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Diversidad De La Familia Carabidae (Coleoptera) En Chile

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Diversidad De La Familia Carabidae (Coleoptera) En Chile Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 74:549-571, 2001 Diversidad de la familia Carabidae (Coleoptera) en Chile Diversity of the family Carabidae (Coleoptera) in Chile SERGIO ROIG-JUÑENT & MARTHA C. DOMÍNGUEZ Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas (IADIZA), Avenida Dr. Adrián Ruiz Leal s/n, Casilla de Correos 507, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina, e-mail: [email protected] RESUMEN Carabidae constituye dentro de los coléopteros chilenos, la cuarta familia en importancia por su cantidad de especies. El presente trabajo incluye una breve compilación acerca de la historia de la familia y de las primeras expediciones realizadas en Chile. También se realizan comparaciones de la diversidad de carábidos chilenos con respecto a otros países y el N eotrópico. Para Chile, se conocen 21 tribus, con 95 géneros y 365 especies, que representan el 38,8, 28,8 y 7,9% de la fauna del Neotrópico, respectivamente. Chile posee un bajo número de tribus comparado con otros países, sin embargo, constituye un área importante por la presencia de seis tribus relictuales, principalmente pangeicas o gondwánicas. Chile posee 18 géneros endémicos (18,5 % de su fauna de Carabidae), 28 cuya distribución está restringida a Chile y Argentina y seis restringidos a Chile, Argentina y Uruguay. La cantidad de especies presentes en Chile es inferior a la que poseen otros países de América del Sur, pero la cantidad de especies endémicas es muy alta (204) y representa el55,8% de su fauna de carábidos. El alto grado de endemismo que posee Chile con respecto a otros países de América del Sur puede deberse a su condición de aislamiento, siendo las barreras más importantes la región desértica del norte y la cordillera de Los Andes. Este hecho también se vislumbra por la ausencia de importantes tribus neo tropicales como Galeritini, Scaritini y Brachinini. También se incluyen en este trabajo claves para la identificación de todas las tribus y géneros presentes en Chile, como así también una breve descripción acerca de la diversidad y ambientes en los que se encuentra cada género. Palabras clave: Carabidae, Chile, diversidad, taxa endémicos. ABSTRACT The family Carabidae is the fourth largest Coleoptera family in Chile. The present work includes a brief compilation on the taxonomic history of the family and the first expeditions to Chile. In addition, knowledge of carabid diversity in Chile is compared with that of the Neotropics and other South American countries. There are 21 tri bes of Carabidae represented in Chile (38.8% of the total found in Neotropics), with 95 genera (28.2% of the Neotropical fauna), and 365 species (7 .9 % of the total from the Neotropics). Chile has a low number of tri bes compared with other countries, but it is an important area because six relictual tri bes occur within it, being mostly gondwanan or pangeic. At the generic leve!, 18 genera are endemic ( 18.5% ofChilean genera), 28 genera are restricted to Chile andArgentina, and six to Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay. The numberof carabid species in Chile is low compared with other South American countries, but the number of endemic species is high, 204, which is 55.8% of the total carabid fauna of the country. This high endemicity in Chile might be dueto Chile's isolated situation in South America. The Andean mountains and the Northern Desert region, separate Chile from most of the neotropical fauna, as is shown by the absence of important tri bes such as the Galeritini, Scaritini, and Brachinini. Keys for all genera present in Chile are provided, with a brief description of habitat and species richness of each. Key words: Carabidae, Chile, diversity, endemic taxa. INTRODUCCIÓN gadores que se ocupan de ellos. Entre las razones que motivan este interés, están sus patrones de La familia Carabidae (lnsecta: Coleoptera) cons- distribución, la cantidad de taxones relictuales, tituye junto con las familias Haliplidae, los numerosos restos fósiles, los compuestos quí- Hygrobidae, Amphizodidae, Gyrinidae y micos que secretan, la importancia económica y Dytiscidae el suborden Adephaga, caracterizado la facilidad para realizar estudios de poblaciones por una conformación particular del abdomen (Ball 1979b). (Jeannel & Paulian 1944). Se conocen aproximádamente 40.000 especies Los carábidos son quizás uno de los grupos más de carábidos en todo el mundo (Niemelii 1996), estudiados, existiendo gran cantidad de investí- de las cuales hay alrededor 4.600 especies en 550 ROIG-JUÑENT & DOMÍNGUEZ América del Sur, distribuidas en siete subfamilias, disponibles posteriores al último trabajo. Para los 51 tribus y 335 géneros (Roig-Juñent 1998a). La géneros cosmopolitas o con distribución en