /SUPERVISORS ...... 123 17.6. TRAINING AND CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT REQUIRED ...... 124 18. PROPOSED BUDGET FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF ESMF ...... 124 19. REFERENCES ...... 128 ANNEX 2: PUBLIC CONSULTATION MINUTES ...... 135 ANNEX 3: MITADER PRE-ASSESSMENT FORM (“FICHA DE PRE-AVALIAÇÃO”)...... 187 ANNEX 4: PROPOSED ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING FORM ...... 189 ANNEX 5: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CHECKLIST ...... 192 ANNEX 6: REPORTING TEMPLATES ...... 194

Index of Tables

TABLE 1: SAFEGUARD POLICIES TRIGGERED BY THE PROJECT ...... 47 TABLE 2: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN TABLE ...... 71 TABLE 3: ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES SUMMARY TABLE ...... 101 TABLE 4: RESPONSIBILITY FOR IMPLEMENTING SCREENING PROCESS ...... 116 TABLE 5: TRIGGERED SAFEGUARDS ...... 131

Table of Figures

FIGURE 1: LOCATION MAP OF PROJECT AFFECTED AREAS ...... 26 FIGURE 2: IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS ...... 29 FIGURE 3: LOCATION MAP OF PROJECT AFFECTED AREA – GAZA PROVINCE ...... 31 FIGURE 4: LOCATION MAP OF PROJECT AFFECTED AREA – INHAMBANE PROVINCE ...... 33

1. SUMÁRIO EXECUTVO

1.1. INTRODUÇÃO No âmbito do financiamento no valor de US$40.00 milhões do Projecto de Recuperação Resiliente de Emergência (ERRP) em implementação, o Governo de Moçambicano pretende solicitar um fundo adicional de US$20.00 milhões de dólares provenientes da Janela de Resposta a Crise (CRW) da Associação de Desenvolvimento Internacional (IDA) do Grupo do Banco Mundial. O financiamento adicional do Projecto de Recuperação Resiliente de Emergência irá assistir áreas vulneráveis aos desastres naturais através de disponibilização imediata de apoio na recuperação das actividades de sobrevivência das populações afectadas pelas calamidades, bem como na reabilitação de infraestruturas essenciais para a recuperação da economia nas áreas afectadas. O projecto irá igualmente incrementar a capacidade institucional do governo no contexto de sistemas de recuperação pós-desastre, e promover resiliência a longo prazo. Estas intervenções estão em conformidade com os principais objectivos e as principais áreas de intervenção, de acordo com o Documento do Projecto original do ERRP, particularmente no que se refere à Componente D, que prevê disposições para a Resposta de Emergência de Contingência em caso de emergência.

O Fundo Adicional solicitado irá servir de apoio ao Governo de Moçambique na sua resposta a impactos negativos resultantes da seca de 2015-2016 associados ao fenómeno El NINO. O projecto irá manter uma abordagem multi-sectorial à recuperação resiliente e sustentável, apoiando-se nas componentes do ERRP, e está concebido para responder as necessidades imediatas de segurança alimentar das populações afectadas pelas secas bem como das necessidades de mitigação de secas identificadas no sector de aguas. Os resultados esperados são: (1) um aumento resiliente de gestão de água e de infraestruturas de abastecimento de água para mitigar o impacto das cheias (US$16.5 milhões); e (2) melhorar a resiliência das comunidades afectadas pela seca através de intervenções de emergência em segurança alimentar (US$3.5 milhões), como parte do Plano Estratégico de Resposta a Emergência da Seca do governo para apoiar mais de 1.5 milhões de pessoas de Dezembro de 2016 a Março de 2017.

O presente documento foi preparado com base no documento do Projecto ERRP original e o respectivo Quadro de Gestão Ambiental e Social (QGAS), uma revisão de literatura extensa nas áreas do projecto proposto; uma revisão das lições aprendidas de projetos anteriores; uma síntese de disposições relevantes do quadro jurídico Moçambicano relacionado com o QGAS bem como as políticas de salvaguarda do Banco Mundial e documentos de orientação; bem como o feedback obtido nas reuniões de consulta pública realizadas durante a preparação deste documento.

Os objectivos deste QGAS são:  Fornecer procedimentos e metodologias claras para a avaliação ambiental e social, e para a revisão, aprovação e implementação de investimentos a serem financiados no âmbito do Financiamento Adicional do Projeto ERRP;  Especificar os papéis e responsabilidades e procedimentos necessários para a elaboração de relatórios para a gestão e monitoria dos efeitos ambientais e sociais relacionados com os investimentos do projecto;

 Propor areas de formação, capacitação e assistência técnica necessária para implementar com êxito as disposições do QGAS;  Estabelecer o orçamento necessário para implementar o QGAS; e  Fornecer informações práticas sobre recursos para a implementação do QGAS.

Neste contexto, todos projetos são obrigados a ter um QGAS que fornece orientações para a preparação de um Plano de Gestão Ambiental e Social e deve incluir medidas para que os potenciais impactos negativos ambientais e sociais sejam efetivamente mitigados. O QGAS e o Quadro de Políticas de Reassentamento (QPR) serão também utilizados como referências para a elaboração de instrumentos de salvaguardas relacionados ao Projecto ERRP AF.

Os potenciais impactos ambientais e sociais associados ao Projecto foram destacados e as medidas de mitigação adequadas para minimizar ou eliminar os impactos negativos potenciais foram recomendadas ao proponente do projecto. Também foram dadas recomendações para a melhoria da capacidade institucional das entidades responsáveis por cada um dos sub-componentes do projecto de modo a continuamente haver uma integração das considerações ambientais e sociais nos projetos relacionados.

1.2. DESCRIÇÃO DO PROJECTO O Objectivo de Desenvolvimento do Projecto (PDO) é restaurar a funcionalidade das infraestruturas críticas de uma forma resiliente nas províncias afectadas por desastres naturais; e de melhorar a capacidade do Governo de Moçambique para responder com prontidão e eficazmente a crises ou emergências elegíveis. Este financiamento adicional não introduz quaisquer alterações ao PDO.

O projecto reestruturado continuará com as atividades originais contidas na Componente A - reabilitação de infra-estrutura resiliente. Novos investimentos de mitigação de secas e de infra- estrutura de abastecimento de água serão adicionados. A reestruturação introduzirá atividades adicionais de monitoramento e supervisão do projeto - Componente C, e adicionará a Componente E para o financiamento de atividades de emergência relacionadas à distribuição de alimentos.

Os principais resultados esperados do projeto são: (i) aumento no número de beneficiários diretos do projecto (para as novas atividades); (ii) aumento no número de pessoas em áreas urbanas com acesso a fontes de água melhoradas (a partir das novas atividades); (iii) aumento no número de fontes de água melhoradas a nível comunitário, construídos ou reabilitados no âmbito do projecto; e iv) aumento no número de pessoas que receberam apoio em forma de alimentos.

1.3. ÁREAS DE PROJECTO Os beneficiários do projecto serão as populações das províncias de Gaza e Inhambane, que irão se beneficiar da reabilitação das infraestruturas do âmbito do projecto, particularmente os habitantes das zonas propensas a inundações no Chókwè. Outros beneficiários directos do projecto incluem as populações de Chigubo, Chicualala, Funhalouro e Massingir. O ERRP AF (a) esta em coerência com os objectivos estratégicos e a abordagem de implementação do projecto original e o financiamento adicional proposto e para a construção da resiliência das comunidades afectadas de modo que elas possam recuperar de uma onda cíclica de inundações e secas; (b) existem algumas 9 sobreposições geográficas entre as províncias beneficiárias do projecto original e o financiamento adicional proposto; (c) existe um alinhamento técnico e apoio financeiro; e d) ha uma oportunidade para a utilização dos recursos do Banco o mais rápida possível para a recuperação da seca, através da utilização de mecanismos institucionais, de implementação e de supervisão fiduciária bem estabelecidos do ERRP AF, coordenados através das suas Unidades de Implementação do Projecto (PIUs).

1.4. ARRANJO INSTITUCIONAL PARA IMPLEMENTAÇÃO DO PROGRAMA O projecto ira manter os arranjos de implementação do projeto parente ERRP, e consequentemente será implementado pelo Ministério de Obras Públicas e Recursos Hídricos (MOPHRH), através da Direção Nacional de Gestão de Recursos Hídricos (DNGRH) e a Administração de Infra-Estrutura de Abastecimento de Água e Saneamento (AIAS). Em termos de arranjos institucionais, e dada a natureza multissetorial do projecto para lidar com emergências, espera-se que o mesmo seja implementado por unidades existentes das instituições acima mencionadas. Tanto a DNGRH como a AIAS criaram Unidades de Implementação de Projeto específicas para supervisionar a implementação do projecto ERRP.

1.5. CONSULTAS PÚBLICAS Foram realizadas consultas públicas em três distritos das duas províncias onde sera implementado o ERRP AF, nomeadamente em Chókwè e Chicualacuala, na província de Gaza, e em Funhalouro, na província de Inhambane. Consultas também foram realizadas a nível central, com o objectivo de recolher a percepção pública das actividades propostas, bem como das províncias e áreas-chave de intervenção. O processo de consulta envolveu: (i) consultas individuais com as principais partes interessadas (tais como funcionários dos ministérios relevantes as areas do projecto, organizações nacionais, ONGs, o Banco Mundial e pessoal técnico das províncias em causa); e (ii) através da realização de reuniões públicas nos distritos acima mencionados.

O objetivo do processo de consulta era de colher percepções gerais e opiniões de todas as partes interessadas relevantes (pessoas afetadas pelo projecto, bem como pessoas interessadas) sobre o projecto proposto. Entre outros, o Consultor procurou identificar e confirmar as condições nos diferentes contextos distritais e determinar os impactos específicos que deveriam ser abordados no âmbito do presente QGAS.

1.6. POLÍTICAS DE SALVAGUARDA DO BANCO MUNDIAL As Políticas de Salvaguarda (OPs) do Banco Mundial são fundamentais para o apoio da instituição à redução da pobreza de forma sustentável e envolvendo as partes afetadas e interessadas de um determinado projecto. O ERRP AF tem o potencial de accionar a maior parte das políticas devido à natureza e objectivo do projecto, relacionado com a reconstrução e reabilitação de infraestruturas que incluem a Barragem de Macarretane, sistemas de abastecimento de água, bem como a instalação de sistemas de dessalinização de água, estas actividades são susceptíveis de causar alguns efeitos ambientais e sociais negativos. Os OPs accionados pelo ERRP-AF são o OP 4.01 (Avaliação Ambiental), OP 4.12 (Reassentamento Involuntário), OP 4.04 (Habitats Naturais), OP 4.11 (Recursos Culturais Físicos), OP 4.37 (Segurança de Barragens) e OP 7.50 (Projectos em Vias Navegáveis Internacionais).

O QGAS fornece ferramentas práticas para preparar e / ou implementar Planos de Gestão Ambiental e Social (PGAS) e Planos de Acção de Reassentamento (ARAPs) completos ou abreviados. A preparação deste último é orientada pelo Quadro de Política de Reassentamento (RPF), preparado como um documento separado e em paralelo com o presente QGAS.

1.7. QUADRO LEGAL GESTÃO AMBIENTAL E SOCIAL EM MOZAMBIQUE Um resumo das políticas, leis e regulamentos ambientais e sociais em Moçambique, particularmente aqueles de relevância para o Projecto foi incluído no presente ESMF. A legislação relevante em Moçambique inclui:  A Constituição da Republica (2004)  A Política Nacional do Ambiente em Moçambique, incluindo o Direito Ambiental  Regulamento sobre o Processo de Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental  Politica de Gestão de Calamidades  O Programa Nacional de Acção para a Adaptação (NAPA)  A Lei de Terras  Legislação sobre os Direitos da Água  A Estratégia Nacional de Gestão de Recursos Hídricos  Regulamento de Pequenas Barragens  Lei de Energia Elétrica  Lei de Trabalho  Regulamentos sobre Contratação de Obras Públicas  Legislação de Reassentamento  Regulamentos de Consulta Pública

O processo de Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental (AIA) em Moçambique é regulado pelo Decreto 54/2015 de 31 de Dezembro que define quatro categorias de projectos, nomeadamente: Categoria A + - para projetos que requerem uma AIA completa a ser realizada e supervisionada por Revisoras Especialistas Independentes com experiência verificável; Categoria A - para projectos que exigem uma AIA completa; Categoria B - para projectos que requerem a realização de um Estudo Ambiental Simplificado, pois seus impactos são menos significativos ou exigem medidas de mitigação menos complexas; e Categoria C - para projectos que não requerem uma AIA, mas devem respeitar o regulamento sobre o impacto ambiental. Estes estão em concordância com as categorias do Banco Mundial e devem ser rigorosamente respeitadas.

O Ministério de Terra, Ambiente e Desenvolvimento Rural (MITADER) tem o mandato para gerir todas as questões relacionadas com a terra, a gestão ambiental e o desenvolvimento rural a todos os níveis (nacional, provincial e distrital) e, por conseguinte, as Direcções Provinciais (DPTADER) e representações distritais terão um papel fundamental na avaliação, aprovação e acompanhamento dos sub-componentes do projecto, a fim de garantir o cumprimento da legislação Moçambicana e das políticas de salvaguarda tal como delineado no quadro do QGAS.

1.8. LACUNAS NO QUADRO LEGAL MOÇAMBICANO E NAS POLÍTICAS DE SALVAGUARDA DO BANCO MUNDIAL A principal lacuna na legislação Moçambicana e nas Políticas de Salvaguarda do Banco Mundial está relacionada com a falta de procedimentos claros e normas para o manuseamento da saúde e segurança tanto para a população local de uma determinada área do projecto como para os trabalhadores do projecto. A legislação Moçambicana tem provisões sobre a segurança no local de trabalho, no entanto, é insuficiente para definir ações de mitigação específicas para projectos como o ERRP AF. A fim de eliminar as lacunas nos procedimentos de saúde e segurança, recomenda-se que as Normas de Desempenho da Cooperação Financeira Internacional (IFC) guiem o proponente do projecto em todas as fases de implementação do mesmo e forneçam algumas orientações sobre que medidas de mitigação devem ser tomadas.

1.9. DESCRIÇÃO AMBIENTAL E SOCIAL DOS LOCAIS DO PROJECTO Moçambique e uma vitima de desastres cíclicos. Os mais recentes foram as inundações devastadoras na época 2014/15 e períodos secos contínuos que levaram a uma seca agrícola na época de 2015/16, que afectaram gravemente a produção agrícola e a segurança alimentar no país. Dados do Ministério da Agricultura e Segurança Alimentar (MASA) indicam que a seca resultou na perda de cerca de 875.000 ha de várias culturas afetando 464.879 agricultores. Estima-se que 191.656 crianças sofram de desnutrição nos próximos 12 meses em todas as províncias afetadas. A avaliação de segurança alimentar e nutricional realizada pelo Secretariado Técnico de Segurança Alimentar e Nutrição (SETSAN) divulgada em Março de 2016, estima que 1,5 milhões de pessoas necessitam de assistência alimentar urgentemente em sete províncias (Maputo, Gaza, Inhambane, Tete, Manica, Sofala E Zambézia) do pais. Isso demostra uma deterioração na situação de segurança alimentar no pais, uma vez que a avaliação inicial realizada em novembro de 2015 indicou que 167 mil pessoas estavam em estado de segurança alimentar.

Em Abril de 2016, o Governo de Moçambique declarou uma alerta para as províncias mais afectadas pela seca (Tete, Sofala, Gaza, Manica, Inhambane e Maputo), para sinalizar a necessidade de intensificar e expandir as acções de resposta. O GdM, através do Instituto Nacional de Gestão de Calamidades (INGC), está a liderar a resposta aos desastres, com o apoio de parceiros humanitários, incluindo ONGs, Nações Unidas e outros doadores. O GdM, através do Departamento de Abastecimento de Água e Saneamento (DNAAS) e Administração de Infra-Estrutura de Água e Saneamento (AIAS) tem proativamente procurado fontes alternativas de água perfurando furos, porém o alto nível de salinidade das águas subterrâneas impede o consumo dessa agua para humanos e gado. As actividades no âmbito deste projecto serão implementadas nas províncias de Gaza e Inhambane, que foram as mais afectadas pela seca e é necessária uma resposta imediata.

1.10. POTENCIAIS IMPACTOS AMBIENTAIS E SOCIAIS E MEDIDAS DE MITIGAÇÃO Como algumas áreas específicas do projeto ainda são desconhecidos, os impactos potenciais apresentados no QGAS são gerais e servem como um guia para uma avaliação completa assim que os mesmos forem selecionados. A avaliação de impacto deve ter em conta o âmbito das intervenções potenciais.

O ERRP-AF proposto é um projeto de Categoria B, tal como o projecto original dado que todos potenciais impactos identificados para os sub-componentes são específicas do local; poucos ou

12 nenhum deles são irreversíveis; e em todos os casos as medidas de mitigação podem ser prontamente executadas. Alguns dos potenciais impactos ambientais e sociais incluem, mas não se limitam aos seguintes: erosão do solo (resultante da depuração da vegetação e escavações de solos para atividades como a reabilitação e construção); poluição do ar; perturbação da integridade das populações de plantas e animais e dos ecossistemas sensíveis; contaminação das águas subterrâneas e superficiais como resultado de produtos químicos; escassez de água em algumas áreas durante as obras de reabilitação ou de reparação de emergência; contaminação de rios ou do mar com salmoura e resíduos de dessalinização; aumento das taxas de HIV / AIDS como resultado de trabalhadores provenientes de outras áreas; doenças transmitidas pela água resultantes de águas residuais / tratamento de água; contaminação de culturas agrícolas e produção; agua de má qualidade fornecida às comunidades locais; incidentes e acidentes no local de trabalho; ruídos e vibrações e conflitos sociais, entre outros.

Embora alguns impactos negativos sejam esperados deste project, existem também vários impactos positivos. Os impactos positivos incluem: proteção contra inundações e secas, uma barragem segura e protegida, melhoria da renda e nos meios de subsistência dos agricultores, aumento no acesso e melhoria no abastecimento de água e saneamento, melhoria nos indicadores de saúde e diminuição dos casos de doenças relacionadas ao consumo de águas não tratadas.

1.11. ANÁLISE DE ALTERNATIVAS O Projeto apoiará investimentos de reabilitação ou reconstrução de infra-estruturas existentes, minimizando assim possíveis impactos sociais e ambientais negativos e aumentando a eficiência dos investimentos. Para avaliar os cenários alternativos e identificar a alternativa preferencial, foi realizada uma análise das atividades propostas para o sub-projeto, tendo em conta as implicações ambientais e sociais. A análise foi realizada tendo em conta três cenários, ou seja, i) cenário sem projeto, ii) alternativa, iii) e cenário com a componente proposta pelo projecto. O cenário i) sem projeto não é recomendável para qualquer um dos sub-projetos. As atividades propostas, cenário com a componente proposta pelo projecto é uma opção melhor opção.

1.12. REQUISITOS DE MONITORIA DO DA QUADRO DE GESTÃO AMBIENTAL E SOCIAL A monitoria e a elaboração de relatórios de progresso são áreas críticas para a implementação adequada do presente QGAS, bem como do ERRP-AF em geral. Os requisitos de apresentação de relatórios estabelecidos no projecto ERRP original devem ser mantidos e devem basear-se num conjunto de indicadores a ser reportados, de forma regular, com responsabilidades específicas. O objectivo específico do processo de monitoria é assegurar que o QGAS seja cumprido e verificado a todos os níveis e fases do ciclo de execução do projecto. Deve haver um acompanhamento contínuo que deverá incluir o estado de conformidade, bem como a realização dos objectivos do projecto.

A equipe interinstitucional de coordenação, com a autorização do Comitê Diretor, ira coordenar e manter contacto com as outras instituições governamentais relevantes aos aspectos ambientais e sociais do projecto. Os relatórios semanais, mensais, trimestrais e anuais devem ser preparados e distribuídos a todas as entidades relevantes.

A implementação e a monitoria do QGAS devem ser realizadas por cada um dos proponentes do projecto, em conjunto com as autoridades provinciais e distritais, e após consulta às pessoas

13 afetadas. As autoridades distritais (SDAE / SDPI), assistidas pela assistência técnica financiada pelo DPTADER e /ou ERRP, elaborarão relatórios anuais que irão incluir informações sobre a implementação do presente QGAS. A DPTADER é obrigada a realizar inspeções anuais a todos os projetos da categoria B. As revisões anuais da implementação do QGAS serão realizadas por um consultor local independente, uma ONG ou um outro prestador de serviços que não esteja envolvido no ERRP-AF, sujeito a aprovação do Comité Director e do Banco Mundial. Deverá ser realizada uma auditoria ambiental independente de dois em dois anos.

1.13. PROCESSO DE TRIAGEM AMBIENTAL E SOCIAL O processo de triagem destina-se a determinar quais das actividades do projecto poderão resultar em efeitos ambientais e sociais negativos significativos, com vista a identificar medidas adequadas para a redução do impacto de tais actividades e assegurar a sustentabilidade ambiental dos sub- projectos realizados nas Áreas do projecto.

O processo de triagem deste projeto consiste em quatro etapas: i) revisão da lista de verificação de impactos ambientais e sociais para projetos; ii) triagem dos impactos dos sub-componentes e locais; iii) atribuição de categorias ambientais; e iv) preparação, revisão e aprovação de um Plano de Ação Ambiental. O processo de triagem será realizado usando um formulário de triagem para o efeito em anexo a este QGAS. A equipa de especialistas em salvaguardas já estabelecida nas unidades de implementação será responsável pela realização do processo de rastreio ambiental e social.

1.14. CAPACITAÇÃO E NECESSIDADES DE DESENVOLVIMENTO DE CAPACIDADE INSTITUCIONAL De modo a atender às recomendações acima, cada Equipe de Salvaguarda de cada uma das instituições responsáveis pela implementação do ERRP AF devera:  Identificar formações e treinar pessoal que será responsável pela monitoria dos PGA a todos níveis local, distrital e provincial;  Assegurar uma coordenação intra-institucional eficaz para garantir a implementação adequada das medidas de mitigação propostas para gestão ambiental e social.

Para a efetiva integração das medidas de mitigação propostas na planificação, implementação e operacionalização das atividades do projecto, a implementação do QGAS sera da inteira responsabilidade dos proponentes do projeto (DNGRH, AIAS), que assegurarão o cumprimento de todas as medidas estipuladas no QGAS por todos os contratantes. Sera obrigatório que todos os empreiteiros e supervisores contratem Especialistas Ambientais experientes para garantir a implementação do QGAS.

1.15. CONCLUSÕES E RECOMENDAÇÕES Espera-se que os impactos ambientais e sociais negativos associados ao ERRP - AF proposto sejam de médio a curto prazo, localizados e insignificantes e poderão ser mitigadas através do cumprimento dos Regulamentos de AIA e de um Plano de Gestão Ambiental e Social (PGAS). As medidas específicas devem também ser implementadas pelos contratantes, devendo essas medidas fazer parte dos PGAS dos contratantes. Os impactos socioeconômicos, como os associados ao reassentamento involuntário e à compensação, podem ser facilmente tratados através de um RAPs abreviados ou de um RAP completo, conforme aplicável, mais detalhes sobre este assunto esta na QPR elaborado em paralelo ao presente documento.

2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

2.1. INTRODUCTION The Government of the Republic of Mozambique is seeking an additional financial support of US$20 million from the Crisis Response Window (CRW) of the International Development Association (IDA) of the World Bank Group for the Mozambique Emergency Resilient Recovery Project (ERRP). The Emergency Resilient Recovery Project (ERRP) Additional Financing (AF) seeks to address critical disaster-prone areas by providing immediate support to the affected populations in restoring their livelihoods, as well as rehabilitate critical infrastructure essential for public services and economic recovery in affected areas. The project also seeks to increase the institutional capacity of the government’s post-disaster recovery system and promote long-term resilience. These interventions are in line with key objectives and key areas of intervention as per the ERRP original Project Document, particularly concerning Component D, which makes provisions for Contingency Emergency Response in the event of an emergency.

The proposed AF will provide support to the Government of Mozambique in its emergency response to the 2015-2016 drought negative impact caused by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. The proposed project will maintain a multi-sectoral approach to resilient and sustainable recovery, building on the ERRP components, and is designed to meet the immediate food security needs of the drought affected population as well as the critical needs for drought mitigation identified for the water sector. The expected outcomes are: (i) a scale up of the resilient water management and water supply infrastructure to mitigate drought impact (US$16.5 million); and (ii) improved resilience of drought-affected communities through food security emergency interventions (US$3.5 million) as part of the Government's Strategic Response Plan for Drought Emergency to support over 1.5 million people from December 2016 to March 2017.

The current document was prepared based on the original ERRP project document and ESMF, extensive literature reviews in the proposed project areas; review of lessons from past projects; synthesis of relevant provisions from the Mozambican legal framework related to the ESMF and World Bank Safeguard Policies and guideline documents; as well as feedback obtained from public consultation meetings carried out when preparing this document.

The objectives of this ESMF are to:  Provide clear procedures and methodologies for the environmental and social assessment, review, approval and implementation of investments to be financed under the Emergency Resilient Recovery Project Additional Financing;  Specify appropriate roles and responsibilities, and outline the necessary reporting procedures, for managing and monitoring environmental and social effects related to project investments;  Determine the training, capacity building and technical assistance needed to successfully implement the provisions of the ESMF;  Establish the project funding required to implement the ESMF requirements; and  Provide practical information on resources for implementing the ESMF.

Projects are therefore required to have an ESMF which provides guidance for the preparation of an Environmental and Social Management Plan and should make provisions for how potential negative environmental and social impacts will be effectively mitigated. The ESMF and the Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) will also be used as references for the elaboration of safeguards instruments related to the ERRP AF.

The potential environmental and social impacts associated with the Project have been highlighted, and suitable mitigation measures to offset the potential negative impacts have been recommended to the project proponent. Recommendations have also made concerning the need to improve the institutional capacity of the entities responsible for each of the sub-components to continue integrating environmental and social considerations in the related projects.

2.2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION The Project Development Objective (PDO) is to restore the functionality of critical infrastructure in a resilient manner in the disaster-affected provinces; and to improve the Government of Mozambique’s capacity to respond promptly and effectively to an eligible crisis or emergency. This additional financing does not introduce any changes to PDO.

The restructured project will continue with the original activities contained in Component A - Resilient infrastructure rehabilitation. New investments in drought mitigation and water supply infrastructure will be added. Likewise, the restructuring will introduce in Component C additional project monitoring and supervision activities, and add a Component E for financing of emergency activities related to food distribution.

Key expected results of the project are: (i) increase in the number of direct project beneficiaries (from new activities); (ii) increase in the number of people in urban areas provided with access to improved water sources (from the new activities); (iii) increase in the number of improved community water points constructed or rehabilitated under the project; and (iv) increase in the number of people provided with food assistance.

2.3. TARGETED PROJECT AREAS The direct Project beneficiaries of the AF are the population of Gaza and Inhambane provinces, who will benefit from rehabilitated infrastructure under this operation, particularly inhabitants of the flood prone areas in Chókwè. Other direct project beneficiaries include the populations of Chigubo, Chicualala, Funhalouro and Massingir. The ERRP AF has (a) consistency between the strategic objectives and implementation approach of the original project and the proposed additional financing towards building the resilience of the affected communities to recover from a cyclical spate of flooding and drought; (b) some geographic overlaps between the beneficiary provinces across the original project and the proposed additional financing, (c) technical alignment and financial support; and (d) opportunity for the quickest possible utilization of Bank resources for drought recovery through the use of ERRP AF’s well established institutional, implementation and fiduciary oversight arrangements, coordinated through its Project Implementation Units (PIUs).

2.4. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

The project maintains the implementation arrangements of the parent ERRP project, therefore it will be implemented by the Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources (MOPHRH), through the National Directorate of Management of Water Resources (DNGRH) and the Water Supply and Sanitation Infrastructure Administration (AIAS). In terms of institutional arrangements, and given the multispectral nature of the project in dealing with emergencies, it is expected that the project is implemented by existing units from the aforementioned institutions. Both DNGRH and AIAS have created specific Project Implementation Units to oversee the implementation of the ERRP project.

2.5. PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS Public consultations were carried out in three districts of the 2 provinces targeted by the ERRP AF, namely in Chókwè and Chicualacuala in Gaza province, and in Funhalouro in Inhambane province, as well as at central level, with the objective of gathering public perceptions of the proposed activities as well as of the provinces and key areas of intervention. The consultation process comprised two methods: (i) consultation on a one-to-one basis with key stakeholders (officials from line ministries, national organizations, NGOs, the World Bank and technical staff from targeted provinces), and (ii) public meetings held in the aforementioned districts.

The objective of the consultation process was to gather general perceptions and views of all relevant stakeholders (project-affected persons as well as interested persons) on the proposed project. Among others, the Consultant sought to identify and confirm conditions in the different district contexts, and determine specific impacts that would require to be addressed under the scope of the present ESMF.

2.6. WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES The World Bank Safeguard Policies (OPs) are critical for the institution’s support to poverty reduction in a sustainable manner, and involving affected and interested parties of the project. The ERRP - AF has the potential of triggering most of the policies due to the nature and objective of the project related to the reconstruction and rehabilitation of infrastructures which include the Macarretane Barrage, water supply systems, installation of desalination plants and the water dispensers for livestock, and these are likely to cause certain negative environmental and social effects. The OPs triggered by the ERRP-AF are the OP 4.01 (Environmental Assessment), OP 4.12 (Involuntary Resettlement), OP 4.04 (Natural Habitats), OP 4.11 (Physical Cultural Resources), OP 4.37 (Safety of Dams), and OP 7.50 (Projects on International Waterways).

The ESMF provides practical tools for preparing and/or implementing Environmental and Social Management Plans (ESMPs) and full or Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plans (A-RAPs). Preparation of the latter is guided by the Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) prepared as a separate document and in parallel to the present ESMF.

2.7. MOZAMBIQUE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT LEGAL FRAMEWORK A summary of environmental and social related policies, laws and regulations in Mozambique, particularly those of relevance to the Project has been included in the present ESMF. Relevant legislation in Mozambique include:  The Constitution (2004);

 The National Environment Policy in Mozambique including Environmental Law;  EIA Regulation;  Disaster Management Law;  The National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA);  The Land Law;  Legislation on Water and Water Rights;  The National Strategy for the Management of Water Resources;  Regulation for Small Dams;  Electric Energy Law;  Labour Law;  Regulations on Contracting for Public Civil Works;  Resettlement Legislation;  Public Consultation Regulations.

Mozambique’s EIA is regulated by the Decree 54/2015 of 31 December and defined four categories of projects, namely:  Category A+ which require a full EIA to be undertaken and supervised by Independent Specialists Reviewers with verifiable experience; Category A which require a full EIA;  Category B which require a simplified Environmental Stud as their impacts are less significant or require less complex mitigation measures; and Category C which do not require an EIA but must abide to the regulations on environmental impact. The Ministry of Land, Environment and Rural Development (MITADER) has the mandate for issues related to land, environmental management and rural development at all level (national, provincial and district). Thus, the Provincial Directorates (DPTADER) as well as district representations will have a key role in the appraisal, approval and monitoring of sub-components of the project to ensure compliances with the Mozambican legislation and safeguards as outlined in the ESMF.

2.8. GAPS IN THE MOZAMBICAN LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND IN THE WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES The major gap in both related Mozambican legislation and in the World Bank Safe Guard Policies is related to the lack of clear procedures and norms for handling health, safety and safety for both the local population of a particular project area and/ or the project workers. The Mozambican legislation does touch on safety in the workplace, however falls short in terms of making specific provisions for projects such as the ERRP. In order to bridge the gap on procedures for health, safety and security, the World Bank Group Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines1 as well as world Bank Safeguard Policy OP 4.01 are recommended to guide the project proponent throughout all phases of implementation of the project, and also to provide some guidance on what mitigation measures should be taken. In addition to this, the Bank has put in place a set of Environmental, Social, Health and Safety (ESHS) Enhancements for Standard Procurement

1http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/topics_ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_site/sustainability-at- ifc/policies-standards/ehs-guidelines

Documents (SPDs) and Standard Bidding Documents (SBDs) which shall be applicable for all new works contracts for which the relevant SBD/SPD are used2.

2.9. DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SETTING Mozambique is experiencing consecutive disasters with devastating floods in the 2014/15 season and continuing dry spells leading to an agricultural drought in the 2015/16 season, which have severely affected agricultural production and food security in the country. Data from the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (MASA) indicates that the drought has resulted in the loss of about 875,000 ha of several crops affecting 464,879 farmers. It is estimated that 191,656 children are expected to be malnourished over the next 12 months in all affected provinces. The food security and nutritional assessment of the Technical Secretariat for Food Security and Nutrition (SETSAN), released in March 2016, estimates 1.5 million people are in need of urgent food assistance in seven provinces (Maputo, Gaza, Inhambane, Tete, Manica, Sofala and Zambézia). This shows severe deterioration of food security situation as the initial assessment conducted in November 2015 indicated that 167,000 people were food insecure; an increase of food insecurity people by almost 900 percent in four months.

In April 2016, the Mozambican Government declared a red alert for the most drought-affected provinces (Tete, Sofala, Gaza, Manica, Inhambane and Maputo) to signal a need to intensify and expand the response actions, and calling for urgent international assistance. The GoM, through the National Institute for Disaster Management (INGC), is leading the response to the disaster, with support from humanitarian partners, including NGOs, the United Nations and other donors. The GoM, through the Water Supply and Sanitation Department (DNAAS) and Water and Sanitation Infrastructure Administration (AIAS) has been proactively looking for alternative sources of water by drilling boreholes, however high level of salinity of groundwater has prevented its use for human and cattle consumption. Activities under this project will be implemented in Gaza and Inhambane provinces, which were the most affected by the drought and immediate response is required.

2.10. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES Because some of the sites or specific project areas yet unknown, potential impacts presented in the ESMF are general and serve as a guideline for a thorough assessment once the sites have been selected. The impact assessment should take into account the scope of potential interventions.

The proposed ERRP-AF, as the original parent project, is a Category B project as all identified potential impacts for the sub-components are site-specific; few if any of them are irreversible; and in all cases mitigation measures can be readily designed. Some of the potential environmental and social impacts include, but are not limited to the following: soil erosion (resulting from vegetation clearance and excavations of soils for activities such as the rehabilitation and construction); air pollution; disruption of the integrity of plant and animal populations and sensitive ecosystems;

2 http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/324811490634997634/Summary-of-key-ESHS-enhancements-March- 102017.docx

The areas covered include Strengthened specifications/ employer’s requirements; code of conduct; perfomance security; key ESHS personnel; reporting on EHSH; and EHSH considerations for civil works.

19 contamination of ground and surface water as a result of chemicals; water shortages in some areas during the rehabilitation or emergency repairs works; contamination of rivers or the sea with brine and waste from desalination plants, including other negative environmental impacts associated with brine discharges such as effects on the production and growth of marine organisms, pollution of fresh waters and increase in salinity levels in seawater, thermal pollution resulting from the increasing temperatures of water and high total alkalinity is another big impact of brine discharge which increases the amount of calcium carbonate, calcium sulphate and other elements of the sea water twice to its normal level; increase in HIV/AIDS rates as a result of workers coming from other areas; water borne illnesses resultant from still waters/ water treatment; contamination of crops; bad quality water being supplied to local communities; incidents and accidents are bound to occur in the workplace; noise and vibrations and social conflicts, amongst others.

Although some negative impacts are expected from this project, there are also some significant positive impacts that may counteract the negative ones. The positive impacts include: protection against floods and droughts, protected barrage, improved incomes and livelihoods of the involved farmers and the region, increased access and improved water supply and sanitation, improved health indicators and decrease in cases of water-related illnesses.

2.11. Cumulative Impacts The proposed projects may generate cumulative impacts such as increased sediments to the the river particularly during the construction phase of the downstream terrace of Macarretane Barrage. In Addition, construction works including rehabilitation and expansion of water and sanitation systems and installation of water desalination plants may potentially result in vegetation clearing, emission of dust and gases to the atmosphere, hence, affecting the natural environs and air quality respectively. Vehicle maintenance and dust suppression in the proximity of population concentration points would minimize these impacts on human health. Unattended water leaks may lead to creation of wet conditions that would encourage proliferation of disease vectors such as mosquitoes. Continued withdrawal of ground water may increase the salinity of the aquifer. A Management Plan may minimize the occurrence of these impacts.

The proposed ERRP-AF projects will collectively result in a set of positive impacts in the reduction of the incidence of waterborne diseases through provision of potable water, increasing the welfare of local people and children who spend part of their day looking for water by having more time to be dedicated to personal development activities and income generation. These impacts if combined with improved sanitation, improved nutrition with increased production as a result of rehabilitation of the Macarretane barrage, as well as with improved availability of protein from live stock, form positive cumulative impacts to improve the standards of living of the beneficiary communities.

2.12. Analysis of alternatives The Project will support investments in the rehabilitation or reconstruction of existing infrastructure, thus minimizing potential negative social and environmental impacts and increasing the efficiency of the investments. To assess alternatives scenarios and to identify the preferred alternative an analysis of the proposed sub-project activities an analysis was carried out with regard to their environmental and social implications. The analysis was carried out for three scenarios, namely, no-project scenario, alternative option, and with component scenario. A no project alternative is not recommended for either of the sub-projects and their proposed activities as the advantages of the proposed works with component scenario alternative it a better option than the

“no-project” and “alternative option” scenarios.

2.13. Environmental and Social Management Framework Monitoring Requirements Monitoring and reporting on progress are critical areas for the successful implementation of the present EMSF as well as of the overall ERRP-AF. Reporting requirements set in the original parent ERRP project should be maintained, and should be based on a set of indicators which should be reported on, on a regular basis with specific responsibilities indicators set out here will be mainstreamed into the overall monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system for the project. The specific objective of the monitoring process is to ensure that the ESMP is complied with and verified at all levels and stages of the project implementation cycle. Monitoring shall be a continuous process and should include the status of compliance as well as achievement of the objectives of the project.

The inter-institution coordination team, with the authorization of the Steering Committee, will coordinate and liaise with other relevant government institutions with regards to environmental and social monitoring of the project. Weekly, monthly, quarterly and annual reports shall be prepared and distributed to all relevant entities.

The ESMF implementation and monitoring should be carried out by each of the project proponents, in conjunction with provincial and district authorities, and following consultation with affected persons. District authorities (SDAE/SDPI) assisted by DPTADER and/or ERRP funded technical assistance will prepare annual monitoring reports that include information on the implementation of the ESMF. DPTADER is required to conduct annual inspections for all category B projects. Annual reviews of the implementation of the ESMF will be carried out by an independent local consultant, NGO or another service provider that is not involved in the ERRP-AF, subject to by the Steering Committee and the World Bank. Independently-commissioned bi-annual environmental auditing should be carried out.

2.14. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING PROCESS The screening process is aimed at determining which of the project activities are likely to result in significant negative environmental and social effects, with a view to determine appropriate impact mitigation measures for such activities, and to ensure environmental sustainability of sub-projects undertaken in the Project areas.

The screening process for this project consists of four steps: i) review of environmental and social impacts checklist for projects; ii) screening of impacts from the sub-components and sites; iii) assignment of environmental categories - Category A projects are not eligible for benefitting from financing under this project. Projects under the aforementioned category are those that are likely to have significant adverse environmental that are sensitive (if it may be irreversible), and the impact may affect an area broader than the sites or facilities subject to the physical works3; and iv) preparation, review and approval of an Environmental Action Plan. The screening process will be carried out using a screening form to be attached to this ESMF. The already established safeguards

3 World Bank Safeguard Policy: Operation Policy 4.01 Environmental Assessment

21 specialist team in the implementation units will be responsible for carrying out the environmental and social screening process.

2.15. TRAINING AND INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT NEEDS To address the above recommendations, each Safeguard Team from each of the institutions responsible for the implementation of the ERRP shall:  Identify and train relevant personnel at all levels who will be responsible for monitoring of EMPs at site, district and provincial levels;  Ensure effective intra-institutional coordination to certify that appropriate implementation of the proposed mitigation measures for continued improvements in environmental and social management.

For an effective integration of the proposed mitigation measures into planning, implementation and operation of the program’s activities, the implementation of Project’s ESMP is the responsibility of the project proponents (DNGRH, AIAS), who will ensure compliance with all measures stipulated in the ESMP by all Contractors. Furthermore, it should be mandatory that all contractors and supervisors employ experienced Environmental Specialists to ensure compliance with the ESMP.

2.16. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS It is expected that the negative environmental and social impacts associated with the proposed ERRP - AF will be medium to short-term, localized, limited and reversible can be mitigated through compliance with EIA Regulations and an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP). Specific measures should be implemented also by Contractors, and such measures should form part of the Contractors’ ESMPs. Socioeconomic impacts such as those associated to involuntary resettlement and compensation can be easily dealt with through Abbreviated RAPs or a full RAP, whichever is applicable – relevant guidance will be available on the RPF prepared in parallel to the present ESMF.

3. INTRODUCTION The Government of the Republic of Mozambique is seeking an additional financial support of US$20million from the Crisis Response Window (CRW) of the International Development Association (IDA) of the World Bank Group for the Mozambique Emergency Resilient Recovery Project (ERRP).

The Emergency Resilient Recovery Project (ERRP) Additional Financing (AF) seeks to address critical disaster-prone areas by providing immediate support to the affected populations in restoring their livelihoods, as well as rehabilitate critical infrastructure essential for public services and economic recovery in affected areas. The project also seeks to increase the institutional capacity of the government’s post-disaster recovery system and promote long-term resilience. These interventions are in line with key objectives and key areas of intervention as per the ERRP original Project Document, particularly with regards to Component D which makes provisions for Contingency Emergency Response in the event of an emergency.

The present Environment and Social Management Framework (ESMF) is prepared in compliance with the Safeguard Policies set by the World Bank (WB) as well as by the Mozambique Environmental and Social Management legal regulations which stipulate that the financing of development plans and programs is subject to an assessment and the mitigation of potential environmental and social impacts of future projects. An ESMF has been prepared for the ERRP, however for the purposes of the approval of Additional Financing for activities not specified in the original document, and as per the recommendations of the ESMF itself, separate ESMF are required to be prepared where activities are not contemplated in the document, and where adverse environmental and social impacts may arise.

The ESMF is an instrument that enables the screening process to facilitate early identification of potential negative environmental and social effects associated with the future construction/ rehabilitation of public infrastructure, specifically with regards to the safe location of projects, identification of issues associated with deforestation, soil erosion, pollution of soil and water resources, waste management, and other factors related to the installation, operation and maintenance of projects. The ESMF describes the process of assigning environmental categories for the proposed projects, identifies potential negative environmental and social impacts, and outlines the institutional arrangements and timeframe for the implementation of mitigation and monitoring measures.

The ESMF has a number of principles which will provide the following:  A systematic procedure for a participative process of environmental and social screening of the specific project areas and activities;  A step by step process to identity and prevent potential environmental and social impacts of the planned project activities;  An environmental and social management plan to deal with arising environmental and social aspects during the implementation of the project;  A monitoring and evaluation system for the implementation of mitigation measures and actions;  Draft recommendations for training needs required for planning and monitoring of the project;  A budget to ensure that the project has the necessary resources to achieve the desired objectives, particularly those related to the preparation and implementation of sub-projects/ sub-components.

The World Bank also establishes the need for preparation of a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) to foresee the mitigation of projects’ negative social effects particularly those activities likely to cause involuntary displacement of communities or disruption of their livelihoods as per the Operational Policy on Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12). The policy covers direct economic and social impacts that are caused by the involuntary land acquisition resulting in impact on, relocation, or loss of shelter; impact on, or loss of assets; loss of income sources or means of livelihood; and/ or loss of access to locations that provide higher incomes or lower expenditures to businesses or persons. Prior to undertaking of any resettlement activities, an analysis will be conducted and a Resettlement Action Plan prepared to determine positive and negative impacts of the proposed intervention for the communities and families to be impacted. For the purpose of this Project, a RPF is prepared as a separate document.

The objectives of this ESMF are to:  Provide clear procedures and methodologies for the environmental and social assessment, review, approval and implementation of the subprojects activities funded under the Emergency Resilient Recovery - Additional Financing Project;  Specify appropriate roles and responsibilities, and outline the necessary reporting procedures, including managing and monitoring environmental and social impacts related to project investments;  Determine the training, capacity building and technical assistance needed to successfully implement the provisions of the ESMF and subsequent ESIA/ESMP as applicable;  Establish the project funding required to implement the ESMF requirements; and  Provide practical information on resources for implementing the ESMF.

This ESMF is structured as follows: i) introduction and the objectives of the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF); ii) description of the Project; iii) an overview of the World Bank Safeguard Policies, as well as an; iv) overview of Mozambique’s Environmental Policy including the country’s regulatory frameworks; v) description of possible environmental and social impacts of the project as well as recommendations for mitigation measures and actions; and vi) guidelines on how the environmental and social screening process should take place.

4. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

4.1. PROJECT OUTLINE As per the parent ERRP, the Project Development Objective (PDO) is to restore the functionality of critical infrastructure in a resilient manner in the disaster-affected provinces, as well as improving the Government of Mozambique’s capacity to respond promptly and effectively to an eligible crisis or emergency. The proposed additional financing does not introduce any changes to PDO of the parent ERRP project.

The direct Project beneficiaries will be the population of Gaza and Inhambane provinces, who will benefit from rehabilitated water supply and sanitation infrastructure under the proposed additional financing, particularly inhabitants of the flood prone areas in Chókwè district. The ERRP has (a) consistency between the strategic objectives and implementation approach of the original project and the proposed additional financing towards building the resilience of the affected communities to recover from a cyclical spate of flooding and drought; (b) some geographic overlaps between the beneficiary provinces across the original project and the proposed additional financing; (c) technical alignment and financial support; and (d) opportunity for the quickest possible utilization of Bank resources for drought recovery through the use of ERRP’s well established institutional, implementation and fiduciary oversight arrangements, coordinated through its Project Implementation Units (PIUs).

The water-related rehabilitation works include the multipurpose Macarretane Barrage, an infrastructure for food security and drought mitigation that also serves as a transport corridor to the lower Limpopo region. The Macarretane Barrage serves to raise the Limpopo river level with a view to provide irrigation water in Chókwè. The works to provide access to improved drinking water services in the districts of Chicualacuala and Funhalouro will result in improved sanitation and hygiene conditions, which ultimately improve their living standards. The hydrogeological environment of the districts of Chigubo and Massingir area is not favorable for freshwater. Water from boreholes in these areas is salty with high electric conductivity limits than it is recommended for human consumption.

4.2. PROJECT LOCATION MAP The Emergency Resilience Recovery Project – Additional Financing (ERRP) will be implemented in the southern Mozambique in the provinces of Gaza and Inhambane, specifically in the districts of Chókwè, Chigubo, Massingir and Chicualacuala, in response to drought that adversely affected the regions in 2015-2016.

Figure 1: Location map of project target areas

4.3. PROJECT COMPONENTS This additional financing does not introduce any changes to initial project objective of the parent ERRP. The restructured project for the AF will comprise project’s activities contained in Component A - Resilient infrastructure rehabilitation – new investments in drought mitigation and water supply infrastructure will be added. Similarly, the restructuring will introduce in Component C additional project monitoring and supervision activities, and add a Component E for financing of emergency activities related to food distribution. No change will be introduced in Component B. The institutional aspects of the project will also be scaled-up to strengthen the organizational and operational capability of the implementation agencies. The Project’s components covered by this AF are summarized below:

Component A. Resilient Infrastructure Rehabilitation Scaling up of the resilience of water management and supply infrastructure to mitigate drought impact (US$16.5 million). Funds will be used to rehabilitate the Macarretane Barrage, and install small water distribution systems and desalination plants. This component is structured in the following sub-components:

Sub-Component A.5 - Rehabilitation of the Macarretane Barrage (U$10 million). Macarretane Barrage is a 3,20 meters high, 650-meter-long barrage across the Limpopo River 50 km upstream of the Chókwè irrigation scheme. It consists of 40 piers and 39 gates that serve to regulate water levels in the Limpopo River in order to supply irrigation water to the Chókwè Irrigation Scheme. The barrage is located approximately 16 km upstream of the Chókwè town. The catchment area at the

26 barrage is around 342 000 km2. Under this subcomponent, funds will be used to improve the structural stability of the foundations and the concrete block carpet downstream with a view to reinforce the integrity of the Macarretane Barrage. The proposed action is complimentary to previous IDA interventions, subsequent to 2013 Limpopo Floods, after which the which gates and electrical system, as well as the protection of the left wing wall with rock fill were rehabilitated. This Macarretane Barrage is designed to be a multi-purpose strategic infrastructure for drought mitigation that also serves as a transport corridor to the lower Limpopo region. The main function of the Macarretane Barrage is to raise the Limpopo river water level in order to feed the water intake of the Chókwè Irrigation Scheme, which covers 23,000 ha and benefits 16,000 farmers located downstream at Xai-Xai and Chókwè Districts. While the barrage does not have flood attenuation capability, it plays an important role in maintaining (regularizing) environmental flow requirements, particularly during the dry season. Finally, its piers support two bridge-decks (road and railway) of particular regional importance, as they are a vital part of the Limpopo Corridor System, which provides access to the Maputo Harbor for landlocked countries such as Zimbabwe, Botswana and Zambia.

Sub-Component A.6 - Water supply systems rehabilitation and expansion (US$5.5 million). Part of the additional financing will be to rehabilitate and expand the water supply systems of two small towns, Chicualacuala and Funhalouro, benefiting over 41,000 people with access to improved drinking water services in both quantity and quality. Furthermore, improved access to safe drinking water will result in improved sanitation and hygiene conditions, which ultimately improve the living standards of beneficiaries. Currently these villages lack public water supply systems, and they rely on private boreholes supplying water to the population despite the quality of water being below international standards (World Health Organization -WHO). These villages are in a convergence area and will improve the access to water to a low-density populated area and complements efforts being made by GoM to rehabilitate water systems in the region.

Sub-Component A.7 - Installation of water desalination systems (US$1 million). Under this sub-component, funds will be used to supply and install fixed and containerized desalination systems in existing boreholes with brackish water, and to build multifunctional boreholes including water dispensers for livestock. The total cost is estimated to US$1 million and would benefit more than 24,000 people in the districts of Chigubo and Massingir in Gaza, the most affected province. These areas are currently supplied by private distributors, driving more than 200 km from Chókwè, provide at a higher cost the water supply to affected population. The hydrogeological condition of the area is not favourable for fresh water, and the salinity is higher than limits recommended for water for human consumption. Desalination plants will make water available and significantly reduce the cost associated to supplying fresh water to the targeted communities.

Component C. Project Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation This component will finance Project implementation, monitoring and evaluation costs of MOPHRH (for DNGRH) and AIAS for their related scaled up activities under the additional financing.

Sub-Component C.1 - Project Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation by MOPHRH (US$0.3 million). This sub-component will cover costs related to Project management, coordination, including fiduciary, safeguards assessments, and monitoring and evaluation. The 27 proposed funding will leverage the resources allocated at the original project to a total of US$1.8 million.

Sub-Component C.4 - Project Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation by AIAS (US$0.2 million). This sub-component will cover costs related to Project management, coordination, monitoring and evaluation, including fiduciary, safeguards assessments, and monitoring and evaluation. The proposed funding will leverage the resources allocated at the original project to a total of US$0.7 million.

Component E. Food security emergency interventions (US$3 million). Provision of support for the procurement and targeted distribution of grains (maize and beans) to Beneficiaries, under the modality of Food for Work. Funds from this component will be used to finance the purchase of grains (maize and beans) as part of the Strategic Response Plan for Drought Emergency to support over 1.5 million people from December 2016 to March 2017. This activity seeks to support closing funding gap of the Government's Strategic Response Plan for Drought Emergency.

5. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS

The parent ERRP project is implemented by a number of institutions working in different areas, these being: The Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources (MOPHRH), through the National Directorate of Management of Water Resources (DNGRH); the Ministry of Education and Human Development (MINEDH); the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (MASA) through the National Irrigation Institute (INIR); and the Water Supply and Sanitation Infrastructure Administration (AIAS). The project is being implemented by existing units from the aforementioned institutions.

The project is managed by a Steering Committee, led by the Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF) and the National Disaster Management Institute (INGC). The Steering Committee has the role of coordinating, monitoring and supervising the implementation of the project. It is equally responsible for analyzing progress reports submitted by the implementation units every trimester.

The inter-institutional coordination role is led by the National Directorate of Management of Water Resources, responsible for the day-to-day implementation and oversight of activities. The DNGRH has recruit a project coordinator and have the role of consolidating and harmonizing the reports submitted by the different sectors. DNGRH subsequently submits all consolidated reports to the Steering Committee as well as to the World Bank.

The proposed Mozambique Emergency Resilient Recovery Project – Additional Financing will be coordinated within the existing Project Management/Implementation Unit in Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security and Ministry of Public Works, Housing and Water Resources. Implementers will include various agencies including district councils throughout the targeted provinces, with selection of priority geographic areas for food distribution being dependent upon the emergency nature of the project.

While different entities will be responsible for the implementation of the different sub-components of this project, it is of upmost importance that the project is managed correctly to ensure coherence as well as to ensure that the objectives and the expected results of the project are met. Each entity involved in the project cycle, including the coordinating functions of the MOPHRH and the Steering Committee, have a key role and responsibility in the timely implementation of activities, in monitoring and evaluation, as well as in the submission of reports.

Figure 2: Implementation Arrangements Source: World Bank, Project Appraisal Document for Emergency Resilient Recovery Project for the northern and central regions

AIAS will also use existing implementation arrangements and share resources from other projects. AIAS is responsible for the provision of urban water infrastructure and all urban sanitation infrastructure, including drainage across the country except for large cities. A separate Project Agreement will be required for AIAS, as this is an independent agency with financial and procurement autonomy.

5.1. INTERVENTIONS WITH POTENTIAL FOR LAND ACQUISITION As stated above the project main interventions which are expected to trigger resettlement are: (i) construction and operation of small and medium size dams/weirs/water retention infrastructures for agricultural irrigation; (ii) alignment and realignment as well as improvement of rural feeder roads including construction and rehabilitation of small bridges/culverts; (iii) construction and rehabilitation of storage facilities and other types of priority infrastructure; and (iv) land delimitation and individual land tenure titling.

6. TARGETED PROJECTS AREAS

6.1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF CONTEXT IN MOZAMBIQUE Mozambique comprises a national territory of 799,380 km2 of which 2% involves inland water bodies and 13% national parks and 21% of forest cover. The country is located in the sub-Saharan East of the African Continent, bordering with Tanzania in the North, Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe in the West, South Africa and Swaziland in the South and the Indian Ocean in the Eastern part which encompass a 2,500 km of coastline and an exclusive economic zone of 200 nautical miles. The country has thirty-nine major rivers which drain into the Indian Ocean, and an impressive environment, which constitutes a significant public asset and is the basis upon which much of its recent macro-economic development and poverty reduction has been achieved. All the key sectors of the Mozambican economy (i.e. agriculture, mining, tourism, forestry, fisheries and wildlife) are based on natural resources. Mozambique’s rich ecosystems, biodiversity and natural resources hold a significant exportable value and commercial potential.