otros familia Carabidae es la cuarta familia más impor- continentes, sólo se consideraron las especies tante en número de especies de Coleoptera en neotropicales, tomando en cuenta aquéllas con Chile, después de Tenebrionidae (465), distribución al sur de México. Curculionidae (431) y Staphylinidae (424) Para las especies del género Ceroglossus Solier, (Elgueta & Arriagada 1989). Para Chile, desde la 1849, se consideraron sólo las siete propuestas gran obra de Solier ( 1849) en que se citaban 112 como válidas por Balazuc (1957). Esto es debido especies en 37 géneros, se llegaron a citar 342 a que este género ha sido uno de los más proble- especies y 81 géneros (Elgueta & Arriagada 1989). máticos por la cantidad de especies que fueron Este aumento en la cantidad de taxones no es sólo citadas (ha habido hasta 120 nombres válidos). Se debido a la descripción de nuevas especies sino ha tomado esta decisión ya que en algunos casos, también a cambios de jerarquías, sinonimización por ejemplo en el catálogo de Germain ( 1911 ), se de nombres y nuevas citas. citaban 32 especies y 31 variedades, lo cual Este trabajo pretende brindar una visión actua- distorsionaba demasiado la cantidad de especies lizada de la riqueza de grupos de Carabidae de de Carabidae descritas para Chile. Chile, comparándola con la región Neotropical y Muchos de los datos aportados provienen de las otros países de América del Sur, como así tam- colecciones de entomología del Museo de Histo- bién analizar la importancia de esta fauna en el ria Natural de Santiago (Chile), del Museo de La contexto del Neotrópico y calcular la riqueza de Plata (Argentina), del Instituto Argentino de In- Carabidae para diversas regiones de Chile. vestigaciones de las Zonas Áridas (Argentina) y del Natural History Museum de Londres (Inglate- rra). Algunas tribus han sido sido exhaustivamente MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS estudiadas (Cnemalobini y Broscini) y para ello se ha revisado una mayor cantidad de coleccio- La clasificación utilizada como base para este nes. trabajo es la de Erwin & Sims (1984 ), tomando en consideración los cambios propuestos por diver- sos autores (Roig-Juñent 1998a). Con relación a Caracterización de los carábidos anteriores catálogos, existe una mayor cantidad de tribus presentes en Chile. Sin embargo, estas La familia Carabidae es una de las familias con tribus nuevas, como Ceroglossini, Platynini y mayor cantidad de especies en el mundo, con Systolosomini, han sido erigidas para géneros ya aproximadamente unas 40.000. Dentro del orden existentes y ampliamente conocidos en Chile. Coleoptera, se agrupa con otras familias que cons- Otras tribus se consideran actualmente a nivel de tituyen los Hydradephaga (familias Haliplidae, subtribus, tal como Eucheliina (subtribu de Hygrobidae, Amphizodidae, Gyrinidae y Lebiini). Finalmente, Paussinae, Cicindelinae y Dytiscidae) en el suborden Adephaga. Trachypachinae, tratadas como familias por Dichas familias son consideradas como un gru- Elgueta & Arriagada (1989) son consideradas en po basal dentro de los Coleoptera, constituyendo este trabajo como subfamilias o tribus de los Adephaga acuáticos (Hydradephaga) el grupo Carabidae (Anexo 1). hermano de Carabidae. Dentro de Carabidae, la La sección Diversidad Taxonómica se dividió subfamilia Trachypachinae (considerada a veces en tres grupos de taxones para facilitar la compa- a nivel de familia) se considera como uno de los ración de la información: supragenéricos, genéri- integrantes del grupo hermano de los restantes cos y específicos. carábidos (Roig-Juñent 1998b ). La información sobre taxones supragenéricos Los fósiles más antiguos de Carabidae datan del se presenta por tribus, ya que ésta es la forma más Pérmico (Hennig 1981) y se trataría de insectos corriente de tratar los datos en Carabidae. La que habitaban lugares cercanos al agua (Evans disposición de las subfamilias en las tablas y 1980), condición compartida por las familias más Apéndices sigue un orden filo genético. Dentro de cercanamente emparentadas y por algunas de las cada subfamilia, las tribus están ordenadas tribus más plesiomorfas de Carabidae como alfabéticamente, de la misma manera que los gé- Systolosomini, Trachypachini y Omophronini. Ese neros lo están en las tribus. linaje pérmico de Carabidae habría ocupado am- Para calcular la cantidad de géneros y especies, bientes tropicales húmedos (Erwin 1979), experi- se tomaron como base los catálogos de Philippi mentando tempranas radiaciones a otros hábitats, (1887), Germain (1911) y Blackwelder (1944) y ya que en el Triásico se conocen muchas especies el trabajo de Reichardt (1977), más las revisiones de carábidos con el trocánter alargado, indicando DIVERSIDAD DE CARÁBIDOS CHILENOS 551 que eran especies corredoras de ambientes terres- o muy convexa, existiendo gran variedad de for- tres (Evans 1980). La amplia distribución de los mas
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