It is important to highlight that despite these impressive environmental and agro-ecological climate of Mozambique, country is extremely vulnerable to natural disasters namely; floods, drought, and cyclones due to its geographic location, its climate conditions, extremely high levels of poverty and exposure of people to these disasters as well as the limited availability of resources in the country to build resilience. Mozambique is considered the second most geographically exposed to natural disasters country in Africa. The recurrence of natural disasters in the country on annual basis have adverse impacts not only on the human lives, but also on livelihoods, infrastructure and hamper development and growth investments and efforts. This is particularly evident with the floods that occurred in 2014 and 2015, that had negative impacts in the central and northern regions of the country, particularly in the proposed project areas (Zambézia, Niassa and Nampula). More recently with the El Nino phenomena which started at the end of the last quarter of 2015, natural disasters have been affecting parts of the country, hitting particularly the southern and central regions of Mozambique with droughts in the south critically affecting the interior districts of Gaza and Inhambane provinces. According to the Vulnerability Assessment carried out by the Food Security and Nutrition Technical Secretariat (SETSAN), in March 2016, El Niño has affected close to 1.5 million people, and humanitarian needs in terms of food assistance, severe and acute malnutrition treatment as well as in terms water, hygiene and sanitation have been prioritized for the affected groups.

Albeit significant advances have been achieved in Mozambique over the last decade in terms of improvements in the social sectors (i.e. health and education) as well as in the general economy (with an annual GDP of 7-8% until 2015), the country continues amongst the poorest in the world and still close to half of the population lives in poverty. The 2015 Human Development Index ranked Mozambique 180 out of 188 countries. Access to adequate health and education services and other facilities remain challenging, particularly in with the fast population growth rates. Access to potable water, and infrastructures such as roads, bridges and electrical power is also increasing at a very slow pace and reaching less than 40% of the Mozambican.

The ERRP-Additional Financing provides an opportunity to mitigate and anticipate the effects of drought in the provinces of Gaza by ensuring that adequate water and sanitation infrastructures are

30 built to meet the current demand as well as incorporating resilience elements that will allow the beneficiaries to withstand future water shortages induced by severe droughts.

6.2. PROJECT LOCATIONS Initially Emergency Resilience Recovery Project has been designed to be implemented over a 4- year period, in specific provinces in the central (Zambézia) and northern (Niassa and Nampula) regions of Mozambique. The three provinces were exposed to flooding, strong winds, erosion, and a combination of these hazards, which have created significant damages accounting for severe losses and damages in human lives, livelihoods and infrastructure affecting about 11.5 million.

The ERRP-Additional Financing is proposed to cover the interior districts of Gaza and Inhambane, to support the Government of Mozambique in its emergency response to the 2015-2016 drought negative impact associated with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. The project beneficiaries will be the populations of Gaza and Inhambane provinces particularly the 16,000 farmers located downstream at Xai-Xai and Chókwè irrigation scheme, who will benefit from the rehabilitation of Macarretane Barrage. Additionally, about 41,000 people in Chicualacuala and Funhalouro will benefit from rehabilitated and expanded water supply systems as well as the installation of water desalination plants in boreholes with brackish water that will benefit more than 24,000 people in the districts of Chigubo and Massingir in Gaza province.

6.2.1. Gaza Province Gaza province is situated in the southern region of Mozambique. The province is known as the granary of southern Mozambique due to the fertility of the Limpopo Valley with suitable conditions for the cultivation of different cereals such as maize, rice, and a wide variety of vegetables. Conditions for livestock production are some of the best nationwide. Fisheries, aquaculture, tourism and energy generation are some of the other sectors with high potential for investments. The province has a good network of infrastructure such as roads, railways and electricity. Gaza also has the advantage of being close to South Africa. The province has beautiful beaches, notably Xai-Xai, Chongoene, Bilene, which have attracted tourists from all around the world.

Figure 3: Location map of project target area – Gaza Province

The capital of Gaza is Xai-Xai City, located about 210 km north of Maputo, the capital. With an area of 75,334 km², the province is divided into 13 districts: Bilene, Chibuto, Chicualacuala, Chigubo, Chókwè, Chonguene, Guijá, Mabalane, Mapai, Manjacaze, Massangena, Massingir and Xai-Xai. The Gaza province is limited respectively to the north and south by the provinces of Manica and Maputo, to the west by South Africa and the Eastern Province of the Indian Ocean and Inhambane, and extends along the basins of the Limpopo and Changane, a lower plain land with coastal dunes.

According to the 2007 Census data the Gaza province has 1,228,514 inhabitants, around 25% of whom live in urban areas and 75% in rural areas. From 1997 to 2007 the population of the Gaza Province has increased by 163,892 inhabitants (i.e. by 15.4%). The districts of Xai-Xai, Chibuto, Chókwè, Mandlacaze and Bilene-Macia are the most populous, which represent more than half of the inhabitants of the province. Per INE (2010) projections, the population of the Gaza province will grow from 1,236,284 in 2007 to 1,467,951 in 2017, and will be around 1,549,407 inhabitants in 2020.

According to INE (2007) data, 38.5% of people from age 15 and above in the Gaza province cannot read and write. This corresponds to a 14% decrease in illiteracy levels from the year 1997 to 2007. The literacy rate was around 52.7% in. The illiteracy rate depends on the age group and sex. The illiteracy rate is lower in youth than in adults and the illiteracy rate females was almost double that of males. There are historical and social reasons for differences between youth and elderly members

32 of population. Youth tend to have more opportunities for education than older people and boys get a higher priority compared to girls in rural households.

There is also a substantial variation in illiteracy rates based on the area of residence, which tend to be higher in urban areas than in rural: 43.6% against 24.4%, respectively. The differentials by age and sex at provincial level are repeated in urban and rural areas, with a greater proportion of women whose illiteracy rate is more than twice that of men. It should be noted that for urban women aged over 40 or older, the difference is even greater.

The target project area in Gaza Province will cover the districts of Chicualacuala, Chigubo, and Massingir. The project in the Chókwè will be the rehabilitation of the Macarretane Barrage, while the project in the Chiculacuala, Chigubo and Massingir will focus on improving water supply systems.

The district of Chicualacuala is situated in the northwest parts of the province, with the headquarters in the village of Chicualacuala, whose official name is Vila Eduardo Mondlane. The District’s geographic boundaries to the north are with the District of Massangena, and to the east with Chigubo District, to the southeast with Mabalane District, and to the west the District is delimited by South Africa and Zimbabwe.

Chigubo District is situated in the northern part of Gaza Province, with its headquarters in the village of Ndidiza from 2002, when it was transferred from Chigubo Saute. The District is delimited geographically to the north by the District of Massangena, to the east by the districts of Mabote, Funhalouro and Panda in Inhambane Province, to the south by Chibuto and Guijá, and to the west it is bordered by the districts of Mabalane and Chicualacuala.

The City of Chókwè is the centre of the Chókwè District in the province of Gaza and is bordered by Mabalane in the north, Guijá in the northeast, on the east by the district of Chibuto, to the south by Bilene, and to the west it is delimited by the district of Magude.

The Massingir district along the centre is bordered to the north by the district of Chicualacuala, to the east by Chókwè and Mabalane, to the south by the district of Magude, and to the west by South Africa.

6.2.2. Inhambane Province The Inhambane province is located in the southern part of Mozambique with an area of 68.615 km². The province is the second largest producer of cashew nuts after Nampula, and produces coconuts, citrus fruit, cassava and maize, among other crops. The long coastline supports fishing. The Inhambane Bay area is of some interest for tourism, with a number of beaches, and one of the last remaining populations of dugongs in Mozambique.

Figure 4: Location map of project target area – Inhambane Province

According to the 2007 Census, 1,271,818 people were registered in the province of Inhambane, of which 22% live in urban areas and 78% in rural areas. From 1997 to 2007, the population of the province of Inhambane increased by 148,739 inhabitants, representing an increase of 13.2%. The districts of Massinga, Zavala, Vilankulo, Morrumbene and Homoíne are the most populous, and together comprise more than half the population of the province.

According to INE (2010) data, the total population of Inhambane Province was 1,157,182 in 1997; 1,271,818 in 2007; and currently about 1,547,850; and is projected to reach 1,622,912 in 2020.

The data indicate that 41.3% of the population aged from 15 and over cannot read or write, which is a 13% reduction in the illiteracy rate, given that the illiteracy rate was 54.2% in 1997. The data also show that the illiteracy rate varies per age and gender. Thus, illiteracy is lower at younger ages since the opportunity to access school is higher now than in the past.

Regarding the gender differential, data indicates that illiteracy levels are more than twice as high in females than in males. The priority set by parents in the upbringing of children tends to work to the detriment of daughters resulting in this obvious gender inequality in education. There is also a substantial variation in illiteracy rates according to the area of residence; in rural areas, this is approximately twice as high as in urban areas: 46.8% against 23.6%, respectively. The differentials by age and sex in the province are repeated in urban and rural areas, with a greater emphasis on urban areas, where the illiteracy rate in women is three times that of men. It should be noted that for urban women aged 40 or over, the difference is even greater.

Inhambane has a good climate, which is tropical throughout, more humid along the coast and dryer inland especially in Mabote and Funhalouro districts. Inhambane has a huge potential for fishing. According to Koppen's climatic classification, three types of climate are distinguished in Inhambane Province, namely the rainy savannah tropical climate that occupies the entire coastal strip; Dry steppe climate, with dry season in winter, occupying the interior of the province.

As for air temperature, the climate of Inhambane is hot, with the lowest annual average values on the coastal areas (23 to 24ºC) and the highest in the interior (25ºC). The mean values of the maximum daily temperatures during the hottest month (January inland and February in the coast) vary from 30ºC in the coast to 35ºC in the interior. The average values of minimum daily temperatures in the coldest month (July) vary from 10ºC in the interior to 16ºC in the coast. The average amplitude of the annual temperature variation ranges from 6ºC in the coast and 9ºC in the interior.

The average annual precipitation in Inhambane Province is approximately 800 millimeters. The rains start in November, ending in February in the interior and in the month of June on the coast. The duration of the rainy season increases progressively from 4 months in the interior region to 8 months on the coast. From the coast to the interior, the average annual rainfall ranges from less than 500 mm (inland) to more than 1000 mm (on the coast). The average annual precipitation between 800 and over 1000 mm is restricted to the coastal strip of the districts of Massinga, Morrumbene, Inhambane City, Jangamo, Inharrime and Zavala to the North. The interior of the Mabote, Funhalouro and Panda districts presents average annual rainfall below 500 mm.

The hydrology of Inhambane Province is composed of rivers, lakes / ponds and groundwater (aquifers). There are at least 4 major and major river basins in the province of Inhambane, some in the province in the case of the Govuro and Inharrime river basins, and others in other provinces, such as the Save and Limpopo river basins. In addition to these 4 larger basins, there are other smaller ones that play an important role at the local level, such as the Pedras river basin, Inhanombe.

Groundwater resources in the national context are relatively modest but important at local level, especially for water supply to rural and small town populations as well as for watering animals. It is estimated that the global annual recharge of aquifers in Mozambique, not counting the interaction with surface waters, is of the order of 2 km3, or about 1% of total water resources (DNA, 2005).

The aquifers present in the sedimentary formations south of the Save River have variable characteristics. The earliest formations are of marine facies, which is the reason why waters are generally very saline and not suitable for human consumption. Some of the Tertiary aquifers produce very saline waters, while others produce good quality water, with medium to high flow rates.

Quaternary dune formations normally occur along the coast and often produce good quality water, although maximum productivity depends on the position of the interface between freshwater and seawater.

7. POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK ON ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT IN MOZAMBIQUE

Mozambique’s Constitution recognizes that ecological balance, conservation and preservation of the environment are key for the quality of life of its citizens. Several pieces of legislation and policy provide legal context and background for environmental and social management system in Mozambique. Because of the Rio Conference on Sustainable Development in 1992, Mozambique like other countries has undergone major legal and institutional reforms in the environmental sector. The country has adhered to a several international conventions and protocols for the protection of the environment, and thus continues to improve the legislation on many sustainable development issues in the country to ensure that Mozambicans enjoy quality living conditions.

The Ministry of Land, Environment and Rural Development is the Government institution responsible for ensuring the preservation and responsible use of natural resources including land, the coordination of environmental activities and environmental licensing. Provincial Directorates for Coordination of Environmental Action (Direcções Provinciais de Terra, Ambiente e Desenvolvimento Rural - DPTADER) and in some cases District Directorates for Coordination of Environmental Action (Direcções Distritais de Infraestruturas) are the local representatives of MITADER.

This section provides a summary of environmental and social related policies, laws and regulations in Mozambique, particularly those of relevance to the Project.

7.1. THE CONSTITUTION Chapter 5 Article 90 of the 2004 Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique, provides that all citizens the right to live in a safe environment as well as the obligation to preserve it. The key objective of the clause related to the environment in the Constitution is to provide a legal framework for a proper use and management of the environment and its components, for the achievement of sustainable development in the country. This achievement involves proper management of the environment for the creation of conditions that guarantee health and well-being, socio-economic and cultural development of communities and the conservation of natural resources.

The state is also required by the Constitution to guarantee the sustainable use of natural resources and ecological stability for future generations and to promote land use planning in order to ensure that activities take place in the correct locations and that such activities contribute to balanced socio-economic development. The 2004 Constitution also creates an obligation on communities to protect, and makes provisions for the conservation and preservation of the environment, with a view of guaranteeing the right to the environment and quality of life within the framework of sustainable development as stipulated under Article 117.

7.2. ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION The 1995 National Environment Policy in Mozambique, Resolution nº 5/95, establishes the basis of all environmental legislation in the country. Per its Article 2.1, the main objective of this policy is to ensure sustainable development to maintain an acceptable balance between socioeconomic

36 development and environmental protection. To achieve the above objective, the policy must ensure, among other requirements, the management of natural resources in the country and the environment in general - in order to preserve their functional capacity and production for present and future generations.

The 1997 Environmental Law (Law no 20/97) sets the environmental foundations for the policy and institutional framework for environmental management in Mozambique. The Law establishes the scope, institutions and appropriate management tools to deal with environmental management issues.

The Ministry of Land, Environment and Rural Development (MITADER) is the main government entity with the responsibility for coordination of government actions related to environment. With the recent changes in the designation of the Ministry, it is not yet clear how the new structure will comprise be based on an addition of areas to its mandate. It is possible however, to ascertain that MITADER has the following competencies:  Inter-sectorial coordination of environmental issues;  Research planning and environmental management;  Territorial planning and land management;  Environmental impact assessments;  Environmental education and dissemination of information; and  Inspection and control inter alia.

In terms of principles to be followed for sustainable development, the Environmental Law of 1997 establishes the following:  the use and rational management of natural resources;  recognition and value of community knowledge and traditions;  environmental management based on preventive systems;  integrative management;  citizen participation; and  Accountability.

At national level, MITADER has the responsibility to guide the implementation of environmental policies and to coordinate the sustainable planning and use of natural resources of the country. At the provincial level, MITADER is represented by the Provincial Directorates for the Coordination of Environmental Affairs (DPTADERs). At district level MITADER’s representation is through the District Directorate for Infrastructure and the Environment. This department is responsible for handling issues related to land use planning, as well as any issue related to environmental protection.

The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is recognized to be a vital procedure for an effective development planning and is therefore a determinant watershed for environmental protection in the country. It includes provisions for EIA, Environmental Management Plans (EMP), and environmental auditing.

Mozambique’s EIA is regulated by the Decree 54/2015 of 31 December, which revokes Decree 76/98 (of 29 of December), and the revised in 2004 and updated by Decree 45/2004 (of 29 of September). The main changes involve the establishment of three EIA categories, namely:

Category A+ - For projects with likely significant impacts decision making is reserved for the central level, in these instances a full EIA is required to be undertaken and supervised by Independent Specialists Reviewers with verifiable experience;

Category A - For projects with likely significant impacts decision making is reserved for the central level, in these instances a full EIA is required;

Category B - For projects with impacts considered less significant or which require less complex mitigation measures decisions are made at provincial and local levels, for instance, when a Simplified Environmental Study (EAS) is required;

Category C - Is for small projects that may not require an EIA, but must follow the regulations for environmental impact. For these projects, decisions are also made at provincial level. Projects under this category are subject to Good Practices of Environmental Management Procedures, which should be elaborated by the project proponent and submitted to MITADER or the entity responsible for the approval process.

Article 5 of Decree 54/2015 makes provisions for exemption in undertaking the EIA or simplified EIA for some activities, particularly those related to immediate actions in response to disasters or natural calamities, emergency situations resultant from development activities, and activities related to national defense and security. In the case of disasters and emergency situations, Article (2) stipulates that MITADER should make instructions for such exemptions, and make provisions for audits posteriorly.

One of the important changes made with the recently approved Decree 54/2015 is related to fees to be paid by project proponents for the decision on environmental viability as per Article 23. Article 27 set the fee at 0.30% of the investment amount to be paid for Category A+ projects; 0.20% for Category A and B projects; 0.02% for Category C projects with an investment above 5,000,000.00 meticais and 1,000.00 meticais for projects with an investment value of up to 5,000,000,00 meticais.

Environmental Audits and Environmental Inspection are regulated by Decrees No. 32/2003 (of August 20) and No. 11/2006 (of July 15) respectively. The Regulation on Environmental Audit Process indicates that public or private activities are subject to public environmental audits conducted by MITADER as well as private entities. According to this regulation, audited entities are required to provide to the auditors’ full access to the sites to be audited, as well as all information that may be required during the auditing process. Meanwhile, the Regulation on Environmental Inspections (Decree No. 11/2006 of July 15) regulates the mechanisms for inspection of public and private activities, which directly or indirectly are likely to cause negative environmental impacts. This law aims to regulate the activity of supervision, control and surveillance of compliance with environmental protection measures as recommended for development projects.

The Mozambican Environmental Law also establishes that an EIA must be undertaken for all development projects, policies, plans and programs that may have a significant impact on the environment, and recognizes the need to guarantee the participation of local communities and to utilize their knowledge and human resources in the protection of the environment.

Given the nature of the foreseen works to be contemplated under the ERRP, it is expected that most potential impacts can be effectively mitigated through the use of Environmental Management Plan (EMP), guided by the existing EIA Regulations in Mozambique as well as other Directives which aim at minimizing the impact of development projects upon the natural environment and human health.

7.3. DISASTER MANAGEMENT The Disaster Management Law, 15/2014 of June 20, 2014 establishes the legal framework for disaster management and makes provisions for prevention, mitigation, recovery and reconstruction. The main objective of disaster management, as defined by the above law, is to prevent or reduce the adverse impacts of natural disasters on human lives. The law defines the following: solidarity, justice, efficiency and participation and cooperation as the essential principles of disaster management. Decree 7/2016 of 21 March, regulates the above Law and establishes the legal rules for disaster management in the country. Until recently, the Master Plan Natural Disaster Prevention and Mitigation (2006-2016) has been used as an operational document as it has specific objectives, expected results and actions or activities to be implemented to achieve the desired result.

7.4. THE NATIONAL STRATEGY FOR CLIMATE CHANGE (ENMC) The 2013-2025 National Strategy for Climate Change (ENMC) was approved in November 2012 and aim at reducing vulnerability to climate change and improve the living conditions of the Mozambicans. It proposes climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction measures and also focuses on mitigation by targeting low carbon development. The ENMC is structured around three core themes: (i) adaptation and climate risk management; (ii) mitigation and low carbon development (iii) cross cutting issues. These include institutional and legal reform for climate change, research on climate change, and training and technology transfer. Covering the period 2013-2025, the implementation of the ENMC is planned in three phases. The first phase (2013- 2015) focuses on improving the response of local communities to climate change, reducing poverty, planning adaptation measures, as well as identifying opportunities for the development of low- carbon economy in local communities. The Strategy also proposes the establishment of a Centre of Knowledge on Climate Change (CGC) within the Ministry of Science and Technology. The primary objective of the centre should be to collect, manage and disseminate scientific knowledge on climate change, providing crucial information from the development of policies and plans.

7.5. THE NATIONAL ADAPTATION PROGRAM OF ACTION (NAPA) The National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA) sets out the immediate and urgent needs of the country that have been identified during a participative evaluation process, for the purposes of strengthening national capacity to cope with the adverse effects of climate change.

The NAPA has 7 objectives: strengthening early warning systems; strengthening capacities of subsistence farmers in dealing with the adverse impacts of climate change; improvement knowledge and the management of rivers; promote actions to limit erosion and ensure sustainable fishing; promote actions that will contribute to the reduction of emission of greenhouse gases; promote public education on climate change and improve coordination between various actors working on issues related to the assessment of climate change vulnerabilities and risk reduction.

The NAPA is a relevant document for the ERRP, given its specific focus on providing guidance on how to address and adapt to the effects of climate change in Mozambique. Of particular relevance is that the document outlines four key actions that should be employed to reduce the adverse impacts of natural disasters through adaptation, highlighting the use of locally available resources and cost efficient, environmentally friendly, and sustainable approaches.

7.6. THE LAND LAW In Mozambique land issues are governed by the Land law 19/97 of October 1st, 1997 and its Decree 66/98 of December 8th, 1998. The country is said to have one of the most progressive land laws in Africa mainly because it safeguards the rights of its population over land and natural resources whilst promoting investments and sustainable use of resources. The Law clearly provides that “land is property of the state and cannot be sold or otherwise alienated, mortgaged or seized” (Art. 3 of the Land Law). Land is attributed in the form of a 50-year renewable lease known as a Land Title or DUAT (Direito de Uso e Aproveitamento de Terra) in Portuguese. The prerequisites for the acquisition of the DUAT differ for national and foreign subjects. According to the Land Law, the acquisition process requires the judgment of local administrative authorities, and a consultation with the corresponding communities to ensure that the area in question is free and unoccupied (Art. 13, 19/97).

7.7. LEGISLATION ON WATER AND WATER RIGHTS The Mozambican Constitution of 2004 provides that all water resources are owned by the state. In terms of the actual management of water and water rights, the 1991 Water Law 16/91 of August 3rd 1991 is the key legal and regulatory framework. Likewise, land, Water Law stipulates that water is of public domain, that it is inalienable and imprescriptible, and that rights to its use shall be conferred by the State (Art. 1 (3). In general terms, the law makes provisions for the management of water and the acquisition of water rights. The objective of the Law is to provide a general legal framework governing the activities of protection and conservation, inventorying, use and appropriation, control and monitoring of water resources. Directives are provided for water management policy, which include the roles and responsibilities of the State in the promotion, creation of guidelines and regulation of the use of water in different sectors including agriculture.

Art. 21 of the Law makes a distinction between water for common use and water for private use. Common use includes household consumption as well as smallholder agriculture on up to 1ha of land (but excludes irrigation or usage of water with mechanical equipment). The use of water under this category is not subject to a license or concession. It is important to highlight that this group is prioritized. In terms of the second category, water for private use, the Water Act makes provisions which include compulsory licensing or concessions for use and appropriation which is accessible to any individual or collective person, public or private, national or foreign, duly authorized to act in

40 the national territory in terms of the law, and provided that they do not place the ecological equilibrium or the environment at risk.

The Water Licenses and Concessions Regulation (Regulamento de Licenças e Concessões de Águas) for the private use of this resource, is set out in Decree 43/2007 of October 30, and is applicable only to waters that lie outside the action of the tides and/or whose water bodies (lakes and lagoons) communicate with the sea only during spring tides. For water concessions, a set of documentation must be submitted to the Regional Water Administration (ARA), including a description of the proposed use, economic justification and technical description.

In terms of provisions on pollution management, the legal and regulatory framework concerning the prevention of pollution and the safe use of chemicals is broadly provided for under the Environmental Law 20/97 however, sector specific regulatory frameworks are also available in this regard. Article 52 of the Water Law for instance, stipulates that water in the public domain should be protected against contamination, and that the accumulation of toxic or dangerous compounds that may contaminate water should be prevented. Article 54 of the of the same Law stipulates that any activity with the potential of contaminating or degrading public waters, particularly the discharge of effluents, is subject to a special permit to be issued by ARA, and the payment of a fee.

For water management, Mozambique has a specific regulation, Decree 13/2006 of 15 June, which lays down rules concerning the production, deposit on soil and subsoil, throwing to the water or to the atmosphere, of any toxic and polluting substances, as well as the practice of polluting activities which could accelerate impairment of the environment, in order to prevent or minimize their negative impacts on the health and environment. These articles although sector specific, are in conformity with the provisions around pollution and contamination of the environment stipulated in the Environmental Law.

7.8. THE NATIONAL STRATEGY FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES The National Strategy for the Management of Water Resources (ENGRH) was approved in August 21 2007 by the Council of Ministers. The strategy has 9 chapters covering areas from the management of water resources, to water supply and sanitation services, to the role of water in socio-economic development and to institutional coordination and capacity development. The main objective of the ENGRH is to effectively implement the Water Policy, and to meet the basic needs of water supply for human consumption, improvement of sanitation, efficient use of water for economic development, as well as guaranteeing water resources for the development of the country.

With regards to the construction of large and medium scale dams, the strategy stipulates that these should be preceded by rigorous and detailed feasibility assessments covering technical, economic, financial, social and environmental aspects related to their construction, operation and management. The rehabilitation of dams is considered a short-term measure that needs to be prioritized to ensure the availability of water for rural and urban water supply (domestic use), irrigation, cattle ranching and hydropower production, among other uses.

7.9. THE REGULATION FOR SMALL DAMS

The Regulation for Small Dams Decree 47/ 2009 of October 7 is applicable for dams with up to 15 meters in height and a holding capacity of 1 000 000 m3 (one million cubic meters). For dams with a height of not more than 6 meters and a storage capacity not exceeding 100,000 m3 (one hundred thousand cubic meters) a request can be made for exemption from the application of some of the provisions of this decree-law. Dams with a height of not more than 3 meters and less than 100 m3 (one hundred cubic meters) do not require prior authorization, and only require the owner to inform the Regional Water Administration of its location, the characteristics and purpose to which is destined within ninety days after the conclusion thereof, without prejudice to the provisions of the Regulation of Licenses and Concessions of Water on the matter.

The Regulation makes provisions which include the technical requirements required for the approval of a project and the construction of such dams, the construction materials to be used, safety measures required and the penalties to be paid by those who infringe the law.

7.10. ELECTRIC ENERGY LAW The Electric Energy Law (Law nr. 21/97) was approved by the Council of Ministers in October 1st, 1997. According to the law, any electric energy concession/permit must among others: (a) guarantee the maintenance of all components of the energy system; (b) return water used for electric energy production in good quality conditions (temperature, salinity, turbidity); (c) repair any damage to roads and other infrastructures that were done during construction, repair and improvement of electric energy facilities; and (d) observe water, fisheries and environmental laws and regulations in Mozambique.

Article 31 refers to the safety and protection of patrimony and environment and indicates that no electric energy station should endanger people and infrastructures nor block free circulation of vehicles and people. It also indicates that electric energy stations must be located in appropriate places taking into account environmental conditions and the ecological systems crossed by the energy system. Historic and cultural patrimony as well as areas of scientific, ecological or architectural value must be respected and appropriate measures should be taken to avoid their damage.

7.11. LABOR LAW The Mozambican Labor Law 23/2007 of August 1st, makes provisions for individual and collective persons in relation to remunerated work or labor in the country. For the purposes of the present ESMF, Chapters I (General Provisions), III (Individual Work Relations) and IV (Hygiene, Safety and Health of Workers) of the Labor Law highlighted, however all provisions stipulated under the law should be observed.

Article 11 of the law makes special provisions for women workers, with particular protection to women worker rights in terms or pregnancy, where provisions are made in terms of protecting their remuneration (employers should not reduce these), that they should not be laid off, that night shifts or other related changes are discouraged during the time of pregnancy. In addition, Article 11 (2-6) makes provisions for women not to be employed in activities that may have a negative impact on their reproductive health, that a women’s dignity should be safeguarded, that discrimination on the basis of sex is prohibited and is punished by law.

Article 23 of the law makes provisions around child labor, and stipulates that the employer should adopt measures that provide the minors with adequate working conditions per age, considering health, safety, education and training and these should not have adverse impact on the physical, mental and moral development of the child. Article 23 (2) and (3) further stipulates that the employer shall not occupy a minor under the age of 18 in unhealthy and dangerous activities or those that require great physical efforts; and that acceptable normal period of work of the minor between the age of 15 and 18 should not exceed 38 hours and a maximum of 7 hours per day. It is worth mentioning that in Mozambique child labor is a major issue and it is reported that close to 22% minors between the ages of 5-14 are engaged in child labor (MICS 2008). Legally, in terms of the Labor Law, an employee can only admit minors who are at least 15 years old, provided they have authorization by a legal representative (parent or legal guardian). In terms of rights and responsibilities, Article 23 makes provisions, some of which have been mentioned above. In addition to this, Mozambique is a signatory of the International Labor Organization (ILO) Conventions 138, related to the Minimum Age and 182 related to the Eradication of the Worst Forms of Child Labor.

In terms of health, safety and hygiene in the workplace, the legal framework in Mozambique goes beyond the Labor Law and includes the Constitution of 2004, the ILO Conventions related to the matter and other regulations such as the Judicial Regime on Work Related Accidents and Work Related Illnesses. The Constitution makes provisions for the right to retribution and safety in the workplace as well as the right to healthcare. Article 85 (2) stipulates that all workers shall have a right to protection, health and safety at work, and Article 89 stipulates that all citizens shall have the right to health and medical care and shall have the duty of promoting and protecting public health.

Mozambique has been a member of the International Labor Organization (ILO) since 1976 and has ratified of various (18) international labor conventions of which two will be highlighted here. The ILO Convention 17 (CO17) on Workmen’s Compensation (Accidents) of 1925, makes provisions to ensure that workers (or their dependents) who suffer personal injury due to an industrial accident shall be compensated. Convention 18 (CO18) on the other hand makes provisions for worker’s compensation for occupational diseases and refers to national legislation for the conditions under which such compensation shall be paid. More recent guidelines and recommendations on health, hygiene and safety in the workplace have been provided by the ILO, both in generic terms as well as related to specific areas of work such as construction and agriculture.

The Labor Law has more specific provisions in relation to health, hygiene and safety in the workplace. The key principles under Article 216 include:  All workers have the right to work in hygienic and safe conditions, and the employer is obliged to ensure that adequate working conditions are created;  The employer shall provide their workers with optimal physical, environmental and moral working conditions, inform them of any associated risks related to their work where applicable and provide them with adequate measures to abide by the health and safety rules and regulations in the work place;  Workers shall ensure their own health and safety, as well as of others who may be affected by their work;  The employer should employ adequate precautionary measures to ensure that all work 43

location entry and exit accesses are safe and do not pose a risk to a risk to workers;  The employer shall make provisions for appropriate protection equipment and work clothing for workers when required, to prevent accidents and adverse health impacts;  The employer and workers shall abide to the rules and regulations related to hygiene and safety in the workplace;  Employers may make provisions for the prevention and fight against HIV/AIDS and other illnesses in the workplace, and shall abide to the principle of confidentiality and consent for HIV/ AIDS tests. Article 217 and 218 make provisions for the establishment of workplace safety commissions (which should include employers and workers) where companies pose exceptional risks in terms of work related accidents or health issues, and stipulate the regulations for health and hygiene. The workplace safety commissions have the responsibility of monitoring and ensuring compliance to health and safety measures, investigating work related accidents in identifying and organizing prevention and assurance mechanisms for hygiene and safety in the workplace. In terms of regulations, the norms related to hygiene and safety are governed by specific legislation as well as by codes of conduct established b companies or workers’ unions of a specific work area.

Articles 219 to 221 of the law make provisions for workers’ health in terms of the availability of medical assistance in the workplace, directly or through third party contracting; through the installation of a private health unit for workers, provided the number of workers accessing health services does not exceed the capacity of such a health unit; and in terms of medical examinations which should be done on workers regularly.

Articles 222 to 236 of the same law makes specific provisions in relation to work related accidents and work related illnesses. Work related accidents are defined as those that take place during working hours, and which result in body injuries, functional disturbances or illness, reduction in the capacity to work and death. In the event of accidents caused by the worker intentionally, because of negligence, or that are a result of forca major, the employer is not liable and therefore not obliged to provide compensation or pay for damage. Work related illnesses are defined as those that arise as a result of a given professional activity or closely related to a profession, given its toxic or biological nature. Article 224 (2) places particular attention to illnesses that result from work with the following substances:  Lead poisoning;  Mercury poising;  Poisoning as a result of pesticides, herbicides, dyes and harmful solvents;  Intoxication or poisoning resulting from industrial dust, gases, and vapors;  Exposure to asbestos dusts and fibers in air or in products that contain asbestos;  Intoxication as a result of x-rays or radioactive substances;  Carbuncular infections;  Work related dermatoses.

The employer is obliged to make provisions of effective preventative measures to avoid accidents and illnesses in the workplace, and these should be done in strict coordination with the entity responsible for safety and hygiene in the workplace where these roles are split.

In addition to the above, Decree 62/2013 of December 4th, on Judicial Regime on Work Related Accidents and Work Related Illnesses, revokes Legislative Diploma 1706 of October 19, 1957 and all other contradictory legislation. This Decree should be applied in conjunction with the Labour Law, and where there are contradictions, the former should be applied.

Despite the existent legislation related to labor in the country, Mozambique faces major challenges, particularly as 86% of the country’s labor force works in the informal market, 27% of women are unemployed, the country has a very young population of which approximately 43% are under the age of 15 and 39% are within the ages of 15-24 (ILO). For this project to be successful, this data must be considered. All provisions of the Constitution, the Labor Law, the Judicial Regime on Work Related Accidents and Work Related Illnesses and the ILO Conventions on Health and Safety in the workplace shall be abided to during the implementation of the ERRP AF, and the present ESMF identifies specific recommendations in the section related to mitigation measures and in the ESMP.

7.12. CONTRACTING FOR PUBLIC CIVIL WORKS Mozambique has recently approved legislation related to the Contracting of Contractors for Public Civil Works, Goods Supply and Provision of Services, Decree 5/2016 of March 8th. This legislation has provisions ranging from procedures for contracting of contractors for public civil works, goods and service provider to the management of such contracts, to claims and appeals. Of particular relevance is Article 160 on Safety and Discipline on Site. Article 160 stipulates that the contracting party should demand a Health and Safety Plan from the contractor; that the contractor is obliged to guarantee safety in the construction site and places of work and should abide to the legislation on health, hygiene and safety in the workplace, as described under section 6.9 of this document; the contractor should maintain a reliable signpost signaling system in the construction site and especially where works are being carried out on public roads; and the contractor should ensure discipline and order in the site location and areas of work.

Article 163 of Decree 5/2016 provides that the contractor is obliged to comply with the requirements defined in the contract signed as well as with environmental legislation with the contracting party with regards to the protection of the environment.

The ERRP AF shall comply with the provisions of the present Decree in terms of the management of the contractors that are to implement the construction activities as described under Component A and its sub-components of the project.

7.13. RESETTLEMENT PROCESS Regulations on the Resettlement Process resulting from Economic Activities (Decree 31/2012 of 8 August) regulation establishes the basic rules and principles on the resettlement process for the purpose of providing the opportunity to improve the quality of life of affected households. Article 4 lists the principles guiding the resettlement process resulting from the public and private activities. These include principles on social cohesion; social equality; direct benefit; social equity; non- change of income level; public participation; environmental accountability; and social responsibility.

This Decree makes provisions for the resettlement process, including planning, provides the rights of the affected populations and makes provisions for fines in the event of non-compliance.

Ministerial Diploma 156/2014, of 29 September operationalizes Decree no. 31/2012 of 8 August and provides guidance on the elaboration and implementation process of resettlement plans. This Diploma also provides recommendations for the phasing of the resettlement process which are i) collection and analysis of physical and socio-economic information; ii) preparation of the resettlement plan; and iii) elaboration of the implementation action plan of the resettlement project.

During the data collection and analysis phase, the following information should be collected:  Identification and delimitation of the area of intervention, taking into account areas in the proximity of the project whenever possible;  Number of families that will be affected and their socio-economic profile, considering their current situation, their characteristics and lifestyles, their social and structural organization as well as position within the community that they are part of, the most vulnerable groups; and  Biophysical characteristics of the area.

The Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) elaborated in parallel to the present ESMF provides more details on the legal and guiding frameworks of the resettlement process in Mozambique and taking into account the World Bank Involuntary Resettlement Policy OP 4.12, and provides specific guidance and steps to be followed to either avoid resettlement or mitigate any potential adverse impacts where this is unavoidable.

7.14. PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS PROCESS The Ministerial Diploma no. 130/2006 and the Decree 54/2015 make provisions for the Public Consultation Process. The former defines the basic principles related to public participation, methodologies and procedures that should be used. It considers public participation an interactive process that begins in the design phase and continues throughout the lifetime of the project. Decree 54/2015 provides for the public consultation process in the context of the Environmental Impact Assessment process. Both documents establish the need for conducting public consultations with affected and interested persons that may be affected by an activity or project directly or indirectly.

The objective of the public participation process is to identify interested and affected parts, disclose information related to the project to them, manage dialogue with the project proponents, and take comments and suggestions from the public in general. The basic principles of public consultation include the following:  Availability and access of adequate information;  Wide participation of citizens;  Representation;  Functionality;  Negotiation; and  Accountability.

For Category A+ and A activities public consultations are compulsory, whilst for Category B, these are optional unless the activities will result in a) temporary or permanent displacement of people or communities, and/ or b) if the activities will result in the displacement of assets or restrictions in the use of natural resources.

Within the context of project EIA, a Ministerial Diploma no 130/2006 was introduced to stress the need for and importance of public participation process, which seeks to integrate non-experts’ views into EIA decision-making process, by allowing individuals and civil society to voice their concerns with regards to environmental sustainability of proposed projects. Public participation has been critical in the preparation of this ESMF, and will be critical throughout the cycle of the ERRP AF project.

8. REVIEW OF WORLD BANK SAFEGUARDS AND IMPLICATIONS The World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard/ Operational Policies as well as the World Bank Group (WBG) Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines, are critical for the institution’s support to poverty reduction in a sustainable manner, and involving affected and interested parties of the project. The objective of these safeguard policies is to prevent and mitigate loss and damage on human life as well as on the environment during the implementation of development activities. These policies provide the Bank and its partners with guidelines for identifying, preparing and implementing programs and projects, and are applied to manage environmental and social risks and adverse impacts. In this section World Bank Operational Policies that can be triggered by the project are reviewed. The purpose of this review is to ensure that the proposed project concept is environmentally and socially sound, and to access the relevance and feasibility of implementation of these policies to the proposed project.

The ERRP AF has the potential of triggering most of the policies because of the nature and objective of the project related to the reconstruction and rehabilitation of infrastructures, specifically the Macarretane Barrage, water supply systems, and the construction of desalination systems as well as the water dispensers for livestock which are likely to cause certain negative environmental and social effects.

The initial appraisal of the project highlights that the project activities would trigger the following WB’s Operational Policies as described below: (i) Environmental Assessment (OP 4:01), Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12), and Natural Habitats (OP 4:04), Physical Cultural Resources (OP 4.11), Safety of Dams (OP 4.37) and Projects on International Waterways (OP 7.50).

Table 1: Safeguard Policies Triggered by the Project Safeguard Policies Triggered Yes No

Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01) X

Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04) X

Pest Management (OP 4.09) X

Indigenous People (OP/BP 4.10) X

Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11) X

Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12) X

Forests (OP/BP 4.36) X

Safety of Dams (OP/BP 4.37) X

Projects on International Waterways (OP/BP7.50) X

Projects in Disputed Areas (OP/BP 7.60) X

8.1. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OP 4.01 The Environmental Assessment (EA) Safeguard is to ensure that projects are environmentally and socially sustainable, and provide a basis for improved decision making. OP 4.01 evaluates a project's potential environmental risks and impacts in its area of influence; examines project alternatives; identifies ways of improving project selection, siting, planning, design, and implementation by preventing, minimizing, mitigating, or compensating for adverse environmental impacts and enhancing positive impacts; and includes the process of mitigating and managing adverse environmental impacts throughout project implementation.

The EA takes into account the natural environment (air, water, and land); human health and safety; social aspects (involuntary resettlement, indigenous peoples, and physical cultural resources); and trans-boundary and global environmental aspects. It also considers natural and social aspects in an integrated way, and taking into account the variations in project and country conditions; the findings of country environmental studies; national environmental action plans; the country's overall policy framework, national legislation, and institutional capabilities related to the environment and social aspects. Thus, OP 4.01 is applicable whenever a proposed project or actions have the potential to cause negative environmental effects to its surroundings.

The OP 4.01 classifies proposed projects into one of three categories, depending on the type, location, sensitivity, and scale of the project and the nature and magnitude of its potential environmental impacts:

Category A: where a project is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are sensitive, diverse, or unprecedented. For a Category A project, the borrower is responsible for preparing a report, normally an Environmental Assessment (EA), (or a suitably comprehensive regional or sectorial EA).

Category B: where a project’s potential adverse environmental impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas such as wetlands, forests, grasslands, and other natural habitats are less adverse than those of Category A projects. These impacts are site-specific; few if any of them are irreversible; and in most cases mitigation measures can be readily designed.

Category C: where a project is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. Beyond screening, no further EA action is required for a Category C project.

Category FI: A proposed project classified in Category FI engages investment funds from the World Bank through a financial intermediary, in sub-projects that may result in adverse environmental impacts.

The ERRP parent project was assigned in Category B, as the activities will result in moderate impacts that will be localized and easily mitigated. No subproject of Category A are eligible for funding under this project. In line with the aforementioned document, activities under component A of the ERRP-AF will trigger environmental and social safeguards. Such activities may induce medium size rehabilitation and installation works for dykes and water supply systems including installation of small desalinization plants. The ERRP -AF project’s environmental categorization will remain as ‘B’ type as per the parent project, since the scope and nature of the proposed activities are similar to the parent project and given that the project impacts are generally expected to be site-specific, not significant, and not irreversible. The ERRP-AF will finance resilient infrastructure rehabilitation, including new investments in drought mitigation and water distribution infrastructures. Most of the rehabilitation and reconstruction works will focus on existing facilities.

Some of the adverse impacts include soil erosion, soil, surface and groundwater pollution and or contamination, air pollution, loss of vegetation, public health impacts such as traffic hazards, noise, dust, and disruption of social and cultural practices. The present ESMF will therefore focus on these potential effects likely to occur during the implementation of the foreseen activities in the project areas. Most of the rehabilitation and reconstruction works will focus on existing facilities.

This ESMF presents that checklists are designed to assist in identifying such potential impacts, and direct communities and extension teams to practical ways of avoiding or mitigating them. Should district or provincial government authorities determine that more detailed studies are required, they can request that an environmental and social assessment be carried out and that an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) be prepared before the project application can be considered further in compliance with OP 4.01. The ESMP should consists of a set of mitigation, monitoring and evaluation measures that should be taken during implementation and operation, in order to eliminate or mitigate any adverse environmental and social impacts. The ESMP should also include actions required to be undertaken to implement the recommended measures.

The present ESMF includes a template to prepare an ESMP for the ERRP AF to provide guidance to the implementers, coordinators and project proponents. It provides set of responses to potential adverse impacts, determines requirements for timely and effective response, and provides the means for meeting the requirements set. The key components of this plan are: i) mitigation; ii) monitoring, iii) training and capacity development, iv) projected costs for implementing the plan; and v) integration of the plan to the project. Environmental and Social Clauses (ESC) for contractors are no longer necessary as Bidders/Proposers are now required to demonstrate that they have a ESHS Code of Conduct, which are a set of rules, regulations and principles set out by the contractors, based on national legislation and/ or World Bank safeguards related to environment, health, safety, hygiene, which will be abided by the contractors and application monitored regularly; suitably

49 qualified ESHS specialists; and that they will abide by implementing, security and reporting requirements prior to the signing of contracts.

8.2. NATURAL HABITATS (OP/BP 4.04) The Natural Habitats safeguard is related to the protection, maintenance, and rehabilitation of natural habitats and their functions in its economic and sector work, project financing, and policy dialogue. The objective of this safeguard is to ensure that a precautionary approach to natural resource management is applied to ensure opportunities for environmentally sustainable development.

The Bank does not support projects that involve a significant conversion or degradation of critical natural habitats unless there are no feasible alternatives for the project and its siting. Foe these to be approved, a comprehensive analysis demonstrates that overall benefits from the project substantially outweigh the environmental costs. If the environmental and social assessment indicates that a project would significantly convert or degrade natural habitats, the project should include mitigation measures acceptable to the Bank. Such mitigation measures should include minimizing habitat loss (e.g., strategic habitat retention and post-development restoration) and establishing and maintaining an ecologically similar protected area. Wherever feasible, Bank- financed projects should only be sited on lands already converted.

The ERRP AF will have a small impact on Natural Habitats as it will mainly be implemented in areas where existent activities are already taking place, such as the small-scale reconstruction of schools and of water supply sources. Where medium scale works are envisaged, such as the reconstruction of irrigation schemes and rural access roads and bridges as well as the contingency emergency response, the OP 4.04 is triggered and precaution measures need to be put in place to avoid damage to the environment. Proper planning is required regarding site selection and should always avoid areas requiring transformation of undisturbed natural habitat.

The ESMF provides communities and implementation teams with the appropriate environmental checklists and planning methods to identify any potential impacts of the project sub-components on natural habitats and to develop appropriate mitigation measures to minimize or avoid damage.

8.3. INVOLUNTARY RESETTLEMENT (OP 4.12) The purpose of this policy is to avoid or minimize involuntary resettlement and, where this is not feasible, assist displaced persons in improving or at least restoring their livelihoods and standards of living in real terms relative to pre-displacement levels or to levels prevailing prior to the beginning of project implementation, whichever is higher.

OP 4.12 applies to all land acquisition and any changes in access to resources due to a sub-project. The policy applies irrespective of the affected persons must move to another location. The Bank's policy requires a full Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) if over 200 people must be relocated or if these people are not physically displaced but lose over 10% of their assets due to the project. If the impact is less than this an Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan should be prepared instead.

The key objectives of this operational policy are to:

 Avoid or minimize involuntary resettlement scenarios, where possible and examine all viable alternative project designs;  Support affected persons in restoring/improving their former living standards, income generation and production capacities, or at least in restoring them;  Encourage community involvement in planning and implementing resettlement actions; and  Provide assistance to affected people regardless of the legality of land tenure.

The policy does not only cover physical displacement, but also any loss of land or other assets associated to the proposed actions resulting in:  relocation or loss of shelter;  loss of assets or access to assets; and  loss of income sources or means of livelihood, irrespective of the affected person is to reallocate to a new area.

This operational policy is applicable to the involuntary restriction of access to legally demarcated conservation areas such as parks and other protected areas resulting in adverse impacts on the livelihoods of the displaced persons. For the purpose of the RFP prepared under the remit of the Emergency Resilient Recovery Project Additional Financing, whenever land acquisition is necessary for the foreseen public-works, the applicant (any of the institutions with a mandate to implement under this project) shall comply with guidance established by the RPF which has been prepared separately and in parallel to the present ESMF.

The nature and scale of sub-components of the ERRP AF proposed means that only minimal displacement, and subsequent need for relocation and/or compensation, is likely to occur as a consequence of project implementation. Nevertheless, the ESMF provides criteria for determining the need for resettlement in the form of Checklist. Additionally, a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) has been also prepared for the ERRP AF and complements this ESMF with regards to involuntary displacement.

8.4. PHYSICAL CULTURAL RESOURCES (OP/BP 4.11) This policy addresses preserving Physical Cultural Resources (PCR), and in avoiding their destruction and/or damage. Physical cultural resources are defined as movable or immovable objects, sites, structures, groups of structures, and natural features and landscapes that have archaeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, religious (including graveyards and burial sites), aesthetic, or other locations with cultural significance. They may be located in urban or rural settings, and may be above or below ground, or under water. Their cultural interest may be at the local, provincial or national level, or within the international community.

The project should address any possible impacts on physical cultural resources in projects proposed for Bank financing, as an integral part of the environmental assessment (EA) process. If the project is likely to have adverse impacts on physical cultural resources, the project proponent should identify appropriate measures for avoiding or mitigating these impacts as part of the EA process. At this stage, it cannot be ascertained whether some ERRP AF target areas are located in or nearby natural features and landscapes. Should this be confirmed during the specific identification and selection of sites, the Chance Finds Procedure (CFP) approach shall be used in the event of

51 previously unknown physical cultural resources are exposed or found in the lifecycle of a project, and appropriate measures should be taken to ensure that natural features and landscapes are not destroyed, and/or that mitigation measures are put in place to reduce damage. Furthermore, future activities related to component D may trigger this safeguard, particularly in relation to religious sites such as family graveyards and burial sites. Chance find refers to any cultural heritage site or associated material encountered during construction works, excluding those found in the course of an intentional archaeological investigation. It includes, but is not limited to artefacts, archaeological deposits, ruins, monuments and human remains.

Potential adverse impacts and specific mitigation measures have been provided in the ESMP and the ESMF mitigation matrix included in this document. The RPF being prepared in parallel to this document presents the guidelines for management of physical cultural resources in the Environmental Assessment and provides a plan for mitigating adverse impacts.

8.5. SAFETY OF DAMS (OP 4.37) The purpose of this safeguard is to make provisions for the safety of construction or rehabilitation of new and/ or existing dams as there are serious consequences if a dam does not function properly or fails. The project proponent is responsible for ensuring that appropriate measures are taken and sufficient resources are provided for the safety of the dam, irrespective of its funding sources or construction status.

The safeguard policy distinguishes the types of dams as follows:  Small dams are normally less than 15 meters in height. This category includes farm ponds, local silt retention dams, and low embankment tanks; and  Large dams which are 15 meters or more in height. Dams that are between 10 and 15 meters in height are treated as large dams if they present special design complexities for example, an unusually large flood-handling requirement, location in a zone of high seismicity, foundations that are complex and difficult to prepare, or retention of toxic materials. Dams under 10 meters in height are treated as large dams if they are expected to become large dams during the operation of the facility.

For small dams, generic dam safety measures designed by qualified engineers are usually adequate; whilst for large dams, the policy requires that:  reviews by an independent panel of experts (the Panel) of the investigation, design, and construction of the dam and the start of operations;  preparation and implementation of detailed plans: o a plan for construction supervision and quality assurance, o an instrumentation plan, o an operation and maintenance plan, and o an emergency preparedness plan;  pre-qualification of bidders during procurement and bid tendering; and  periodic safety inspections of the dam after completion.

The Bank may accept previous assessments of dam safety or recommendations of improvements needed in the existing dam or DUC if there is evidence that an effective dam safety program is

52 already in operation, and that full-level inspections and dam safety assessments of the existing dam or DUC, which are satisfactory to the Bank, have already been conducted and documented.

The Macarretane barrage does not meet the OP 4.37 definition threshold for large dams as it is only 3,20 meters high. The present document however, makes provisions for mitigation of potential adverse impacts of the works to be carried out.

8.6. PROJECTS ON INTERNATIONAL WATERWAYS (OP 7.50) The objective of this Policy is to provide guidance for projects that will be implemented on international waterways which include:  any river, canal, lake, or similar body of water that forms a boundary between, or any river or body of surface water that flows through, two or more states, whether Bank members or not;  any tributary or other body of surface water that is a component of any waterway described in (a) above; and  any bay, gulf, strait, or channel bounded by two or more states or, if within one state, recognized as a necessary channel of communication between the open sea and other states- and any river flowing into such waters.

This policy applies to the following types of projects:  hydroelectric, irrigation, flood control, navigation, drainage, water and sewerage, industrial, and similar projects that involve the use or potential pollution of international waterways as described in para. 1 above; and  detailed design and engineering studies of projects under paragraph above, including those to be carried out by the Bank as executing agency or in any other capacity.

The Bank requires that the international aspects of a project on an international waterway are dealt with at the earliest possible opportunity. If such a project is proposed, the Bank requires the beneficiary state, if it has not already done so, formally to notify the other riparians of the proposed project and its Project/Program Details. If the project proponent indicates to the Bank that it does not wish to give notification, normally the Bank itself does so. If the project proponent also objects to the Bank's doing so, the Bank discontinues processing of the project. Following notification, if the other riparians raise objections to the proposed project, the Bank in appropriate cases may appoint one or more independent experts to examine the issues in accordance safeguard policy. Should the Bank decide to proceed with the project despite the objections of the other riparians, the Bank informs them of its decision.

The project will focus on rehabilitation activities within an International river basin, Limpopo River, but is not expected to engage in large-scale rehabilitation activities or other activities that would adversely affect the quality or quantity of water flow within shared waterways. The OP 7.50 on International Waterways is triggered, however an exemption for riparian notification has been granted for the project.

8.7. EXEMPTIONS TO NOTIFICATION REQUIREMENT

The following exceptions are allowed to the Bank's requirement that the other riparian states be notified of the proposed project:  Ongoing schemes, projects involving additions or alterations that require rehabilitation, construction, or other changes that will not adversely change the quality or quantity of water flows to the other riparians; and will not be adversely affected by the other riparians’ possible water use. This exception applies only to minor additions or alterations to the ongoing scheme; it does not cover works and activities that would exceed the original scheme, change its nature, or so alter or expand its scope and extent as to make it appear a new or different scheme;  Water resource surveys and feasibility studies on or involving international waterways. However, the state proposing such activities includes in the terms of reference for the activities an examination of any potential riparian issues;  Any project that relates to a tributary of an international waterway where the tributary runs exclusively in one state and the state is the lowest downstream riparian, unless there is concern that the project could cause appreciable harm to other states.

Rehabilitation works of the ERRP AF will be carried out within an International river basin, the Limpopo River Basin which is shared between Mozambique, Botswana, South Africa, Swaziland and Zimbabwe, however, the proposed investments will not involve large-scale rehabilitation works or other activities that would adversely affect the quality or quantity of water flow within shared waterways. The OP 7.50 on International Waterways will be triggered and an exemption for riparian notification should be requested by the government or by the Bank.

8.8. WORLD BANK POLICY ON DISCLOSURE OF INFORMATION BP 17.50 The World Bank, through its Disclosure Policy BP 17.50, requires that all safeguard documents be disclosed in the respective countries as well as at the Bank’s Info shop prior to appraisal or for Fast Tracking Initiative prior to Signing of the Grant Agreement. The Bank recognizes the right to information, and has information disclosure policies which generally contain the following elements: principles of disclosure; exceptions to disclosure; routine disclosure; and request driven disclosure. Disclosure of documents (including a summary of the project, and a summary of Environmental Assessment) should be in the local language, at a public place accessible to project- affected groups, local non-governmental organizations and other interested persons. In-country disclosure of information is the responsibility of the borrower, in this case of the project proponent through the steering committee or the individual institutions that will be implementing a project, in this case the DNGRH, AIAS and MASA. Disclosure in the InfoShop is the responsibility of the World Bank.

Documents that need to be disclosed include:  Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet;  All Safeguard mitigation plans;  Environmental Assessment/ Environmental and Social Management Plan;  Resettlement Action Plan, Policy Framework or Process Framework.

All documents should be made available to stakeholders well in advance of consultations and all public consultations should be completed and draft or final documents should be disclosed prior to

54 the project appraisal. In addition, all final documents, including the results of the consultations should be disclosed for the record.

For the present ESMF document, information disclosure was initiated with the advertisement of the public participation meetings held in the two provinces targeted for the implementation of the ERRP AF. The meetings provided an opportunity for stakeholders to provide comments and useful inputs to be taken into consideration when planning and implementing the proposed project. As the EMSF has now been drafted, it is proposed that the disclosure process be through continued interaction with stakeholders using contacts gathered during public meetings. E-mail contacts shall be used to inform that the ESMF document has now been drafted and it is available on the web and stakeholders shall be invited to provide further comments as needed. A pubic advert shall also be sent to most widely distributed and read newspaper in the country, to inform stakeholders of the availability of the ESMF document for review and comments. The selected inter-institutional coordination body led by the National Directorate of Management of Water Resources (DNGRH), as per the parent Project Document, shall ensure the availability of the full ESMF in Portuguese in Maputo, as well as in all their provincial and district offices.

9. GAPS IN MOZAMBICAN LEGISLATION AND IN THE WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES

One of the weaknesses in the past in the Mozambican legislation was related to the lack of clear and detailed procedures and norms for handling health, safety and security for both the local population of a particular project area and/ or the project workers. In addition to the provisions made under the Mozambican Legislation Law in terms of procedures for health, safety and security, as described in the previous chapter of the present document, the WBG EHS General Guidelines are recommended for the ERRP and related projects. This section provides an overview on how the General Approach to be taken with regards to the Management of EHS issues at the Facility or Project Level.

The WBG EHS Guidelines are technical reference documents with general and industry-specific examples of Good International Industry Practice (GIIP). They should be referred to and used to guide issues related to provide guidance to users on EHS issues in specific industry sectors, and they should be used together with the safeguard policies. However, the application of the EHS Guidelines to existing facilities may involve the establishment of site-specific targets, with an appropriate timetable for achieving them. The applicability of the EHS Guidelines should be tailored to the hazards and risks established for each project on the basis of the results of an environmental assessment in which site-specific factors are taken into account.

The ESH Guidelines are organized in four chapters: Environmental  Air Emissions and Ambient  Air Quality  Energy Conservation  Wastewater and Ambient Water Quality  Water Conservation  Hazardous Materials Management  Waste Management 55

 Noise  Contaminated Land Community Health and Safety  General Facility Design and Operation  Communication and Training  Physical Hazards  Chemical Hazards  Biological Hazards  Radiological Hazards  Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)  Special Hazard Environments  Monitoring 3. Community Health and Safety  Water Quality and Availability  Structural Safety of Project Infrastructure  Life and Fire Safety (L&FS)  Traffic Safety  Transport of Hazardous Materials  Disease Prevention  Emergency Preparedness and Response 4. Construction and Decommissioning  Environment  Occupational Health & Safety  Community Health & Safety

Effective management of environmental, health, and safety (EHS) issues entails the inclusion of EHS considerations into corporate- and facility-level business processes through the following steps: • Identifying project hazards and associated risks as early as possible • Involving EHS professionals, who have the experience, competence, and training necessary to assess and manage EHS impacts and risks, and carry out specialized environmental management functions • Understand the likelihood and magnitude of the risks • Prioritizing risk management strategies with the objective of achieving an overall reduction of risk to human health and the environment • Favouring strategies that eliminate the cause of the hazard at its source • Incorporating engineering and management controls to reduce or minimize the possibility and magnitude of undesired consequences • Preparing workers and nearby communities to respond to accidents • Improving EHS performance through a combination of ongoing monitoring of facility performance and effective accountability.

The following should be considered when assessing the potential risks related to health, safety and security:  Infrastructure and Equipment Safety;  Hazardous Materials Safety;  Environmental and Natural Resource Issues (such as floods/ landslides etc.);  Community Exposure to Disease (such as water-borne illnesses etc.);  Emergency Preparedness and Response.

The project proponent should assess the potential risks and impacts from project activities and inform affected local population of significant potential hazards in timely. It is also the responsibility of the project proponent to support and work with the project affected population and the local government structures to respond to any arising emergency.

The World Bank has elaborated and put in place Environmental, Social, Health and Safety (ESHS) Enhancements for Standard Procurement Documents (SPDs) and Standard Bidding Documents (SBDs), with a new procurement framework which came into force in 2016 and 2017. The ESHS enhancements shall be applicable for all new works contracts for which the relevant SBD/SPD. With the new Frameworks bidders/ proposers/ contractors are required the following:  Employer is required to set out clearly the minimum expectations of ESHS performance from the outset, to ensure that all Bidders/Proposers are aware of the ESHS requirements;  Submit as part of their Bid/Proposal an ESHS Code of Conduct that will apply to their employees and sub-contractors, and details of how it will be enforced. The suitability of the Code of Conduct can be assessed and discussed as part of the Bid/Proposal evaluation and negotiations;  The successful Bidder/Proposer is required to implement the agreed Code of Conduct upon contract award;  Submit, as part of their Bid/Proposal, ESHS Management Strategies and Implementation Plans required to manage the key ESHS risks of the project;  The suitability of these strategies and plans can be assessed as part of the Bid/Proposal evaluation, and discussed during pre-contract discussions, as appropriate. These strategies and plans will become part of the Contractor’s Environmental and Social Management Plan (C-ESMP);  Particular Conditions of Contract now include provisions relating to the (C-ESMP), e.g.: - a requirement that the Contractor shall not commence any Works unless the Engineer is satisfied that appropriate measures are in place to address ESHS risks and impacts; - at a minimum, the Contractor shall apply the plans and ESHS Code of Conduct, submitted as part of the Bid/Proposal, from contract award onwards.  Provide an ESHS Performance Security (the sum of the two “demand” bank guarantees, normally not to exceed 10% of the contract price). The ESHS performance security is in the form of a “demand” bank guarantee.” The application of this provision is at the Borrower’s discretion. It is recommended for contracts where there is significant ESHS risks as advised by Social/Environmental specialist/s;  Demonstrate that they have suitably qualified ESHS specialists among their Key Personnel. Key Personnel must be named in the Bid/Proposal, and in the contract. The quality of the

proposed Key Personnel (including ESHS specialists) will be assessed during the evaluation of Bids/Proposals. The Contractor shall require the Employer’s consent to substitute or replace any Key Personnel;  The Engineer may require the removal of Personnel if they undertake behaviour which breaches the ESHS Code of Conduct, e.g. spreading communicable diseases, sexual harassment, gender-based violence, illicit activity, or crime;  Contracts now contain specific ESHS reporting requirements. These relate to: - ESHS incidents requiring immediate notification; - ESHS metrics in regular progress reports.

For the purposes of implementation of this ESMF, potential health, safety and security impacts associated with the project have been identified, and mitigation measures have been recommended in the subsequent sections based on the national legislation, the World Bank Group ESH Guidelines, and the recently approved ESHS provided by the World Bank.

10. PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS

Public consultations were carried out in the two provinces where targeted by the ERRP AF, namely in Chicualacuala and Chókwè in Gaza province, and in Funhalouro in Inhambane province, with the objective of gathering public perceptions of the proposed activities as well as of the provinces and key areas of intervention. The consultation process comprised two methods (i) consultation on a one-to-one basis with key stakeholders (officials from line ministries, national organizations, NGOs, the World Bank and technical staff from targeted provinces), and (ii) public meetings held in the aforementioned provinces. Information on the purpose and dates of the public consultation meetings was publicized in the Jornal Noticias, the most widely read newspaper in the country, in the DNGRH office in Maputo, as well as at provincial level. A draft version of the present document, ESMF, were also shared and made available to the public for contributions.

The objective of the consultation process was to gather general perceptions and views of all relevant stakeholders (project affected persons as well as interested persons) on the proposed project. Among others, the Consultant sought to identify and confirm conditions in the different provincial contexts, and determine specific impacts that would require to be addressed under the scope of the present ESMF. A summary of the key issues raised and contributions from the public consultation meetings held in the 3 districts is provided below.

10.1. CONSULTATIONS IN CHICUALACUALA In Chicualacuala the public consultation meeting took place on May 8th, 2017. The consultants met the Head of District Services for Infrastructure Planning (SDPI) and the Water technician in Chicualacuala, and visited the existing three water supply systems in Eduardo Mondlane village. A summary of key findings from the visit is presented in the minutes of the meeting as an annex to the present document, however, it is important to highlight that in the past the village sourced drinking water from the Mueneze river which is located 37 km from the village center. The Mueneze’s system was abandoned and its reutilization will require a large rehabilitation or reconstruction, given the lengthy time in which it has been inoperative.

The public consultation meeting was well attended by private water suppliers, community leaders, general public as well as by local government authorities and officials. The participation of the District Secretary Permanent is worth mentioning. The meeting was conducted and led by a consultant appointed for this, and had three main objectives: i) provide information to the ERRP AF beneficiaries, to the general provincial population to civil society organizations as well as to the local government structures; ii) identify potential environmental and social consequences and impacts of the project; and iii) take note of and register the contributions, grievances and expectations of the participants with regards to the project.

10.1.1. Key Issues Raised by Participants In terms of the area of focus of the project, the key issues raised by participants included the following:  Reliance on borehole for water supply, as it is currently at Eduardo Mondlane Village, is not a viable solution;  Rehabilitation of Mueneze water system would imply economic displacement of the three private operators of existing public borehole;  Water deficit in the district is exacerbated by salinity levels, as a result submerged water pumps break easily due to the salinity content;  Ensure a safe crossing bridge of the Macarretane Barrage during and after the dam rehabilitation;  Water currently available at Eduardo Mondlane is brackish;  Current water tariff very expensive partially due to the cost of electricity, diesel and other components involved in borehole based water systems;  Frequent cases of diarrhea that are associated with the water quality currently consumed. The local hospital receives 4 to 5 cases of cholera per day that become difficult to treat, as patients return to drinking the same unsafe water;  Building pipelines and distribution network could have an impact on the asphalted roads within the village.

10.1.2. Key Recommendations Provided  Rehabilitation of the old water supply system to source water from Mueneze river at 37 km away from the village;  Recruitment of skilled managers to lead the construction of the water supply system for Eduardo Mondlane Village;  Proposed Mueneze water supply system should operate concurrently with the existing borehole based water supply systems, as not everyone has the capacity to pay for piped water and alternatives need to be put in place;  It was recommended that the contractor of the water supply project to Eduardo Mondlane village should bring only the technicians because the helpers should be recruited locally.  Upon completion of works, roads that have been affected need to be covered or rebuilt.

10.2. CONSULTATIONS IN CHÓKWÈ

In Chókwè the consultation took place on May 10th, 2017. The meeting was attended by interested persons, local and district authorities and officials, and officers from AIAS and the Limpopo River Management Unit. The meeting was conducted and led by a consultant appointed for this, and had three main objectives: i) provide information to the ERRP beneficiaries, to the general provincial population to civil society organizations as well as to the local government structures; ii) identify potential environmental and social consequences and impacts of the project; and iii) take note of and register the contributions, grievances and expectations of the participants with regards to the project.

10.2.1. Key Issues Raised by Participants In terms of the area of focus of the project, the key issues raised by participants included the following:  The floods that hit Mozambique, particularly Gaza Province in 2015 and 2016, created erosion problems that affected the current structure of the dam;  Cost of desalination are much higher compared to water from the river. Desalination will require power supply and may involve other processes that are expensive;  Desalinization process may trigger other economic problems for local communities as a result of high water tariffs associated with the desalinization process. The bigger the desalinization plant is, the higher the water tariff will be;  Accumulation of water from poor sewerage systems close to desalination plant can create damp habitats which result in the proliferation of mosquitoes and malaria;  Brackish water is a problem for many villages in Chókwè District where there are high levels of water salinity.

Key Recommendations Provided  Adoption of water supply system based on water river water;  Lessons from the first rehabilitation project of the Macarretane Barrage should be replicated.  Desalination plants ought to be preceded by assessment of viability in order not to waste scarce financial resources. Desalinization may not be a viable option;  The projects should create a communication and stakeholder engagement strategy.

10.3. CONSULTATIONS IN FUNHALOURO The consultation meeting in Funhalouro took place on May 12th, 2017. The meeting was well attended by civil society organizations, an NGO, private water suppliers and plumbers, farmers, INGC general public as well as by local government officials. The meeting was conducted and led by a consultant appointed for this, and had three main objectives: i) provide information to the ERRP AF beneficiaries, to the general provincial population to civil society organizations as well as to the local government structures; ii) identify potential environmental and social consequences and impacts of the project; and iii) take note of and register the contributions, grievances and expectations of the participants with regards to the project.

10.3.1. Key issues raised by Participants  The lack of clean water supply has become the biggest problem in Funhalouro. Without

water, people in the village cannot irrigate their agricultural fields. The lack of clean water supply exacerbates poverty levels in the village;  Community borehole in Malave does not yield any water;  Available water in Funhalouro is brackish. People and animals suffer from lack suitable water as a result of droughts;  There is a water supply deficit in Funhalouro and poor families are left without water as they cannot afford to pay 2 MT/20 liter;  In Mutchai there is one borehole where individuals and cattle fight for drinking water, and another without water is in Mutchai 1;  There is no water supply in Mbone, which is 7 km away from Funhalouro village;  There are no technicians to repair water systems when they break, and there is no mention of skills to offer genuine failure diagnosis in the project. When a water system breaks down, there is no ability to assess the failure and this is the reason why some water systems have been discontinued and abandoned;  In many areas water is very deep and the boreholes are not deep enough to reach the water table;  As a result, the boreholes bring up saline water as they bring ground water from nearby;  The water project is likely to be associated with erosion due to excavations (if not properly handled);  Private water supply operators will lose their sources of income;  Rainfall reservoir is not a solution as it will guarantee water supply for a short period of time;  The project will bring many people to the village looking for employment which may lead to disturbance to the existing order and the proliferation of diseases;  People may lose their assets due to the water projects.

10.3.2. Key Recommendations Provided  Boreholes for the planned water supply system should go deep to tap onto clean water  Existing rainfall reservoirs should not be considered as alternative sources for the planned water supply systems as it only rains during only 2-3 months of the year and often times many years go without rainfall;  Environmental and social safeguards must address the existing potential economic and physical displacement (the water pipe may affect properties, crops and trees);  As part of water social responsibility of the projects, he recommended that an assistant should be appointed for the small water system outside the village. This could be in the form training  Displacement of private property (houses, business and field crops/trees) should be anticipated and compensation measures should be planned;  Prioritize hiring of local staff as unemployment is very high in the village;  The water system should consider additional funds to train mechanics and acquire equipment for the maintenance of the water system.

In general, the issues raised by the participants of the public consultation have been taken note of and included throughout the present document. The ESMP also includes recommendations informed by these meetings.

11. SIGNIFICANT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS

The ERRP AF, alike any other development related project is susceptible to generating adverse social and environmental impacts, therefore it is essential to include measures that will mitigate or eliminate these impacts. Given the nature of the project, with a focus on rehabilitation of irrigation and water supply infrastructure for the mitigation of climate cognate effects, a number of potential impacts should be studied and addressed. Notwithstanding this, it is expected that the potential adverse social and environmental impacts associated with the rehabilitation of the Macarretane Barrage; the water supply systems rehabilitation and expansion; and the installation of water desalination systems be localized and of short duration, and that they can be minimized significantly through adequate planning and the implementation of the Environmental Management Plans by the contractors responsible for the implementation of the works to be carried out. Components C and E are not expected to trigger or result in any environmental or social impacts given the very nature of the components (monitoring of the project and food distribution).

This sections highlights the potential impacts according to each sub-component and activity envisaged, and provides recommendations for mitigation actions and measures.

11.1. SUB-COMPONENT A.5 REHABILITATION OF THE MACARRETANE BARRAGE This sub-component focuses on the rehabilitation of the Macarretane Barrage located in Gaza province as described in the previous section of this document. Civil works here will involve stabilizing the downstream terrace of the Barrage. Re-enforcement of the downstream terrace rehabilitation measures includes replacing the damaged concrete block carpet in downstream apron, as well as filling the scour holes in the riverbed in order to stabilize the downstream terrace to avoid further scouring. The potential adverse impacts of these works are enlisted below.

11.2. POTENTIAL ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS  Changes in water allocation upstream and downstream of barrage as a result of the rehabilitation activities;  Change in the reservoir volume and in the overall water regime as a result of the works to be carried out;  Contamination of ground and surface water as well as soils as a result of chemicals (oils, fuels and lubricants from machinery and vehicles working on site, remains of paints, etc.) particularly on sites located near waterways;  Contamination of water and soils can result in contamination of crops produced by farmers in the surrounding areas of the project as well as of the beneficiaries of the Chókwè Irrigation Scheme;  Hydrologic changes, resulting from the rehabilitation of the dam can lead to significant increase in mosquito breeding sites;  The use of heavy machinery and equipment may also result in soil compaction, changing

surface and ground water flows and adversely affecting agriculture soils;  Equally excavation, extraction of construction materials and other construction-related activities can result in soil contamination;  Setting-up of semi-permanent work sites may cause negative impacts due to accumulation of solid waste, and disposal of human waste.

11.3. POTENTIAL ADVERSE SOCIAL IMPACTS  Social conflicts resulting from land uptake as may be required for the rehabilitation of the dam, and these may have a worse impact on the most vulnerable, particularly households headed by women and/ or children;  Remedial works may require land acquisition or resettlement of local communities;  The expected rise in human population attracted by the functionality of the barrage and their associated wastes are likely to increase exposure to disease transmitted from contaminated standing water in the previously flooded areas during the wet season;  Public nuisance and health impacts resulting from inadequate disposal of solid wastes including demolition materials;  Rehabilitating of water control structures, may affect some already degraded and sensitive habitats along the riverbanks;  Noise pollution given the reconstruction works, as a result of operating machinery and equipment;  Increase in the risk of water borne diseases such as cholera or malaria in the project areas;  Increase in risk of contamination of food as a result of chemical residues in the water going into crop production in the project surrounding areas and the Chókwè Irrigation Scheme; Increase in HIV/AIDS rates as a result of workers coming from other areas of the country;  Possibility of work-related accidents where health, safety and hygiene measures are not put in place, and monitored closely;  Increase in cases of sexual harassment and child abuse leading to early pregnancies and increase in school dropout rates;  In terms of local employment, the non-use of local resident manpower during the rehabilitation and construction of the infrastructures could cause some frustrations at the local level (and could lead to social conflicts);  Labour influx increase given the lack the skilled or desired labour for activities related to the project.

11.4. POTENTIAL POSITIVE IMPACTS  The Chókwè Irrigation Scheme will operate continuously as a result to the rehabilitation works at the Macarretane Barrage, and this will in turn have a positive impact on the levels of production of food, and subsequently on food security and improved nutrition of the population the targeted areas;  Improvements in the incomes and livelihoods of people living in the surrounding areas of the barrage;  The rehabilitation of the barrage will ensure that food production throughout the year, thus contributing significantly to mitigate the cyclical drought impacts in the project area and region;

 Additional safety measure will ensure that the barrage does not collapse and is fully functional, which will also ensure protection of human lives;  The re-enforcement of the downstream terrace rehabilitation measures including replacing the damaged concrete block carpet in downstream apron, and filling the scour holes for stabilization of the downstream terrace will prevent to further scouring.

11.5. SUB-COMPONENT A.6 – WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS REHABILITATION AND EXPANSION Activities under this sub-component will focus on the rehabilitation and expansion of the water supply systems of two small towns, Chicualacuala and Funhalouro, benefiting over 41,000 people with access to improved drinking water services. The potential adverse impacts of these works are enlisted below.

11.6. POTENTIAL ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS  Air pollution can be caused as a result of dust/ toxic chemicals in the air during the rehabilitation and reconstruction works;  Contamination of ground and surface water as a result of chemicals (oils, fuels and lubricants from machinery and vehicles working on site, remains of paints, etc.) particularly on sites located near waterways;  During all types of construction and rehabilitation works, residual waters, chemicals and oils are discharged. These have the potential of adversely affecting underground water and soils in the areas where the project is implemented;  Soil erosion can be expected to result from earth-moving activities during rehabilitation works and will expose the soil to erosion. Soil erosion is susceptible where vegetative cover is reduced;  The use of heavy machinery and equipment may also result in soil compaction, changing surface and ground water flows and adversely affecting future use for agriculture;  Equally excavation, extraction of construction materials and other construction-related activities can result in erosion and soil contamination. Over the longer term, if erosion persists, it may result in reduced the depth of top soils depth, which may affect soil water and nutrients;  Loss in vegetation and damage to natural habitats.

11.7. POTENTIAL ADVERSE SOCIAL IMPACTS  Further water shortages in some areas during the rehabilitation works;  Inadequate sanitation in construction areas which can be mitigated/ avoided with the provision of adequate washing and toilet facilities close to the works;  Water borne illnesses resultant from still waters/ water treatment;  Quality of water not in accordance with WHO standards and lead to diseases;  Incidents and accidents are bound to occur in the workplace;  Noise and vibrations are common during construction and rehabilitation works;  Potential for social conflicts between workers (from other areas) at site and members of local community;  In terms of local employment, the non-use of local resident manpower during the

rehabilitation and construction of the infrastructures could cause some frustrations at the local level (and could lead to social conflicts);  Acquisition of land may be required for rehabilitation or reconstruction works, which may lead to involuntary resettlement of local communities;  Temporary disturbance of commercial activities in villages particularly during construction phase a vital source of livelihood;  Work related accidents where health, hygiene and safety measures are not out in place and monitored on a regular basis;  No clarity on who will manage the water supply facilities after rehabilitation;  Economic impact on small operators who currently supply water to villages as they are likely to lose business once the proposed improved water supply systems become operational;  No feasibility study carried out to identify the population’s willingness and capacity for paying water service, however a proxy analysis based on studies carried out in small towns with similar characteristics, such as Vila de Massangena and Chigubo, has indicated the likelihood of payment and the preference of installation of water fountains.

11.8. POSITIVE IMPACTS  More people with access to safer water in the districts of Chicualacuala (11,000 people) and in Funhalouro (30,000), particularly girls and women can spend time undertaking other activities and going to school instead of walking long distances in search of water;  Civil works will include the water storage facilities, tower, network and house connections and some standpipes which will ensure water supply;  Safe drinking water will result in improved sanitation and hygiene conditions, which ultimately improve their living standards;  The quality of water will be based on international standards (World Health Organization - WHO);  Reduction in water-borne illnesses and water contamination due to safe supply of water in the target area;  Opportunities for temporary jobs and improvements of skills and abilities of local workers.  The project will stimulate the local economy;  Private operators will be selected through a public tender, to manage public water systems and ensure that they are operational or make small repairs;  Access to clean water in adequate quantities can have a positive impact on increasing agricultural activities, chicken raising and livestock. Currently, it is challenging to raise chicken due to the restriction in water supply whenever the electricity supply fails;  With clean water supply local communities will be able to develop small watered agricultural camps or vegetable gardens and improve nutrition and food security.

11.9. SUB-COMPONENT A.7 – INSTALLATION OF WATER DESALINATION SYSTEMS This sub-component will be implemented in the districts of Chigubo and Massingir in Gaza province, which are characterized by hydrogeological environments which are not favorable for fresh water supply. Activities will focus on the installation and operation of the desalination

65 facilities in the two locations. This sub-section provides a list of potential environment and social impacts of the desalination systems in both districts.

11.10. POTENTIAL ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS  Desalination plants directly impact the marine environment by returning the relatively high temperature concentrated brine to the sea;  Different products used in chemical cleaning of membranes and pre-treatment cleaning disposed-off in the Limpopo River basin or in the sea can contaminate these water resources and biodiversity;  Noise pollution around the desalination plants as a result of use of high pressure pumps and energy recovery systems, such as turbines, which produce significant level of noise;  A desalination unit generates a lot of brine which is made of various salts, heavy metals, organic compound. If these are discharged in the sea or in rivers they create a great chemical imbalance on the physical and chemical constitution of the water, and subsequently on the species of these waters and the biodiversity;  Indirect impact of creating an increased demand for electricity production and heat depending upon the process, temperature and source water quality. Fossil fuel-powered desalination plants have environmental effects related to the emission of greenhouse gases or other pollutants associated with power generation;  Transporting water may give rise to hygienic issues and water quality deterioration due to its transport; moreover, transporting high quality potable water requires the installation and operation of a high quality infrastructure that would prove prohibitively expensive;  Contamination of finished water during pre-treatment, desalinated and post-treatment by certain organics, surface runoff, and chemical and sanitary waste outfalls near the intake to the desalination plant;  Soil erosion can be expected to result from earth-moving activities during construction works as a result of clearing vegetation cover;  The use of heavy machinery and equipment may also result in soil compaction, changing surface and ground water flows and adversely affecting agriculture soils;  Equally excavation, extraction of construction materials and other construction-related activities can result in soil contamination;  Setting-up of semi-permanent work sites may cause negative impacts due to accumulation of solid waste, and disposal of human waste.

11.11. POTENTIAL ADVERSE SOCIAL IMPACTS  If water is not degasified after the desalination process it may have bad taste and odor and result in people not drinking it. This could be a potential loss in investment;  Over use of chemicals during desalination process may lead to health issues in the population of the target areas;  Resettlement and dislocation of people may be required for the construction of the desalination systems;  Work related accidents may occur if necessary health, safety and hygiene measures are not taken;  Poor performance of civil works contractors (and their supervisors) leading to unsuccessful

incorporation of the proposed mitigation measures;  In terms of local employment, the non-use of local resident manpower during the rehabilitation and construction of the infrastructures could cause some frustrations at the local level (and could lead to social conflicts);  Acquisition of land may be required for rehabilitation or reconstruction works, which may lead to involuntary resettlement of local communities;  Vulnerable groups such as women, children, and elderly do not benefit from the positive effects of the project;  In the human context, the coming and going of vehicles carrying construction materials can create problems of traffic and mobility in general congestion, increasing thus the disturbance (noise, dust) that the population will be exposed, not to mention accidents of road. The same applies to the handling of powder materials (cement and sand), which can annoy the inhabitants of the surrounding areas (dust);  Increase in HIV/AIDS rates as a result of workers coming from other areas of the country;  The mixed construction process should involve the community, it widely known that effective community involvement varies from community to community, and hence it is expected that there will be communities with difficulties in getting involved in this process;  Work related accidents where health, safety and hygiene measures are not put in place, adhered to or monitored on a regular basis;  The activities may have adverse impacts on particularly vulnerable groups such as orphans and vulnerable children, elderly, and women in terms of limited access to water, to potential resettlement as a result of the works, and in terms of disruptions as a result of the activities. It is therefore recommended that the rights of the vulnerable groups are safeguarded and that gender balance is ensured throughout the implementation of the activities under the project.

11.12. POSITIVE IMPACTS  More people with access to safer water in the districts of Chigubo and Massingir, particularly girls and women can spend time undertaking other activities and going to school instead of walking long distances in search of water;  Safe drinking water will result in improved sanitation and hygiene conditions, which ultimately improve their living standards;  The quality of water will be based on international standards (World Health Organization - WHO), and reduction in water-borne illnesses and water contamination due to safe supply of water in the target area;  Opportunities for temporary jobs and improvements of skills and abilities of local workers.  Decrease in transportation and water supply costs from water previously supplied from Chókwè to Chigubo and Massingir;  The intervention also proposes the establishment of Management Systems for Operation and Maintenance, therefore any technical issues with the systems will be dealt with in due time.  The construction of eight multifunctional boreholes equipped with solar pumps will ensure that the systems are sustainable and do not depend on high energy costs associated with desalination processes.

11.13. MITIGATION MEASURES Adverse environmental and social impacts can be minimized through the adoption of an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) that details suitable mitigation and management measures. An ESMP is included in subsequent chapters of this document, and includes the potential adverse environmental and social impacts, the mitigation measures, the timeframe for employing the measures and the responsible person(s) to ensure that the measures are adhered by. This section provides mitigation measures for all 3 sub-components of the ERRP AF.

11.14. MITIGATION MEASURES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS  Avoid or minimize clearing of vegetation during preparation for rehabilitation and reconstruction works in the targeted areas, to reduce chances of soil erosion and the damage of natural habitats. This can be done by carrying out works in areas that have already been cleared, where infrastructure was existent prior to the disaster/ emergency, or by minimizing clearing vegetation where new areas have been identify because it has been deemed that the existent ones are not appropriate;  Irrigation infrastructure needs to be designed to ensure that localized erosion does not occur. Construction activities generally expose soil to erosion. Therefore, careful design for the rehabilitation and reconstruction of irrigation schemes can avoid the occurrence of erosion problems;  Following the completion of construction work, vegetation should be established around structures so that bare soil is not exposed to erosive forces;  Proper asbestos disposal will be among the responsibilities of the contractors. Asbestos can be disposed safely in sealed plastic containers to be buried for example in municipal landfills  Ensure availability of adequate sanitary facilities for the construction workers close the working sites, to avoid contamination of water and soils from human waste in the area of work and surrounding areas;  Avoid reconstruction works and work site waste disposals close to waterways to ensure the protection of water resources;  Water quality measurements should be carried out to evaluate the concentrations of the substances of importance to the water quality and aquatic species. The substances include residual chlorine, dissolved oxygen, ambient seawater temperature and salinity, pH and ammonia. The measurements will be used to evaluate the water quality with regard to the water quality standards and used for the water quality model calibration;  A biological survey should be carried out in the plant vicinity to evaluate the ecosystem in the area;  A detailed sampling grid should be constructed in the water supply plant vicinity and surveyed by the ecologist. Data should provide a detailed description of local habitats and species. Photos on the ecosystem should be taken on the grid by divers with underwater camera. The value of the ecosystem in the study area can be evaluated by the ecologist based on the finding of the survey;  Water quality should be tested on a regular basis and should be based on the WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality (GDWQ);

 Demand for electricity production to run the desalination plants will not be triggered as the systems will the use of solar-powered plants to reduce environmental effects related to the emission of greenhouse gases or other pollutants associated with power generation;  Desalination brine should not be disposed of to the sea or to the Limpopo river basin. Disposing of brine in the sea or rivers should be completely avoided. Brine should be collected and transported to salt works. If the salt produced is directed for human consumption, appropriate measures should be taken for it to be transported and tested;  To mitigate the risk of contaminating and wasting water that has undergone the desalination process, as well as costs associated to the process and transportation of water all desalination plants should be built where there is a water shortage problem and water produced is only intended to cover the needs locally;  Pre-treatments of desalinated water should involve enhanced disinfection, using granular activated carbon or more frequently powdered activated carbon for can be used to treat contaminated water. Chlorine is also added to disinfect and to reduce biofouling and protect the membrane from degradation;  Waste from desalination should be discharged to sewers or treated at a sewage treatment plant to dilute with municipal wastewater prior discharge;  Brine may be placed in lined lagoons and dried and disposed in landfills;  Make use of WHO Desalination Guidance in order to comply with the Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality (GDWQ4;  Regular monitoring of the desalination systems to confirm that the process was properly designed, and built and is being properly operated to prevent contamination from reaching consumers;  Changing the location of brine disposal and treating the brine before it is discharged can reduce the impact it may have on the water it is being disposed off in  Injecting brine via wells into confined and non-potable aquifer systems, however this is an expensive option, as a specific well would be required to be constructed  After desalination, product water must be degasified to prevent taste and odor problem;  Correct dosage and application of use should be used during desalinated process. Specific guidelines and standards should be available, and these should be in line with the WHO drinking water quality guidelines. Water should be tested at a local or regional lab on a regular basis to ensure quality standards are being adhered to and to ensure that the water is safe for human consumption.

11.15. MITIGATION MEASURES FOR SOCIAL IMPACTS  Ensure participation of all relevant stakeholders, including local communities in all processes of the project cycle, from planning and design phases, to implementation and participation;  Take into account the specific rights, needs, and vulnerabilities of women, orphans and marginalized people in relation to natural resources during recovery, and promote equitable access to recovery;  Ensure that vulnerable groups are targeted and involved during recovery and reconstruction

4http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/gdwqrevision/desalination.pdf

interventions, where possible approaches such as food for work may be employed for activities that do not require special skills;  Build capacity for green recovery and reconstruction, and ensure consultation/coordination with relevant stakeholders (affected populations, interested parties, civil society) in recovery and reconstruction;  Destruction of cultural and heritage sites should be completely avoided. The project proponents should determine whether the proposed project locations are in areas where cultural heritage is expected to be found either during construction or operation. The Chance Find Procedure is to be used, where any cultural heritage site or material is subsequently encountered during construction works. Where these are not related to conservation areas or heritage, the RPF should provide guidance on the transfer of this sites and compensation for the affected populations;  The RPF will provide guidance on the mechanism and tools that should be employed to address the potential scope of resettlement and land acquisition, where involuntary resettlement is necessary. This includes the establishment of clear communication channels between the project and the PAPs to convey and report potential social conflicts. The Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) is recommended to be used to deal with potential grievances and dissatisfaction raised by the PAPs in relation to the project. In Mozambique, the mechanism raising grievances is usually as follows: i) issue raised firstly to the village chief, traditional leader, or village head; ii) then to the Head of Post; iii) to Consultative Council; iv) to the District Administrator and finally; v) to court. If communities feel their grievances are not adequately addressed, they have the option to go up to Provincial level or still further, national level;  Conduct information sharing and awareness campaigns on the causes and preventative measures of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and other epidemics for reconstruction workers, suppliers as well as local communities;  Ensure availability of adequate sanitary facilities for the construction workers close the working sites, to avoid contamination of water and soils from human waste which may have adverse impacts on the health of workers and population of the surrounding areas;  Include other support measures such as safe water points, storage facilities, electricity etc. for project site workers;  Ensure hygiene and security measures are respected in work sites to reduce risks of work- related accidents.

11.16. CUMULATIVE IMPACTS

Macarretane Barrage: Sedimentation in rivers is a natural phenomena occurring particularly during the rainy season where loads of sediments are dragged to the river as result of storm water discharging into the river. Soils disturbances due to agricultural activities upstream of the Macarretane barrage may also contribute with sediments to the the river. Additional sediments may be added to the river as a result of the proposed civil works associated to rehabilitation of the downstream terrace of Macarretane barrage. This potential cumulative impact is the most expressive likely to affect the aquatic environment, however it would be temporary, occurring during construction phase, and can be mitigated by ensuring that no sediments are added to the river during the rehabilitation of the barrage’s infrastructure. In Addition, vehicles and equipment movement would potentially result in emission of dust and gases to the atmosphere, hence,

70 affecting the air quality. Vehicle maintenance and dust suppression in the proximity of population concentration points would minimize these impacts on human health.

Rehabilitation and expansion of water and sanitation systems: The proposed upgrade of water and sanitation systems is will take place in villages with considerable number of people, and these activities may be carried out simultaneously with other civil works activities being implemented by government and private entities in the villages, such as construction, roads upgrade and rehabilitation works undertaken by district government authorities or any other private initiatives in the villages to support the various investments in targeted villages. The combined effect of different projects may have important effects on the biophysical and socioeconomic environment, particularly in terms of the air quality, noise environment, landscape and socioeconomics as summarized below:  In terms of air quality, it is expected that dust and gas emission will increase particularly as most water and sanitation projects may involve excavations and use of vehicles and machinery;  With respect to noise, it is anticipated that the noise levels could increase, as a result of combined sources from different projects, with significant impacts upon sensitive receptors such as population concentration points (schools, markets, health facilities) in the villages;  Regarding the biotic systems, the expected cumulative impacts on the flora and vegetation are important, but would be less expressive where civil works are being implemented in the villages centers;  Increased water availability and possible unattended water leaks may lead to wet conditions and consequently proliferation of disease vectors such as mosquitoes;  The impacts on the landscape would be associated to the construction phase, and it is considered that these could be important, but temporary, based on the assumption that an environmental plan for landscape recovery would be devised to mitigate these impacts.

Installation of Water Desalination Plants and Water Dispensers for live stock: One key impact under this component would be the continual water uptake in the aquifer which may result in further increase of levels of salinity in the aquifer. This may result in the need for upgrading the water desalination process, with a view to lower the levels of salinity and make water available for human consumption. This issue of increased levels of salinity in the aquifer will need to be monitored to inform the district water authorities with a view to identifying other technical solutions as well as alternative water sources to ensure continued availability of potable water for human consumption. Other cumulative impacts would be related to increased demand for land as well as competing land uses particularly in siting the location of water desalination plants in villages, and this impact would be more expressed in villages where there are no available spaces reserved for future expansion of water facilities. Impacts may be resolved by applying principles outlined in the Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) prepared in parallel to the present ESMF.

The proposed ERRP-AF projects will collectively have positive impacts in the reduction of the incidence of waterborne diseases through provision of potable water, increasing the welfare of local people and children who spend part of their day looking for water will have more time to be dedicated to personal development activities and income generation. These impacts if combined with improved sanitation, improved nutrition with increased agricultural production as a result of rehabilitation of the Macarretane barrage, as well as with improved availability of protein from live stock, form positive cumulative impacts that will improve the standards of living of the beneficiary communities.

12. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP)

The purpose of this section is to provide guidance on how to prepare future Environmental Management Plan (ESMP) to ensure effective and optimal environmental and social management of the projects once their exact location and design of interventions are known. The ESMP there provides the relevant subcomponents of the project; the potential negative environmental and social impacts; proposed mitigation measures; and defines responsibilities for the implementation and monitoring of the measures.

Table 2: Environmental and Social Management Plan Project Environmental/ Mitigation Measures Responsibility Timeframe/ Activity Social Impact Periodicity Implemen Monitoring tation of of measures measures

Rehabilitation of the Macarretane Barrage To be managed, implemented and monitored by the MOPHRH through DNGRH

Soil erosion can Implement appropriate Contractor DPOPHRH Verification of be expected to soil erosion control conditions result from earth- measures such as District prior moving activities minimizing run-off, Services for commenceme Infrastructure nt and upon Scheduling to avoid completion of heavy rainfall periods if Environmental works possible Focal Point/ Safeguards Contouring and Specialist minimizing length and Team steepness of slopes

Mulching to stabilize exposed areas Environ mental Re-vegetating areas Impacts promptly

Designing channels and ditches for post- construction

Contamination of Superior soils should be Contractor District Verification of soils and water as separated/ removed and Services for conditions a result of works replaced/ placed back Infrastructure prior once the works have been commenceme concluded Environmental nt and upon Focal Point/ completion of Safeguards works Specialist Team

Residual waters, Adequate drainage of Contractor DPOPHRH Monitored on chemicals and oils water and/or other liquid a monthly are discharged wastes used during District basis contaminating reconstruction and Services for underground water operation phases of the Infrastructure and soils Project (in loco)

Use of chemical products Environmental such as oils, lubricants Focal Point/ and fuels should be Safeguards limited and controlled/ Specialist supervised Team

Drainage systems in the Project sites should be equipped with a water/ oil separator

Guidelines and procedures on cleaning oil/ fuel/ chemical leaks should be made available

Vegetation Avoid or minimize Contractor DPOPHRH Conditions to clearance, soil clearing of vegetation be verified disturbances, and during preparation for District and modification of rehabilitation and Services for documented at natural habitats reconstruction works. Infrastructure the beginning (in loco) of works, and Vegetation should be verified upon established around Environmental completion of structures so that bare Focal Point/ works soils are not exposed to Safeguards erosive forces Specialist Team Reinstatement of vegetation cleared following completion of works; rehabilitation of site’s disturbed soils immediately after completion of works

Air pollution as a Watering surfaces to Contractor DPOPHRH Monitored on result of dust/ toxic reduce dust and reduce a monthly chemicals in the usage of chemicals; District basis air Services for Reduction of speed limits Infrastructure and/ or access to roads (in loco) that lead to the project areas Environmental Focal Point/ Ensure regular Safeguards maintenance of vehicles Specialist and equipment used on Team sites

Minimizing dust from material handling sources, such as conveyors and bins, by using covers and/or control equipment

Moving potential hazardous air pollutants, such as asbestos, from existing infrastructure prior to demolition   Avoiding open burning of solid

Setting-up of semi- Availability of adequate Contractor DPOPHRH Monitored on permanent work sanitary facilities for the a weekly basis sites may cause construction workers District negative impacts close the working sites, to Services for due to avoid contamination of Infrastructure accumulation of water and soils (in loco) solid waste, and disposal of human The contractor should Environmental waste categorize all waste Focal Point/ (hazardous and non- Safeguards hazardous), and should Specialist includes adopt the practice of Team contaminated soils, recycling whenever ly rags, used oil possible filters etc. Non- hazardous waste Provide containment for includes excess fill fuel storage tanks and for materials from the temporary storage of grading and other fluids such as excavation lubricating oils and activities, scrap hydraulic fluids wood and metals,  and small concrete Train workers on the spills. Other non- correct transfer and hazardous solid handling of fuels and wastes include chemicals and the office, kitchen, and response to spills dormitory wastes Make provisions for access to potable water and washrooms during works and of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) programs directed towards the local populations in targeted areas

Assess the presence of hazardous substances in or on building materials (e.g. asbestos- containing flooring or insulation) and decontaminate or properly dispose of contaminated building materials

Poorly installed Ensure that Contractor DPOPHRH Monitored on channels may reconstruction process is a monthly concentrate water managed adequately and District basis in specific areas that all stages of the Services for and subsequently works are monitored for Infrastructure drain the area and quality control and (in loco) contribute to quality assurance drying up Environmental wetlands. Identification, regular Focal Point/ measurement, and Safeguards recording of principal Specialist water flows within at the Team target area

Definition and regular review of performance targets, which are adjusted to account for changes in major factors affecting water use (e.g. industrial production rate)

Regular comparison of water flows with performance targets to identify where action should be taken to reduce water use

Hydrological Distribute mosquito nets Contractor DPOPHRH Monitored on alterations may to project workers who a trimester lead to significant remain on-site as well as District basis increase in to local communities in Services for mosquito surrounding area of the Infrastructure breeding sites project; (in loco)

Outbreaks of malaria, Environmental urinary infections and Focal Point/ water-borne illnesses Safeguards should be monitored Specialist Team

Social Social conflicts Public consultations prior DPOPHRH MOPHRH Conditions to Impacts resulting from land to any works/ during be verified uptake project preparation and Consultant Safeguards and throughout all phases of Specialist documented at the Project according to Team the beginning the provisions of Decree of works, and 45/ 2004 and Ministerial Steering verified upon Diploma 130/2006 Committee completion of works Involve interested and affected people, directly or indirectly affected by the activities of the Project

If resettlement is unavoidable, the resettlement process has to be managed in accordance to the Law on Resettlement Decree n⁰ 31/2012 of August 8, and in conformity with the World Bank Safeguard Policy on Involuntary Resettlement OP/BP 4.12

Public nuisance Use of chemical products Contractor DPOPHRH Monitored on and health impacts such as oils, lubricants a weekly basis resulting from and fuels should be District inadequate limited and controlled/ Services for disposal of solid supervised Infrastructure wastes including (in loco) demolition Drainage systems in the materials. Project sites should be Environmental equipped with a water/ oil Focal Point/ separator Safeguards Specialist The contractor should Team categorize all waste, and should adopt the practice of recycling whenever possible

Noise pollution Choosing less noisy Contractor DPOPHRH Monitored on given the equipment and make use a weekly basis reconstruction of equipment in good District works, as a result conditions Services for of operating Infrastructure machinery and Usage of silencers to (in loco) equipment. reduce vibrations of equipment during Safeguards construction phases Specialist Where necessary, reduce Team construction time and the running speed of noisy equipment

Planning and logistics should be appropriate – plan noisy activities for early hours of the day and inform local inhabitants of activities that will result in noise and vibrations

Monitor noise and vibrations

Risk of water Solid waste should be Contractor DPOPHRH Monitored on borne illnesses covered to avoid a monthly such as cholera or contamination of water District Health basis malaria Distribute mosquito nets Services to project workers who remain on-site as well as Safeguards to local communities in Specialist surrounding area of the Team project

Outbreaks of malaria, urinary infections and water-borne illnesses should be monitored

Providing surveillance and active screening and treatment of workers

Prevention of larval and adult propagation through sanitary improvements and elimination of breeding habitats close to human settlements   Elimination of unusable impounded water andincrease in water velocity in natural and artificial channels  Considering the application of residual insecticide to dormitory walls  Implementation of integrated vector control programs   Promoting use of repellents, clothing, netting, and other barriers to prevent insect bites

Contamination of Adequate drainage of Contractor INIR Monitored on food as a result of water and/or other liquid a monthly chemical residues wastes used during District Health basis in water and soils reconstruction and Services going into crop operation phases of the production through Project Safeguards the Chókwè Specialist Irrigation Scheme Team and surrounding production areas

Increase in Conduct information NGOs or District Health HIV/AIDS rates sharing and awareness Community Services as a result of campaigns on the causes Based workers coming and preventative Organizatio DPOPHRH from other areas of measures of HIV/AIDS, ns (CBOs) the country. tuberculosis and other Safeguards epidemics for Specialist reconstruction workers, Team suppliers as well as local communities

Condoms should be distributed to workers and surrounding communities, and health care should for workers should be made available

Work-related Use of chemical products Contractor DPOPHRH Safeguards accidents as a such as oils, lubricants Specialist result of lack of and fuels should be District Team use of personal limited and controlled/ Services for protective supervised Infrastructure equipment by (in loco) workers during the Guidelines and construction phase procedures on cleaning Environmental oil/ fuel/ chemical leaks Focal Point/ should be made available Safeguards Specialist Drainage systems in the Team Project sites should be equipped with a water/ oil separator

Non-use of local Highly recommended to Contractor DPOPHRH Verification resident hire local workers prior manpower wherever possible. This District commenceme will raise the acceptance Services for nt and upon of the population to the Infrastructure completion of project (in loco) works

Priority be given to local Safeguards construction firms with Specialist knowledge of the local Team social norms

Destruction of Site areas should be DPOPHRH District Conditions to cultural and identified and agreed to Services for be verified heritage sites for prior to the start of the Infrastructure and use of spaces works documented at during Provincial the beginning rehabilitation or Destruction of cultural Directorate of of works, and reconstruction and heritage sites should Culture (DPC) verified upon works be completely avoided. completion of Safeguards works Where previously Specialist unknown cultural Team heritage sites are found during construction, the chance finds approach shall be used – this should include consultation with local communities, transfer or removal where possible, and restoration for critical sites.

Where these are not related to conservation areas or heritage, the RPF should provide guidance on the transfer of this sites and compensation for the affected populations.

Water Supply Systems Rehabilitation and Expansion To be managed, implemented and monitored by AIAS

Soil erosion Rehabilitation of site’s Contractor AIAS at Conditions to resultant from disturbed soils provincial be verified excavations or immediately after level and other earth moving completion of works documented at activities District the beginning Vegetation should be Services for of works, and established around Infrastructure verified upon structures so that bare soil (in loco) completion of is not exposed to erosive works forces Environment al Focal Scheduling to avoid Point heavy rainfall periods if possible

Contouring and minimizing length and steepness of slopes

Mulching to stabilize exposed areas

Re-vegetating areas Environ promptly mental Impacts Designing channels and ditches for post- construction

Combine civil construction, tree- planting and small earth movements to help stabilise soils

Loss in vegetation Avoid or minimize Contractor AIAS at Conditions to and natural clearing of vegetation provincial be verified habitats of plants during preparation for level and and animals rehabilitation and documented at reconstruction works. District the beginning Services for of works, and Carry out works in that Infrastructure verified upon have already been (in loco) completion of cleared, where works infrastructure was Environment existent prior to the al Focal disaster/ emergency Point

Reinstatement of vegetation following

completion of works

Soil compaction Careful choice of Contractor AIAS at Prior to resulting from the equipment and machinery provincial commenceme use of heavy and should take into level nt of works equipment and account size of the machinery on site location/ area where District works will be carried out Services for Infrastructure (in loco)

Environment al Focal Point

Contamination of Superior soils should be Contractor AIAS at Conditions to water and soils as separated/ removed and provincial be verified a result of replaced/ placed back level and chemicals (oils, once the works have been documented at fuels and concluded District the beginning lubricants from Services for of works, and machinery and Use of chemical products Infrastructure verified upon vehicles working such as oils, lubricants (in loco) completion of on site, remains of and fuels should be works paints, etc.). limited and controlled/ Environment supervised al Focal Monitored on Drainage systems in the Point a monthly Project sites should be basis equipped with a water/ oil separator

The contractor should categorise all waste, and should adopt the practice of recycling whenever possible

Water quality Ensure water quality is AIAS AIAS Tested prior adequate for human commenceme consumption where Provincial nt of works rehabilitation of water Directorate and monitored supply systems will take of Health/ on a trimester place (quality of water District basis should be tested for Health salinity, and to determine Services necessary water treatment, and use WHO Provincial standards. Laboratory

Avoid construction of water supply wells and water intake structures in sensitive ecosystems;

Evaluate potential adverse effects of groundwater withdrawal, including modeling of groundwater level changes and resulting impacts to surface water flows, potential land subsidence, contaminant mobilization and saltwater intrusion

Modify extraction rates and locations as necessary to prevent unacceptable adverse current and future impacts, considering realistic future increases in demand

Minimize the quantity of solids generated by the water treatment process through optimizing coagulation processes; 

Use corrosion-resistant piping, valves, metering equipment, and any other equipment coming in

contact with gaseous or liquid chlorine, and keep this equipment free from contaminants, including oil and grease

Air pollution Watering surfaces to Contractor AIAS at Monitored on resulting from reduce dust and reduce provincial a monthly dusts and use of usage of chemicals; and level basis chemicals avoid fires District Adequate preparation of Services for construction material Infrastructure such as cement (in loco)

Reduction of speed limits Environment and/ or access to roads al Focal that lead to the project Point areas

Ensure regular maintenance of vehicles and equipment used on sites

Minimiz dust from material handling sources, such as conveyors and bins, by using covers and/or control equipment (water suppression, bag house, or cyclone)  Minimize dust from open area sources, including storage piles, by using control measures such as installing enclosures and covers, and increasing the moisture content

Avoid open burning of solid

Setting-up of semi- Availability of adequate Contractor AIAS at Monitored on permanent work sanitary facilities for the provincial a monthly sites may cause construction workers level basis accumulation of close the working sites, to solid waste, and avoid contamination of District disposal of human water and soils Services for waste which may Infrastructure contaminate water Promote and facilitate (in loco) and soils in sites correct septic tank design Environment and improvement of al Focal septic tank maintenance. Point Septic tank design should balance effluent quality and maintenance needs  Consider provision of systematic, regular collection of fecal sludge and septic waste

Use appropriate collection vehicles. A combination of vacuum tanker trucks and smaller hand-pushed vacuum tugs may be needed to service all households;  Facilitate discharge of fecal sludge and septage at storage and treatment facilities so that untreated septage is not discharged to the environment.

Acquisition of land Public consultations prior AIAS AIAS Conditions to for rehabilitation to any works/ during be verified or reconstruction project preparation and Consultant Steering and works, which may throughout all phases of Committee documented at lead to the Project according to the beginning involuntary the provisions of Decree of works, and resettlement 45/ 2004 and Ministerial verified upon Diploma 130/2006 on the completion of public consultation works process, which should involve interested and affected people, directly or indirectly affected by the activities of the Project

If resettlement is unavoidable, the resettlement process has to be managed in accordance to the Law on Resettlement Decree n⁰ 31/2012 of August 8, and should also be in conformity with the World Bank Safeguard Policy on Involuntary Resettlement OP/BP 4.12

Non-use of local Highly recommended to Contractor AIAS at Conditions resident hire local workers provincial verified prior manpower during wherever possible. This level commenceme the rehabilitation will raise the acceptance nt and upon and construction of of the population to the District completion of Social the infrastructures project Services for works Impacts Infrastructure Priority be given to local (in loco) construction firms with knowledge of the local Environment social norms al Focal Point

Accumulation of Availability of adequate Contractor AIAS at Monitored on solid waste and sanitary facilities for the provincial a monthly inadequate construction workers level basis disposal of human close the working sites, to waste can lead to avoid contamination of District health issues water and soils Services for Infrastructure The contractor should (in loco) categorize all waste, and should adopt the practice Environment of recycling whenever al Focal possible Point

Make provisions for access to potable water and washrooms during works and of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) programs directed towards the local populations in targeted areas

Promote and facilitate correct septic tank design and improvement of septic tank maintenance. Septic tank design should balance effluent quality and maintenance needs  Consider provision of systematic, regular collection of fecal sludge and septic waste  Use appropriate collection vehicles. A combination of vacuum tanker trucks and smaller hand-pushed vacuum tugs may be needed to service all households;   Facilitate discharge of fecal sludge and septage at storage and treatment facilities so that untreated septage is not discharged

to the environment.

Occupation of Public consultation with Contractor AIAS at Conditions private land by local communities, and provincial verified prior contractors during prior authorization on level commenceme works areas that can be used by nt and upon contractors for setting-up District completion of temporary camp-sites, Services for works disposal of waste, storage Infrastructure and parking of vehicles, (in loco) equipment and machinery to be used in construction Environment site al Focal Point

Noise pollution Choosing less noisy Contractor AIAS at Monitored on given the equipment and make use provincial a weekly basis reconstruction of equipment in good level works, as a result conditions of operating District machinery and Usage of silencers to Services for equipment. reduce vibrations of Infrastructure equipment during (in loco) construction phases Environment Where necessary, reduce al Focal construction time and the Point running speed of noisy equipment

Planning and logistics should be appropriate – plan noisy activities for early hours of the day and inform local inhabitants of activities that will result in noise and vibrations

Monitor noise and vibrations

Water shortages Ensure optimal water Contractor AIAS at Monitored on in some areas management to avoid provincial a weekly basis during the disruption of water level rehabilitation or supply emergency repairs District works Establish alternative Services for water sources during Infrastructure rehabilitation works (in loco)

Ensure local communities are informed of possible water shortages prior to and during works and that they are informed of where to attain alternative sources

Risk of water Solid waste should be Contractor AIAS at Monitored on borne illnesses covered to avoid provincial a trimester such as cholera or contamination of water level basis malaria Distribute mosquito nets to project workers who District remain on-site as well as Services for to local communities in Infrastructure surrounding area of the (in loco) project Outbreaks of malaria, District urinary infections and Health water-borne illnesses Services should be monitored Environment al Focal Point

Increase in Conduct information NGOs or District Conditions HIV/AIDS rates as sharing and awareness Community Health verified prior a result of workers campaigns on the causes Based Services commenceme coming from other and preventative Organizations nt and upon areas of the measures of HIV/AIDS, (CBOs) AIAS completion of country. tuberculosis and other works epidemics for reconstruction workers, suppliers as well as local communities

Condoms should be distributed to workers and surrounding communities, and health care should for workers should be made available

Work-related Health and Safety Contractor AIAS at Monitor on a accidents as a requirements should be provincial weekly basis result of lack of put in place: Restrict level use of personal access to construction protective sites and make provisions District equipment by for security guards at Services for workers during the entrances and exits of Infrastructure construction phase construction sites (in loco)

Make provisions for Environment proper training on the use al Focal of equipment as well as Point training on health and safety procedures in the workplace

Provide safety equipment to workers (such as helmets, gloves, goggles, boots) etc. including ensure signs placed on sites

Make provisions for a health unit or first aid and prepare an emergency response plan

Avoid working at night, and when this is inevitable ensure that sufficient lighting is available for night works Establish speed limits at site areas to avoid accidents

Fire outbreaks in Availability of fire Contractor AIAS at Monitor on a project areas as a extinguishing equipment provincial trimester basis result of exposure and/or fire alarm systems level of flammable and appropriate storage materials during areas for chemicals, District reconstruction hazardous and flammable Services for works. materials to reduce risks. Infrastructure (in loco) Proper storage of dangerous chemical Environment products at the Project al Focal sites. Point

Destruction of Site areas should be AIAS District Conditions to cultural and identified and agreed to Services for be verified heritage sites for prior to the start of the Contractor Infrastructure and use of spaces works documented at during Provincial the beginning rehabilitation or Destruction of cultural Directorate of works, and reconstruction and heritage sites should of Culture verified upon works be completely avoided. (DPC) completion of works Where previously unknown cultural heritage sites are found during construction, the chance finds approach shall be used – this should include consultation with local communities, transfer or removal where possible, and restoration for critical sites.

Where these are not related to conservation areas or heritage, the RPF should provide guidance on the transfer of this sites and compensation for the affected populations.

Inadequate Availability of adequate Contractor AIAS Monitored on sanitation in sanitary facilities for the a monthly construction areas construction workers Districts basis which can be close the working sites, to Services for mitigated/ avoided avoid contamination of Infrastructure with the provision water and soils of adequate District washing and toilet Health facilities close to Services the works

Social Target population Verify with local AIAS AIAS Monitored on Impacts not willing or able populations willingness a monthly to pay for water and capacity to pay a Districts basis supply symbolic amount per Services for household for the use of Infrastructure the water supply systems to ensure sustainability Community and availability of funds leaders for repairs in the future; Set-up water committees in the targeted areas to monitor and support

Installation of Water Desalination Systems To be managed, implemented and monitored by AIAS

Soil erosion Rehabilitation of site’s Contractor AIAS at Conditions to resultant from disturbed soils provincial be verified excavations or immediately after level and other earth moving completion of works documented at activities District the beginning Implement appropriate Services for of works, and soil erosion control Infrastructure verified upon measures (in loco) completion of Environ works mental Combine civil Environment Impacts construction, tree- al Focal planting and small earth Point movements to help stabilize soils

Loss in vegetation Avoid or minimize Contractor AIAS at Conditions to and natural clearing of vegetation provincial be verified habitats of plants during preparation for of level and and animals the sites. documented at District the beginning Carry out works in that Services for of works, and have already been cleared Infrastructure verified upon (in loco) completion of Vegetation should be works established around Environment structures so that bare soil al Focal is not exposed to erosive Point forces

Reinstatement of vegetation cleared following completion of works

Soil compaction Careful choice of Contractor AIAS at Prior to resulting from the equipment and machinery provincial commenceme use of heavy and should take into level nt of activities equipment and account size of the machinery on sites location/ area where District works will be carried out Services for Infrastructure (in loco)

Environment al Focal Point

Contamination of Superior soils should be Contractor AIAS at water and soils as separated/ removed and provincial a result of replaced/ placed back level chemicals (oils, once the works have been fuels and concluded District lubricants from Services for machinery and Use of chemical products Infrastructure vehicles working such as oils, lubricants (in loco) on site). and fuels should be limited and controlled/ Environment supervised. al Focal Point Drainage systems in the Project sites should be equipped with a water/ oil separator.

Provide adequate secondary containment for fuel storage tanks and for the temporary storage of other fluids such as lubricating oils and hydraulic fluids,  Use impervious surfaces for refueling areas and other fluid transfer areas  Train workers on the correct transfer and handling of fuels and chemicals and the response to spills  Providing portable spill containment and cleanup equipment on site and training in the equipment deployment  Assessing the contents of hazardous materials and petroleum-based products in building systems and process equipment and removing them prior to initiation of

decommissioning activities, and managing their treatment and disposal  Assessing the presence of hazardous substances in or on building materials (e.g. asbestos- containing flooring or insulation) and decontaminating or properly managing contaminated building materials

100

Issues during water Avoid construction of Contractor AIAS at Monitored on withdrawal water supply wells and provincial a monthly water intake structures in level basis sensitive ecosystems; District Evaluate potential Services for adverse effects of Infrastructure groundwater withdrawal, (in loco) including modeling of groundwater level Environment changes and resulting al Focal impacts to surface water Point flows, potential land subsidence, contaminant mobilization and saltwater intrusion

Modify extraction rates and locations as necessary to prevent unacceptable adverse current and future impacts, considering realistic future increases in demand.

Potential impact on soil, groundwater, and surface water, in the context of protection, conservation and long term sustainability of water and land resources, should be assessed when land is used as part of any waste or wastewater treatment system

101

Setting-up of semi- Availability of adequate Contractor AIAS at Monitored on permanent work sanitary facilities for the provincial a weekly basis sites may cause construction workers level accumulation of close the working sites, to solid waste, and avoid contamination of District disposal of human water and soils Services for waste which may Infrastructure contaminate water The contractor should (in loco) and soils in sites categorize all waste, and should adopt the practice Environment of recycling whenever al Focal possible Point

Make provisions for access to potable water and washrooms during works and of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) programs directed towards the local populations

Promote and facilitate correct septic tank design and improvement of septic tank maintenance. Septic tank design should balance effluent quality and maintenance needs  Consider provision of systematic, regular collection of fecal sludge and septic waste  Facilitate discharge of fecal sludge and septage at storage and treatment facilities so that untreated septage is not discharged to the environment.

Provide systems for effective collection and management of sewage and greywater (separately or combined)

102

Air pollution as a Watering surfaces to Contractor AIAS at Monitored on result of dust/ toxic reduce dust and reduce provincial a weekly basis chemicals in the usage of chemicals; and level air avoid fires District Adequate preparation of Services for construction material Infrastructure such as cement (in loco)

Reduction of speed limits Environment and/ or access to roads al Focal that lead to the project Point areas

Ensure regular maintenance of vehicles and equipment used on sites

103

Contamination of Disposal of brine in the Contractor AIAS at Monitored on rivers and the sea sea or rivers should be provincial a trimester close in the completely avoided level basis province with desalination Brine should be collected District treatment and transported to salt Services for chemicals which works. If directed for Infrastructure can affect human consumption, (in loco) biodiversity and appropriate measures species should be taken into place Environment including hygiene and al Focal testing Point

Waste from desalination should be discharged into sewers or treated at a sewage treatment plant

Changing the location of brine disposal and treating the brine before ultimate discharge the actual impact of brine in the receiving water can be reduced.

Brine can be discharged in the surface water and diluted or can be mixed with less saline waste streams before ultimate discharge

Brine can be directed to the existing sewer treatment plant to dilute with municipal wastewater prior discharge

Brine can be injected via wells into confined and non-potable aquifer systems

104

Chemical Disposal of brine in the Contractor AIAS at imbalance in sea sea or rivers should be provincial and fresh waters completely avoided level due to disposal of brines resultant Brine should be collected District from desalination and transported to salt Services for process works. If directed for Infrastructure human consumption, (in loco) appropriate measures should be taken into place Environment including hygiene and al Focal testing Point

Waste from desalination should be discharged into sewers or treated at a sewage treatment plant Increased demand Plant will function on Contractor AIAS at for electricity solar power to ensure provincial required for economic and level desalination environmental process and sustainability and to District subsequently reduce the costs and Services for increased in green- effects associated with Infrastructure house gas electrical power (in loco) emissions Environment al Focal Point Transportation of All desalination plants Contractor AIAS water from should be installed where desalination plant there is a water shortage Provincial to consumers may problem and water should Laboratory result in only be intended to cover contamination or local needs Provincial deterioration of Directorate quality of water of Health

105

Water has bad Desalinated water needs Contractor AIAS Monthly in taste and odor and to be degasified as part of the first 6 people may not treatment Provincial months; and like it Laboratory every Water quality measures trimester should be undertaken to Provincial subsequently evaluate concentration of Directorate important substances of Health such as pH, residual chlorine, salinity and ammonia

Abide by WHO guidelines

Correct dosage and application of use should be set and used during desalination process, monitored and tested regularly Over use of Water needs to be tested Contractor AIAS Monthly in chemicals during before pretreatment and the first 6 desalination after desalination and Provincial months; and process may result treatment process to Laboratory every in alteration in ensure that quality is in trimester taste and odour of accordance with the Provincial subsequently water and people recommendations and Directorate may not drink it standards provided by the of Health WHO for drinking water

106

Social Acquisition of Public consultations prior AIAS AIAS Conditions to Impacts land may be to any works/ during be verified required for project preparation and Consultant Steering and installation of throughout all phases of Committee documented at desalination plant, the Project according to the beginning which may lead to the provisions of Decree of works, and involuntary 54/ 2015 and Ministerial verified upon resettlement of Diploma 130/2006 on the completion of local communities public consultation works process, which should involve interested and affected people, directly or indirectly affected by the activities of the project.

Non-use of local Highly recommended to Contractor AIAS at Conditions to resident hire local workers provincial be verified manpower during wherever possible. This level and the rehabilitation will raise the acceptance documented at and construction of of the population to the District the beginning the infrastructures project. Services for of works, and could cause some Infrastructure verified upon frustrations at the Priority be given to local (in loco) completion of local level construction firms with works knowledge of the local social norms

107

Destruction of Destruction of cultural AIAS Provincial Conditions to cultural heritage heritage should be Directorate be verified sites completely avoided of Culture and documented at Identification of location Contractor District the beginning process should determine Services for of works, and whether the proposed Infrastructure verified upon location of a project is in (in loco) completion of areas where cultural works heritage is expected to be AIAS found, either during construction or operations.

Prior consultations with local communities, PAPs and interested persons is key in identification of construction areas

Restoration of the functionality of the cultural heritage that is discovered and tampered with during construction works Setting-up of semi- The contractor should Contractor AIAS at Monitored on permanent work categorise all waste, and provincial a weekly basis sites may cause should adopt the practice level negative impacts of recycling whenever due to possible District accumulation of Services for solid waste, and Make provisions for Infrastructure disposal of human access to potable water (in loco) waste and washrooms during works and of water, Environment sanitation and hygiene al Focal (WASH) programmes Point directed towards the local populations in targeted areas

108

Work-related Health and Safety Contractor AIAS at Monitored on accidents as a requirements should be provincial a weekly basis result of lack of put in place: level use of personal Restrict access to plant protective sites and make provisions District equipment by for security guards at Services for workers entrances and exits Infrastructure Make provisions for (in loco) proper training on the use of equipment as well as Environment training on health and al Focal safety procedures in the Point workplace

Provide safety equipment to workers (such as helmets, gloves, goggles, boots) etc.

Make provisions for a health unit or first aid and -prepare an emergency response plan

Avoid working at night, and when this is inevitable ensure that sufficient lighting is available for night works

Establish speed limits at site areas to avoid accidents Fire outbreaks in Availability of fire Contractor AIAS at Monitored on project areas as a extinguishing equipment provincial a monthly result of exposure and/or fire alarm systems level basis of flammable and appropriate storage materials during areas for chemicals, District reconstruction hazardous and flammable Services for works. materials to reduce risks Infrastructure (in loco) Proper storage of dangerous chemical Environment products at the Project al Focal sites Point

109

Increase in Conduct information NGOs or AIAS Conditions to HIV/AIDS rates as sharing and awareness Community be verified a result of workers campaigns on the causes Based Provincial and coming from other and preventative Organizations Directorate documented at areas of the measures of HIV/AIDS, (CBOs) of Health/ the beginning country. tuberculosis and other District of works, and epidemics for Health verified upon reconstruction workers, Services completion of suppliers as well as local works communities

110

Risk of water Solid waste should be AIAS District Monitored on borne illnesses covered to avoid Services for a trimester such as cholera or contamination of water Infrastructure basis malaria (in loco) Distribute mosquito nets to project workers who AIAS remain on-site as well as to local communities in District surrounding area of the Health project Services

Outbreaks of malaria, urinary infections and water-borne illnesses should be monitored

Prevention of larval and adult propagation through sanitary improvements and elimination of breeding habitats close to human settlements   Considering the application of residual insecticide to dormitory walls  Promoting use of repellents, clothing, netting, and other barriers to prevent insect bites   Use of chemoprophylaxis drugs by non-immune workers andcollaborating with public health officials to help eradicate disease   Monitoring and treatment of circulating and migrating populations to prevent disease reservoir spread

111

13. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES The Project will support investments in the rehabilitation or reconstruction of existing infrastructure, thus minimizing potential negative social and environmental impacts and increasing the efficiency of the investments. To assess alternatives scenarios and to identify the preferred alternative an analysis of the proposed sub-project activities, an analysis was carried out with regard to their environmental and social implications. The analysis was carried out for three scenarios, namely, no-project scenario, alternative option, and with component scenario. A no project alternative is not recommending for either of the sub-projects and their proposed activities as the advantages of the proposed works with component scenario alternative it a better option than the “no-project” and “alternative option” scenarios.

Analysis of Alternatives - Summary Table Sub- No Project and no Component Scenario Alternative option With Component Project Scenario Activity

Rehabilitat The downstream terrace which has suffered No alternative identified Intervention would ion of the scouring will remain unstable, and the lead to strengthening Macarreta existent scour holes in the riverbed that are the Macarretane ne Barrage as deep as 9 meters will accentuate. This Barrage safety, would imply that the Macarretane reduction in erosion of downstream catchment would be left in soil, elimination of their present states with a real potential for scouring and reduction worsening and deterioration of structural silting of the river and assets for dam safety. No action alternative channels, and is not recommended. improvement in the livelihoods and Continued high levels of erosion posing No alternative identified incomes of the local creating risks to the pillar of the dam, and population and those increasing chances of the dam collapsing that depend on the and causing human, material and financial Chokwe Irrigation loses Scheme for their The barrage may become inoperative in the No alternative identified agriculture practices medium to long run, causing decreases and and livelihoods. eventually ceasing of agricultural activities in the Chokwe Irrigation system and surrounding areas, and adversely impacting the production levels of food and incomes and livelihoods of farmers and population of the district in general

112

There is a risk of the piers that support the No alternative identified two bridge-decks (road and railway) collapsing. The bridge deck is of importance for the local communities to comment and transport goods, as well as of particular regional importance, as they are a vital part on the Limpopo Corridor System, which provides access to the Maputo Harbor for landlocked countries such as Zimbabwe, Botswana and Zambia, collapsing. This may result in the disuse of the infrastructure

Water Chicualacuala and Funhalouro to remain Make use of existing rainfall Works will include supply with no functioning public water supply reservoirs as alternative water storage systems system. Water will continue to be supplied sources for the planned water facilities, towers, rehabilitati by private providers and local population in supply system. The main networks and house on and targeted areas are to continue paying for issue with regards to this connections and some expansion access. system is that the targeted standpipes which will areas have very low rainfall ensure water supply. and a short period of rain. They are drought prone Safe drinking water locations and suffer cyclical will result in improved dry spells. sanitation and hygiene conditions

Installation Limited access to water and continued Make use of existing rainfall The construction of of water supply from Chokwe and private water reservoirs as alternative eight multifunctional desalinatio suppliers, with high transportation costs, sources for the planned water boreholes equipped n systems and high costs to be paid by local supply system. The main with solar pumps will population issue with regards to this ensure that the system is that the targeted systems are areas have very low rainfall sustainable and do not and a short period of rain. depend on high energy They are drought prone costs associated with locations and suffer cyclical desalination processes. dry spells. The quality of water High salinity water available from current Use of treated sewage and will be based on boreholes continued to be used for treated wastewater to increase international standards livestock and agriculture water supply to help address (World Health future increases in water Organization -WHO), demand for agricultural and therefore a purposes. Hygiene and safety reduction in water- as well as costs associated borne illnesses and with this process outweigh water contamination is desalination process expected given the Continued health problems amongst No alternative identified for safe supply of water in population in targeted areas related to water for human the target areas. intake if water with high salinity levels as consumption. well as water-borne illnesses resulting from There will be access to inadequate hygiene and safety measures water for small during collection, transportation, storage agriculture activities. and distribution

113

14. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING PROCESS The screening process described in this section is aimed at determining which activities (reconstruction/rehabilitation/installation works) are likely to result in significant negative environmental and social effects with a view to determine appropriate impact mitigation measures for those activities, and ensure environmental sustainability of sub-projects undertaken in the Project areas, through effective monitoring of impacts during the construction/rehabilitation phase of works in the cities. The outcome of the screening process will determine the extent of environmental considerations required preceding the carrying out of activities of the Project related to construction and rehabilitation works.

For the purpose of the reconstruction/rehabilitation/ installation works, the MITADER Environmental Screening Form (Annex 2) has been considered. However, the form does not fully address some of the key environmental and social effects likely to result from the proposed activities. Thus, an Environmental and Social Screening Form (Annex 3) has been devised to support environmental and social decision-making of the proposed works.

The form is also designed to be used by the persons involved in the implementation of the program, reviewers and relevant decision makers, in order to identify mitigation measures for the activities likely to have adverse environmental and social effects, and identify the need for advanced environmental assessment.

The screening process for this project consist of four steps i) review of environmental and social impacts checklist for projects; ii) screening of impacts from the sub-components and sites; iii) assignment of environmental categories; and iv) preparation, review and approval of an Environmental Action Plan. The screening process will be carried out using a screening form to be attached to this ESMF. The already established safeguards specialist team in the implementation units will be responsible for carrying out the environmental and social screening. The Steps can be summarised as follows:

Approval of MITADER environmental (DPTADER) assessment

Public Safeguards Specialist consultation and team in MOPHRH, Disclosure AIAS

Environmental Safeguards Specialist monitoring and team in MOPHRH, follow up AIAS

114

Review of Safeguards Specialist checklist team in MOPHRH, AIAS

Safeguards Specialist Site screening team in MOPHRH, AIAS

Safeguards Specialist Categorization team in MOPHRH, AIAS

Review and MITADER/ Approval DPTADER Technical Assessment

Selection of Safeguards Specialist Consultant team in MOPHRH, AIAS

Environmental Authorized EIA Impact Consultant Assessment

14.1. STEP 1 - REVIEW OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS CHECKLIST FOR PROJECTS The Safeguards Specialist team will make use of the environmental and social checklist annexed to this ESMF (Annex 4), will should be filled out for each of the project sub-components and by their respective teams. This activity will take place in parallel to the preparation of plans and drawings of the proposed reconstruction/rehabilitation works under each of the sub-components of Component A of the ERRP AF.

Category B activities may require only the application of mitigation measures indicated in the checklist. Where the checklist identifies the need for acquisition of land, a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) should be prepared by qualified personnel in line with the OP 4.12 for Involuntary Resettlements, and taking into account the Ministry Diploma 181/2010 of November 3, and taking into account the Resettlement Policy Framework prepared in parallel to this ESMF.

If the results of the environmental and social screening process indicate the need for an environmental impact assessment (EIA) as a result of the complexity of the proposed reconstruction/rehabilitation activities, EIAs will be carried out by an authorized consultancy firm, in line with the Decree 45/2004 (and its update as per the Decree 42/2008 of November 4) on Regulations for Environmental Impact Assessment Processes administered by MITADER, and in consideration of the Bank’s OP 4.O1 for Environmental Impact Assessments.

This ESMF includes a simple Environmental and Social Management Plan to be used by the different implementation units of the ERRP.

115

14.2. STEP 2 - SCREENING OF SITES The Safeguards Specialists Team from each of the project implementation units or sub-components should conduct a desktop study aimed at appraising the project’s plans and activities. The team will be trained by the Provincial Directorate of Land, Environmental and Rural Development (DPTADER) on the identification of basic environmental and social issues associated with development projects. Each safeguards team shall work in coordination with the other members of the implementation unit (including the MOPHRH, AIAS) to determine the likelihood of the project to cause negative environmental and social impacts. The team should conduct a site visit with a view to verify the site conditions and determine what the potential environmental and social impacts associated with the activities to be implemented.

14.3. STEP 3 – ASSIGNMENT OF ENVIRONMENT CATEGORIES The identification and attribution of a category for each sub-component should be preceded by filling out the proposed Environmental and Social Screening Form (Annex 3) and the information gathered in this form will be used to assign the appropriate environmental category A+, A, B or C as described below. The criteria for categorization of the proposed rehabilitation/reconstruction works under this ESMF are based on the World Bank’s OP 4.01 for Environmental Assessment and the Mozambican EIA regulations as per the newly approved Decree 54/2015. Category A sub-projects are not eligible for financing under the ERRP project as it has been classified as Category B.

The environmental categorization of activities will be carried by the Safeguards Specialist team, under the auspices of the implementation unit and taking into consideration of the criteria below:  Category A+: activities requiring an Environmental Impact Assessment and reports subject to independent review by experts with recognized experience;  Category A: activities requiring an Environmental Impact Assessment;  Category B: activities requiring an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) or/and an Environmental Management Plan (EMP);  Category C: activities that are exempt from detailed environmental impact assessment, but which shall be implemented in observance of environmental management best practices.

The ERRP has been analyzed the project has been categorized as B. All activities under components A and D, given the nature of the foreseen works fall under Categories B and C as their potential environmental and social impacts are expected to be site-specific, minimal, and easily mitigated through a simple environmental management plan (for category B activities) and environmental management best practices for category C projects.

Each proponent of the sub-components of the project (MOPHRH, AIAS) will be required to fill the environmental and social screening forms of the proposed construction/rehabilitation/installation works, propose adequate environmental classification of the activities, and communicate the results of the screening to MITADER at the Provincial Directorate of Environmental (DPTADER) for final decision-making.

14.4. STEP 4 - PREPARATION, REVIEW AND APPROVAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PLAN

116

The environmental and social screening forms and the EIA reports should be submitted to DPTADER for review and decision-making. In summary, DPTADER will be responsible for the following:  Review of the results and recommendations submitted by the Safeguards Specialist team based on the environmental and social screening form (Annex 3);  Review of the proposed mitigation measures presented in the Environmental Checklist (Annex 4);  Review the results of the conducted EIAs and ESMP (included in this ESMF) to determine and ensure that all relevant environmental and social issues have been properly addressed, and relevant mitigation measures have been put in place for the proposed reconstruction and rehabilitation works.

In the case of approval of an EIA Report, an Environmental License in line with the requirements of the Decree 45/2004 on Regulations for Environmental Impact Assessment Process will be issued. The approval should also include information on how the findings of the EIA Report were used to make the final decision.

Once the environmental and social screening form has been approved by DPTADER, the district and the project implementation unit environmental officers will be informed (in writing) and the construction/rehabilitation works can begin.

14.5. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE The EIA Regulations for Environmental Impact Assessment Process (Decree 54/2015) and the Ministerial Diploma 130/2006, as described in this document stipulate that public consultation is an integral part of the EIA process and should be considered throughout the project cycle, and should include all relevant bodies, the Project Affected Persons (PAPs) and interested persons. The public consultation process should include:  One or more public (members of the community, government and non-government entities and other stakeholders) meetings with a view to present the proposed activities, and gather public views, concerns and expectations regarding the proposed project;  Register all the issues raised and ensure that communication channels between the public and the project team are established with a view to gather public perception regarding the proposed project.

Public meetings must be preceded by a public announcement which clearly states where the meetings will be held, the date, and such notice must be publicized though the most circulated newspaper or the most used communication channel (e.g. radio, TV, newspaper) 15 days before the meeting date. In certain cases, members of the public may require basic information about the project prior to the meeting date, to allow for active participation during the public meetings.

Public consultation should contribute to the elaboration of the scoping report by identifying the key issues which should be addressed in detail during the environmental assessment of the project’s activities. The results of consultations should be included into the EIA Report and it should be explicitly stated how these results have been used in the scoping report and in making the final

117 decision of the EIA Report. For the ERRP AF, it is proposed that the consultation with public be carried out throughout all phases of the project cycle.

Table 4: Responsibility for implementing Screening Process Screening phase Responsibility

Review of checklist Safeguards Specialist team in each sub-component/ project implementation unit (MOPHRH, AIAS)

Site screening Safeguards Specialist team in each sub-component/ project implementation unit (MOPHRH, AIAS)

Categorization Safeguards Specialist team in each sub-component/ project implementation unit (MOPHRH, AIAS)

Review and Approval MITADER/ DPTADER Technical Assessment Committee

Selection of the consultant in case Safeguards Specialist teams in each sub-component/ project of the need for a separate EIA implementation unit (MOPHRH, AIAS)

The project implementation unit will draft the EIA ToRs, and prepare criteria for hiring an authorized EIA Consultant, evaluate proposed candidatures, and select the most qualified consultant and submit the selected Consultant to the specific sector.

Carrying out the Environmental Authorized EIA Consultant Impact Assessment (EIA)

Approval of environmental MITADER (DPTADER) assessment

Public consultation and Disclosure Safeguards Specialist team in each sub-component/ project implementation unit (MOPHRH, AIAS)

Environmental monitoring and Safeguards Specialist team in each sub-component/ project follow up implementation unit (MOPHRH, AIAS)

15. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS The proposed Mozambique Emergency Resilient Recovery Project Additional Financing will be coordinated within the existing Project Management/Implementation Unit in the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (MASA) and the Ministry of Public Works, Housing and Water Resources (MOPHRH). Implementers will include various government agencies including district councils across the country. However, at this stage, the Project will be implemented in selected drought-affected areas in the Central and South regions. The selection of priority geographic areas for food aid distribution will be finalized upon project implementation given the emergency nature of the Project.

The additional funds for this project will be implemented by the Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources (MOPHRH), through the National Directorate of Management of Water

118

Resources (DNGRH), the Water Supply and Sanitation Infrastructure Administration (AIAS) and the National Institute for Disaster Management (INGC). It is expected that the project is implemented by existing units from the aforementioned institutions as well as institutions that deal with emergencies and emergency response. Where specific units to deal with emergencies are non- existent, these are to be created and staff is to be recruited.

Safeguards implementation arrangements will be similar to the overall project coordination structure already in place. MOPHRH through DNGRH will be responsible for barrage structural protection rehabilitation, rural drinking water supply, and food aid distribution. AIAS for drinking water supply will lead the implementation of each of the project component under its responsibility. The activities in Component E will be carried out under the same arrangement established for the implementation of the Contingent Emergency Response Plan of the IDA IRM, where the DNGRH would be responsible for financial management and procurement and INGC will be responsible to provide the technical support and the distribution of food items to beneficiaries. These institutions are currently implementing other Bank-financed projects and specific implementation arrangements built upon the existing structure. Project teams in place have been strengthened with the recruitment of dedicated safeguards specialist for each IE. DNGRH has a longstanding technical ability to handle projects with very complex Bank Safeguards requirements. DNGRH will therefore take a leading role and coordinate the preparation of safeguard documents, including the consolidation of progress reports.

In line with the original Project Document of the ERRP, the AF project will be managed by the Steering Committee, which is led by the Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF) and the National Disaster Management Institute (INGC). The Steering Committee has the role of coordinating, monitoring and supervising the implementation of the project. It is equally responsible for analyzing progress reports submitted by the implementation units every trimester.

The inter-institutional coordination role will be maintained at the National Directorate of Management of Water Resources, as per the parent project, and DNGRH will be responsible for the day-to-day implementation and oversight of activities. The project coordinator at DNGRH will have the role of consolidating and harmonizing the reports submitted by the different sectors. DNGRH will subsequently submit all consolidated reports to the Steering Committee as well as to the World Bank.

DNGRH has a solid and consistent project implementation structure and has since been consistent in ensuring that safeguards documents for different Bank-funded projects such as, National Water Resources Development Project and Flood Response Project were timely and adequately prepared prior and during project implementation. DNGRH has longstanding experience in handling projects with complex safeguards requirements. Nonetheless, due to the complexity of the ERRP AF safeguards requirements under the DNGRH components the project management unit was recently strengthened in several areas, including in the Safeguards capacity to specifically oversee the project throughout the lifecycle. The newly recruited safeguards specialist will work closely with the existing safeguards teams in both ARAs and DNGRH, who have extensively benefited from a series of safeguards trainings organized either by the Bank or other entities both nationally and internationally. They will work closely with MITADER and its affiliated provincial directorates’

119 staff and relevant partners while ensuring that ERRP AF safeguards recommendations are fully met during throughout the project cycle.

AIAS will implement expansion and rehabilitation of water supply programs and will install the water desalination systems in the affected districts in Gaza and Inhambane provinces. AIAS shall use the existing implementation arrangements and shared resources from other projects. AIAS is responsible for the provision of urban water infrastructure all urban with the exception of large cities and sanitation infrastructure, including drainage across the country. A separate Project Agreement will be required for AIAS, as this is an independent agency with financial and procurement autonomy.

AIAS has a solid and consistent project implementation structure and has since been consistent in ensuring that safeguards documents for different Bank-funded projects were timely and adequately prepared prior to project implementation. AIAS has longstanding experience in handling projects with complex safeguards requirements. In addition, the Safeguards Specialist based at AIAS has extensively benefited from a series of safeguards trainings organized either by the Bank or other entities both nationally and internationally. The specialist will be key in ensuring that ERRP AF safeguards recommendations are fully met during throughout the project cycle.

16. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL PLAN MONITORING AND REPORTING REQUIREMENTS

Monitoring and reporting on progress are critical areas for the successful implementation of the present EMSF as well as of the overall ERRP AF project. Reporting is based on a set of indicators which should be reported on, on a regular basis with specific responsibilities indicators set out here will be mainstreamed into the overall monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system for the project. The specific objective of the monitoring process is to ensure that the ESMP is complied with and verified at all levels and stages of the project implementation cycle. Monitoring shall be a continuous process and should include the status of compliance as well as achievement of the objectives of the project.

The Safeguards team of inter- institutional coordination team and of the implementing institutions shall be responsible for coordinating and monitoring the implementation of the ESMF and ESMP. The teams will be responsible for implementing sensitization programs with the view of informing interested and affected persons of the framework, how it works and what is expected with it.

It is expected that continuous monitoring of the ESMP will guarantee:  That all activities of the project are implemented as required and as per the requirements established by the present ESMF;  Where issues are encountered during implementation of the project, these are dealt with immediately or as early as possible to prevent them from adversely impacting the results of the project;  That the environmental and social mitigation measures identified in the present document or any additional measures identified during the course of implementation are reflected in the implementation and monitoring plans as well as in the agreements signed with contractors.

120

It is recommended that the inter-institution coordination team with the authorization of the Steering Committee, continues to coordinate and liaise with other relevant government institutions with regards to environmental and social monitoring of the overall ERRP AF project. Weekly, monthly and quarterly reports shall be prepared and distributed to all relevant entities and should include the following:  Calendar or work plan for implementation;  Involvement of project affected persons;  Allocation of funds;  Arising issues and solutions identified and put in place during implementation;  Level of compliance of timelines and social, environmental, health and safety contractual obligations of contractors;  Level of compliance of the site engineer in terms of supervision and monitoring of social, environmental, health and safety aspects of the project.

It is recommended that an external consultant is hired to monitor, together with the inter- institutional coordination safeguards team, compliance with the mitigation measures presented in the present document on a quarterly basis.

Flowchart of events and entities responsible for Reporting the ESMP

Site Engineer Contractor DPTADER Monthly Weekly Daily

Safeguards Team

(of specific entity)

Monthly

Safeguards Team MITADER (Inter-institutional Quarterly Coord.) Quarterly

Steering Committee

Quarterly

World Bank

121

As presented on the flow chart above, monitoring and reporting responsibilities will be as follows: The contractor shall report on a daily basis to the site engineering/ supervisor, who in turn will report on a weekly basis to the specific implementing entity safeguard team responsible for a particular sub-component of the ERRP AF. The specific safeguards team will be expected to report on a monthly basis to the safeguards team at the inter-institutional coordination entity responsible for the oversight and day-to-day management of the overall ERRP, this team will report to the Steering Committee on a quarterly-basis and the reports shall be submitted to the World Bank.

The Provincial Environmental Focal Point, someone appointed from the DPTADER, shall liaise with the site engineer on a monthly basis and shall report on progress and compliance of the activities being implemented at local level on a monthly basis. The provincial focal point may also provide reports or updates on compliance to the specific implementing institution’s safeguard team on a monthly basis. A report shall be submitted to MITADER on a quarterly basis. The focal point shall also undertake monitoring visits every three months, to ensure that the mitigation measures and recommendations of the ESMF are being implemented.

The ESMF implementation and monitoring should be carried out by each of the project proponents, in conjunction with provincial and district authorities, and following consultation with affected persons. District authorities (SDAE/SDPI) assisted by DPTADER and/or ERRP AF funded technical assistance will prepare annual monitoring reports that include information on the implementation of the ESMF. DPTADER is required to conduct annual inspections for all category B projects. Annual reviews of the implementation of the ESMF will be carried out by an independent local consultant, NGO or other service provider that is not involved in the ERRP AF, subject to by the Steering Committee and the World Bank. Independently-commissioned bi-annual environmental auditing should be carried out.

The objective is not to have multiple reports, but to ensure that the safeguards recommendations and mitigation measures are indeed being complied with, monitored and reported on at all levels, and that attention is provided to arising environmental and social issues as early as possible without compromising the results of the project.

17. CAPACITY BUILDING AND TRAINING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT This section makes recommendations for the types of training and capacity building that is required to support implementation of this ESMF. These recommendations result from lessons from other projects, a rapid assessment of the current capacity levels of the project proponents for each of the sub-components of the projects, as well as from discussions had during consultation carried out as part of the preparation of this ESMF. Training and capacity building is the key to the successful implementation of the ESMF and the overall successful implementation of the ERRP AF.

Effective implementation of this ESMF will require technical capacity in the human resources of implementing institutions as well as logistical facilitation. Sufficient understanding of the mechanisms for implementing the ESMF will need to be provided to the various stakeholders implementing the ERRP. This will be important to support the inter-institutional coordination team at DNGRH, the existing safeguards teams present each of the institutions responsible for 122 implementation of the sub-components and for stakeholders at local level in their role in providing supervision, monitoring and evaluation including around environmental and social reporting on the projects activities.

17.1. CAPACITY TO IMPLEMENT AND MANAGE THE ERRP AF In general, all the project implementing institutions have qualified personnel to deal with environmental and social issues, as well as dedicated safeguard teams given the relationship between the ERRP AF and the specific projects related to the proponents. The existing staff members include Safeguard teams at DNGRH and AIAS. It is recommended that dedicated Focal Points are made available at provincial levels of the new targeted locations of the two provinces, as done in the other provinces covered by the ERRP parent project.

17.2. STAFFING RECOMMENDATIONS In order to ensure that there is adequate capacity to implement and monitor the performance of this ESMF and its provisions, a number of staffing recommendations have been made for the general oversight of the ESMF as well as site specific monitoring. The proposed staffing is for the inter- institutional coordination team; environmental district focal points; and site engineers.

17.3. INTER-INSTITUTIONAL COORDINATION TEAM It is recommended that the inter-institutional coordination team proposed in the ESMF of the parent ERRP project be maintained and that all reporting, monitoring, training and capacity development provided to the IE of the parent project be applied to those of the AF for activities to be undertaken in Inhambane and Gaza provinces.

17.4. PROVINCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL FOCAL POINTS It is further proposed that the project Steering Committee, in collaboration with the inter- institutional coordination team, request from MITADER, the approval for an allocation of the Provincial Environmental Officers’ time (located at the SDAE), for at least 16 hours a month, for monitoring and supervision of activities related to the ERRP AF in the selected districts. The Provincial Environmental Officer will be responsible for:  Providing oversight and monitoring on compliance with Mozambican environmental and social regulations;  Providing support in the environmental screening process as well as in obtaining environmental licenses;  Ensure that any complaints, related to environmental and social impact issues, arising from the implementation of activities are resolved in a timely manner and properly documented;  Carry out technical site audits/monitoring and point out any non-conformity with the implementation of environmental, health and safety requirement;  Provide monthly progress reports related to the project to MITADER.

17.5. SITE ENGINEERS /SUPERVISORS It is also proposed that the specific project implementing institution assign a site engineer and/ or a supervisor for each of the sub-components and specific works to the sites during preparation and implementation of the works. The site engineer will be the first point of contact between the

123 implementing institutions’ safeguard teams and the local community, the contractors and the district authorities. The Site Engineers will be responsible for:  Be the dedicated person on site responsible for dealing with issues that require immediate attention;  Will be responsible for environmental and social compliance and monitoring of contractors and training will be provided to such person;  Will liaise with SDAE/ SDPI on a regular basis to ensure compliance with environmental and social regulations;  Will provide monthly reports to safeguard teams.

17.6. TRAINING AND CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT REQUIRED It is recommended that the training and capacity development needs be identified for each of the targeted areas, and that these are integrated into the training program and/ or a Capacity Development Plan developed for each of the implementing institutions in the parent ERRP. A section should be defined for each province and districts covered. General training requirements and capacity development should be placed on a dedicated section. The training program should be designed in such a manner that it improves the effectiveness of the capacity of the local authorities in the management of environmental and social impacts during the planning, implementation and operation phases of the project in the selected districts. As per the ESMF elaborated for the parent ERRP, training program should be designed taking into account the following:  Technical analysis of the screening and scoping processes of projects being proposed to take place in the districts and facilitate decision making regarding their environmental sustainability;  Technical analysis of the environmental impact assessment reports prepared by consultants;  Technical capacity for monitoring the implementation of the environmental management plans as well as environmental audits;  Awareness raising of the participants on the relevance and the need for environmental management in the planning, implementation and operation of development projects;  In-depth training in linkages between environmental, social and natural resource management and sustainable rural livelihoods, EIA procedures, legislation, use of this ESMF, potential impacts, land acquisition and community involvement.

The staff trained at provincial/district levels should comprise all the key sectors including infrastructures and building, water and sanitation, agriculture, health, energy, education and environment. And lastly, exchange visits and joint monitoring visits amongst officers from the project areas should be encouraged, particularly where there is evidence of good practices and success stories and where there are financial constraints for undertaken some of the recommended trainings.

18. PROPOSED BUDGET FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF ESMF

The tables below provide an estimated budget for the preparation of the ESIAs and respective ESMPs, as well as monitoring, evaluation, auditing and training/capacity building that will be required specifically to be addressed by the environment and social management units responsible for the Environmental and Social Safeguards for activities under Additional Financing. The budget has been broken down into different components and the total amounts correspond to the level of 124 effort required to plan, implement and monitor the environmental and social safeguards, taking into consideration the severity of the potential impacts associated to each project.

Table 1: Estimated Budget for the Implementation of ESMF – Macarretane Barrage Item Amount in (000 USD)

Implementation of the ESMF

Initiation of Project Implementation 30.00

Contracting of Service Providers and Mobilization 60.00

General Technical Assistance 50.00

Specific Technical Assistance 70.00

Monitoring 80.00

Inspection 70.00

Annual Review 30.00

Regular Audits 40.00

Training and Capacity Building

Recruitment of EO 90.00

Specialized Trainings for EO 15.00

Health, Safety and Security in the Workplace

Health, Safety and Security in the Workplace 50.00

Hygiene and Sanitation 60.00

HIV/AIDS 50.00

First Aid 25.00

Preparation and Implementation of ESIAs and ESMPs

Preparation and Implementation of ESIAs and ESMPs 90.00

Total 865.00

The total cost for the preparation and implementation of the ESMF as well as the ESIA/ ESMP for the Macarretane Barrage rehabilitation is of USD 865.000.00

125

Table 2: Estimated Budget for the Implementation of the ESMF – Water and Sanitation Infrastructures (rehabilitation and expansion of small water supply systems) Item Amount in (000 USD)

Implementation of the ESMF

Initiation of Project Implementation 15.00

Contracting of Service Providers and Mobilization 25.00

Assistance for the identification, preparation and monitoring of 40.00 sub-projects

General Technical Assistance 50.00

Specific Technical Assistance 25.00

Monitoring 50.00

Inspection 20.00

Annual Review 20.00

Regular Audits 40.00

Training and Capacity Building

Recruitment of EO 90.00

Specialized Trainings for EO 35.00

Health, Safety and Security in the Workplace

Health, Safety and Security in the Workplace 45.00

Hygiene and Sanitation 50.00

HIV/AIDS 50.00

First Aid 25.00

Preparation and Implementation of ESIAs and ESMPs

Preparation and Implementation of ESIAs and ESMPs 80.00

Total 680.000.00

126

The total cost for the preparation and implementation of the ESMF as well as the ESIA/ ESMP for the rehabilitation and expansion of water supply and sanitation systems is of USD 680,000.00.

Table 3: Estimated Budget for the Implementation of the ESMF – Water Desalination Plants and Water Dispensers for Livestock Item Amount in (000 USD)

Implementation of the ESMF

Initiation of Project Implementation 10.00

Contracting of Service Providers and Mobilization 25.00

Assistance for the identification, preparation and monitoring of 40.00 sub-projects

General Technical Assistance 50.00

Specific Technical Assistance 20.00

Monitoring 20.00

Inspection 20.00

Annual Review 20.00

Regular Audits 40.00

Training and Capacity Building

Recruitment of EO 90.00

Specialized Trainings for EO 15.00

Health, Safety and Security in the Workplace

Health, Safety and Security in the Workplace 35.00

Hygiene and Sanitation 40.00

HIV/AIDS 30.00

First Aid 15.00

Preparation and Implementation of ESIAs and ESMPs

Preparation and Implementation of ESIAs and ESMPs 60.00

Total 530.00

127

The total cost for the preparation and implementation of the ESMF as well as the ESIA/ ESMP for the installation of water desalination plants and water dispensers for livestock is of USD 530.00.

During the implementation of the ERRP it is proposed that DNGRH manages the proposed funds and play a coordination role with regards to environmental management. While the World Bank may provide funding for environmental management for the ERRP, it’s fundamentally important for the different institutions covered by the ERRP integrate environmental management as part of their sustainability plan to ensure continual improvement of sectors’ environmental management.

19. REFERENCES

Author & Year Title

AfDB, O. U. (2012). African Economic Outlook: Mozambique Country Note. African Economic Outlook

Bank, W. (n.d.). World Bank Safeguard Policies. Retrieved May 25, 2015, from Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies

Bicknell, J., Dodman, D., Adapting Cities to Climate Change: Understanding and & Satterthwaite, D. Addressing the Development Challenges. London: Earthscan. (2009).

Cabral, L. and Francisco, Environmental Institutions, Public Expenditure and Role for D. (2007) Development Partners – Mozambique Case Study. Overseas Development Institute (ODI).

CPI&JICA. (2015). Mozambique Provincial Profiles, Maputo

FIPAG. (2003). National Water Development Project - Generic Framework Environmental Management Plan for Construction Works. Maputo.

FIPAG. (2003). National Water Development Project: Generic Framework Environmental Management Plan for Construction Works. Maputo.

FIPAG. (2013). Environmental and Social Studies for Greater Maputo Water Supply Scheme (WASIS): Executive Summary of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment. Maputo

FIPAG. (n.d.). Quadro Institucional. Retrieved 8 Junho, 2015, from FIPAG: http://www.fipag.co.mz/index.php?option=com_content&task= view&id=12&Itemid=26

128

Author & Year Title

GoM (2013 ). Peril dos dados básicos das Cidades de Moçambique: Documento de Consulta para Mesa de Cooperação- dos Municípios com o Desenvolvimento Sustentável Brasil Moçambique”. II Encontro. Maputo.

GoM. (2005). Perfis Distritais. Maputo: Ministério da Administração Estatal.

GoM. (2008). Legislação sobre a Terra e Regulamento da Lei de Terras. Maputo: Imprensa Nacional de Moçambique.

GoM. (2009). Politica e Legislação sobre o Ordenamento Território. Maputo: MICOA.

GoM/Ministry of Land, Decree 54/2015 on Procedures for Environmental Impact Environment and Rural Assessment Process. Development (MIADER), (2015):

Habitat, U. (2007). Participatory Slum Upgrading Programme in Afrincan, Caribbean and Pacific Countries: Mozambique Urban Sector Profile. Lusaka: UN Habitat;

World Bank (n.d). http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/PROJECTS/E XTPOLICIES/EXTSAFEPOL/0,,menuPK:584441~pagePK:641 68427~piPK:64168435~theSitePK:584435,00.html;

IFAD. (2012). Pro-poor Value Chain Development Project in the Maputo and Limpopo Corridors (Prosul). Project Design Report-Africa II Division Programme Management Department, REPORT No. 2728-MZ.

IFC. (2006). Performance Standard 4 Community Health, Safety and Security. Washington, D.C: World Bank Group.

IFC. (2012). IFC Performance Standards on Environmental and Social Sustainability. Washington, D. C: World Bank Group.

INE. (2007). Recenseamento Geral aa População e Habitação 2007 - Indicadores Sócio-Demográficos Província de Gaza, Maputo.

INE. (2007). Recenseamento Geral aa População e Habitação 2007 - Indicadores Sócio-Demográficos Província de Inhambane, Maputo.

129

Author & Year Title

INE. (2010). Projeções Anuais da População Total, Urbana e Rural, dos Distritos da Província de Gaza 2007 – 2040, Maputo

INE. (2010). Projecções Anuais da População Total, Urbana e Rural, dos Distritos da Província de Inhambane 2007 – 2040, Maputo.

INE. (2016). Inquérito ao Orçamento Familiar (IOF) 2014-2015

Marsden, S. (2008). Strategic Environmental Assessment in International and European Law – A Practitioners’ Guide.

Ministério para a Perfil Ambiental e Plano de Desenvolvimento Integrado da Coordenação da Acção Zona Costeira da Província de Inhambane, Rogério Wamusse Ambiental (MICOA), (Director Nacional – DNGA) e Diogo Borges David (Director 2008. Provincial – DPCA-I) Direcção Provincial para a Coordenação da Acção Ambiental – Departamento de Gestão Ambiental com assistência técnica de Direccao Nacional de Gestão Ambiental - Departamento Costeiro

Moyo, S., O’Keefe, P., & The Southern African Environment: Profile of the SADC Sill, M. (1993) Countries. Earthscan Publications Ltd, London. Pp. 137 -152

Serra, C. (2012). Da Problematica Ambiental a Mudancas: Rumo a um Mundo Melhor. Maputo: Escolar Editora.

SETSAN. (2016). Relatório de Monitoria de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional em Moçambique.

Starr, C and Taggart, The Unity and Diversity of Life, seventh ed.p 279. R.(1995),

The ENVIROPEDIA “Be he Change” edition 2006-2008.

UNICEF. (2016). Mozambique: Drought Humanitarian Situation Report

WHO. (2007). Desalination for Safe Water Supply: Guidance for the Health and Environmental Aspects Applicable to Desalination

WHO. (2011) Guidelines for drinking-water quality - 4th ed.

130

Table 5: Triggered Safeguards

Safeguard Policies Triggered? Explanation

131

Environmental Assessment Yes The Emergency Resilient Recovery Project will OP/BP 4.01 trigger this policy due to the involvement of civil works (rehabilitations, construction works) of public infrastructure in flood-affected areas. Civil works will possibly generate negative externalities such as: soil erosion and siltation, loss of trees, pollution to surface and ground water resources, soil erosion, dust emissions, solid and wastes.

The scope of specific Project activities will need to be more detailed. An ESMF will be prepared which will provide the criteria and procedures for screening sub-project investments and guide the preparation of site-specific environmental and social management plans. The ESMF will also assess the institutional capacity of the implementing agencies, including the already created IEs and provide measures for capacity building along with an estimate of the budget needed for the implementation of the ESMF. The ESMF will also provide a list of activities that could be financed by the Project and screen out activities that correspond to Category A projects.

The justification for classification of category B is that most of the Project will focus on medium size rehabilitation and re-construction projects for dikes, irrigation schemes, and fixing and upgrading an intake drinking water supply system. The anticipated scale of potential adverse environmental or social impacts on human populations is site-specific, few if any of them are irreversible and in most cases, mitigation measures could be designed to address the impacts. An ESMP and abbreviated RAP for sub- projects can be used to address the impacts.

132

Natural Habitats OP/BP Yes The Project will trigger this policy due to the 4.04 sensitivity of riverbanks where civil works associated to rehabilitation of Macarretane Barrage will take place. Vegetation may also affect the sensitive natural ecosystem of the river.

Poor deposit of brine from water desalination plants may also affect natural habitats.

Forests OP/BP 4.36 No The Project will not interfere with natural forest.

Pest Management OP 4.09 No The Additional Financing will not support activities that promote use of pesticides.

Physical Cultural Yes The policy is triggered due to civil works that are Resources OP/BP 4.11 expected to be supported by the Project. The Project is not expected to affect areas of known physical cultural importance.

Indigenous Peoples OP/BP No There are no Indigenous Peoples in the Project 4.10 area.

Involuntary Resettlement Yes The nature of Project activities may involve OP/BP 4.12 temporary displacement and therefore OP 4.12 is triggered. Such activities involve low to medium civil works related with installation of water supply systems and desalinization plants that may require land for temporary or permanent usage. The land acquired for this purpose may lead to loss of asset, sources of income or means of livelihoods for some poor households. To ensure proper mitigation measures are set forth, the Borrower will prepare a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) to guide the preparation of site specific Resettlement Action Plans (RAPs) once such details are known. RPF will provide a framework for management of all potential negative social impacts, but also streamlining the positive impacts, as well as mainstreaming any potential resettlement considerations during the project implementation. The RPF will be consulted and disclosed publicly both in-country and at the bank Infoshop upon project’s effectiveness

133

Safety of Dams OP/BP Yes Proposed project activities will involve 4.37 rehabilitation of Macarretane Barrage, which is an important water control structure for irrigation, drought mitigation, as well as road and railway bridge. Rehabilitation works will include maintenance of foundation, improve stability of the structure downstream terrace and fix the hydraulic and geomorphological dynamics downstream of the barrage. Macarretane barrage does not meet the OP 4.37 definition threshold for large dams.

Projects on International Yes The project will finance rehabilitation activities Waterways OP/BP 7.50 within an International river basin, Limpopo River, but is not expected to engage in large-scale rehabilitation activities or other activities that would adversely affect the quality or quantity of water flow within shared waterways. Notwithstanding, OP 7.50 on International Waterways is triggered and an exemption for riparian notification has been granted.

Projects in Disputed Areas No The Project is not being implemented in disputed OP/BP 7.60 areas.

134

ANNEX 2: PUBLIC CONSULTATION MINUTES

Draft Minutes for Chicualacuala Public Meeting

Emergency Resilient Recovery Project (ERRP) – Additional Funding

Preparation of the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) and Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF)

Public Consultation Meeting held in Chicualacuala Date: 8/05/2017 Number of Participants: 51 Projects considered at Chicualacuala Public Meeting: Macarretane Barrage Rehabilitation and Water Supply Project to Chicualacuala headquarters (Eduardo Mondlane Village)

Introduction

Chicualacuala headquarter, also known as Eduardo Mondlane village is located in the northern part of Gaza province, near the border with Zimbabwe. It currently has an estimated population of 19,338 inhabitants. This is one of the drought affected districts registered in 2014 and 2015, affecting significantly cattle, agriculture and the human being. The drama of water supply is among the greatest of the current challenges that the village faces. The team of consultants for the preparation of the ESMF and RPF went to Chicualacuala on Sunday, May 7th, 2017 to organize the public consultation meeting to be held on the following day, May 8, 2017. The consultants met in the very same Sunday the head of District Services for Infrastructure Planning (SDPI), Mr. Gilberto Balate and Water technician in Chicualacuala district (Mr. Pedro Cumbane) and both with consultants visited the existing three water supply systems for Eduardo Mondlane village to found out the following:

▪ The existence of three public water system, currently under private management. These water systems consist of boreholes averaging 100 meters deep, from which water is extracted and distributed.

▪ The first water system we visited is located in Bairro C and was constructed with public funds in 2012. This system is currently managed by Mr. André Masuassa. For operation, this system relies on the electricity supply and it has only a unique water distribution point for both vehicles and individuals. It starts the water distribution very early, at 2h00 AM and closes at 5h00 PM. The water tariff charged is 2.50 MZN for 20 l. The salinity level in this borehole is at 1500 mS/m (within accepted parameters for human water consumption). The major constraint is related with frequent restriction on electricity supply and lacking financial capacity by operator to invest on the water supply network establishment.

135

▪ The second water system we visited was also constructed with public funds in 1994. It is located in Bairro E under the management of Mr. José Muiambo. The system is operated through a diesel generator and it is considered the most reliable water system of Eduardo Mondlane village due to the fact that it is not affected by electricity restrictions as it uses diesel and it has the biggest water supply capacity. The system has two water distribution points one for vehicles and the other for individuals. The salinity level of this borehole is 1250 mS/m (also within the acceptable salinization parameters). This borehole is located approximately 5 km away from the center of the village and therefore is not covered by the electricity supply network. The water tariff in use is similar to the one described above (that is MZN 2.50 for 20-30 l) and water distribution starts at 6h00 AM and closes at 5h00 PM.

▪ The third and last borehole visited is located in Bairro Novo. It was also built with public funds in 1994. The manager of this water system is Mr. Abel Machava. This system is powered by electricity and it has also two water distribution points, one for both vehicles and individuals and another only for individuals. The salinity levels are at 2500 mS/m, within acceptable salinization parameters. It opens to the public at 6h00 AM and closes at 5h00 PM, and charges the same water tariff as the two boreholes described above. The water from this borehole is the most unwanted due to the high levels of salinities.

These are the three existing systems in the village. It was conversely mentioned that during the colonial period the village sourced drinking water from Mueneze river which is located 37 km. The Mueneze’s system was abandoned and its reutilization will require a deep rehabilitation or even a new reconstruction, given the time in which it became inoperative.

Public Consultation Meeting

The public consultation meeting in Chicualacuala was held in 8th May 2017, at Chicualacuala Motel and among the participants there were Government representatives at the highest level. As a matter of fact, the meeting was shared by the District Permanent Secretary, Mr. Ernesto Macamo, who addressed the participants in an opening unceremonious speech as follow:

▪ He saluted participants for their attendance and interest on the Projects pertaining water supply to Eduardo Mondlane Village and Macarretane Barrage Rehabilitation as well as their concern on associated environmental and social impacts to these projects. ▪ He apologized to the participants for the delay in starting the meeting, explaining that it was because of other Government’s compelling agendas. ▪ He mentioned that the issue of water supply to Eduardo Mondlane village was of extreme importance as whenever the District Advisory Council meet, the issue of water supply is one of the points of agenda. ▪ Finally, before officially opening the meeting, the Permanent Secretary highlighted the importance of the two Projects (Water Supply and Macarretane Barrage) to the people of Chicualacuala. Encouraged participants to use their own local language or Portuguese to express themselves with regard to the environmental and social impacts associated with the two projects.

136

The consultant, Mr. Eduardo Macuácua, then presented the context in which the water supply projects, including the desalination component and the rehabilitation of the Macarretane Barrage, are developed, with a focus on the positive and negative impacts, with particular emphasis on environmental and social impacts. Mr. Macuácua also clarified that the purpose of the public consultation meeting was the stakeholder engagement so as to share general information about these projects on objectives and possible associated impacts and to gather input from participants to enrich the ESMF and RPF under preparation. Detailed presentation and the participants list are presented in Appendixes.

137

Participants’ contributions are recorded in the table below: