Romanian Verbs How to Form and Use Their Moods and Tenses
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
English Grammar Past Present Future Tense Words Raises
English Grammar Past Present Future Tense Words Timotheus often fugles nutritively when hard-set Matteo thermalize unscripturally and reacquiring her junta. Allyn remains bass after Sky climbed evenly or skitters any visionariness. Hunt is emancipated and antevert millesimally as grummest Eugen huts naively and paunch despicably. Allan poe last summer, the english past future tense words, the simple or a verb Sleeping on future in english past present tense words, and presenting unreal situations. Trivia on your english past present future words, simple present tense indicates actions happening now and future tense and are happening. Implies it to your english grammar past present future words, and future tense in the business of the past and a time. Situation presented is simple past present time are i studied english grammar quiz: what you take me to express action. Following sentences and for english past words, as well as well as noted above, present tense in the ring. Interrogative sentences and the english grammar future words, future meanings in the arrows to tell or future events that are not. There is used with the verb phrase indicates that will take? Considered irregular verb in english grammar past words, i will he takes you had arrived safely in the future verb form regular in the english? Differently in english grammar past present future simple tense verbs whose past tense does not form and future examples indicate actions. Perfect tense is a past words, he called past tense in the future meanings in english exercise to the past tenses will not have not been going? Particularly interesting because we are english grammar past present words, or one word of a relation to rain falls heavily in the future tense with specificity or past! Version of learning english grammar, present simple aspect is still today, and will also find all slots on the past, i have we went. -
Language Group Specific Informational Reports
Rhode Island College M.Ed. In TESL Program Language Group Specific Informational Reports Produced by Graduate Students in the M.Ed. In TESL Program In the Feinstein School of Education and Human Development Language Group: Romanian Author: Jean Civil Program Contact Person: Nancy Cloud ([email protected]) RHODE ISLAND COLLEGE TESL 539-01: ROMANIAN LANGUAGE Student: Jean Ocelin Civil Prof: Nancy Cloud Spring 2010 Introduction Thousands of languages, dialects, creoles and pidgins are spoken worldwide. Some people, endowed by either an integrative or extrinsic motivation, want to be bilingual, trilingual or multilingual. So, the interlanguage interference becomes unavoidable. Those bilingual individuals are omnipresent in the State of Rhode Island. As prospective ESL teachers, our job requirement is to help them to achieve English proficiency. Knowing the interference problems attributable to their native language is the sine qua none pre- condition to helping them. However, you may have trouble understanding Romanian native speakers due to communication barriers here in the State of Rhode Island. The nature of our research is to use a Contrastive Analysis Approach to the Romanian language, so we can inquire about their predicted errors. In the following PowerPoint presentation, we will put emphasis specifically on phonology, grammar, communication style, and semantic problems. Romanian History 1. Before 106 AD, the Dacians lived in Romanian territory. They spoke Thracian tongue. 2. 106 AD, the defeat of the Dacians, (an indo-European people), led to a period of intense Romanization. A vulgar Latin became the language of commerce and administration. Thracian and Latin combined gave birth to Romanian Language. 3. -
Romanian Timebank: an Annotated Parallel Corpus for Temporal Information
Romanian TimeBank: An Annotated Parallel Corpus for Temporal Information Corina Forăscu1,2, Dan Tufiş1 1 Research Institute in Artificial Intelligence, Romanian Academy, Bucharest 1,2 Faculty of Computer Science, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași, Romania 16, General Berthelot, Iasi 700483, Romania E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract The paper describes the main steps for the construction, annotation and validation of the Romanian version of the TimeBank corpus. Starting from the English TimeBank corpus – the reference annotated corpus in the temporal domain, we have translated all the 183 English news texts into Romanian and mapped the English annotations onto Romanian, with a success rate of 96.53%. Based on ISO-Time - the emerging standard for representing temporal information, which includes many of the previous annotations schemes -, we have evaluated the automatic transfer onto Romanian and, and, when necessary, corrected the Romanian annotations so that in the end we obtained a 99.18% transfer rate for the TimeML annotations. In very few cases, due to language peculiarities, some original annotations could not be transferred. For the portability of the temporal annotation standard to Romanian, we suggested some additions for the ISO-Time standard, concerning especially the EVENT tag, based on linguistic evidence, the Romanian grammar, and also on the localisations of TimeML to other Romance languages. Future improvements to the Ro-TimeBank will take into consideration all temporal expressions, signals and events in texts, even those with a not very clear temporal anchoring. Keywords: temporal information, annotation standards, Romanian language expressions – references to a calendar or clock system, 1. -
The Past and Perfect Tenses. a Diachronic and Synchronic Overview
UNIVERSIDAD DE JAÉN Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación Trabajo Fin de Grado The past and perfect tenses. A diachronic and synchronic overview Alumno: Irene Cazalilla Ramos Tutor: Prof. D. Alejandro Alcaraz Sintes Dpto: Filología Inglesa Junio, 2014 FACULTAD DE HUMANIDADES Y CIENCIAS DE LAS EDUCACIÓN LAS DE CIENCIAS Y HUMANIDADES DE FACULTAD TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 2. Important Concepts .................................................................................................. 3 2.1. Tense and Time .................................................................................................... 3 2.2. Phase and Aspect ................................................................................................. 4 2.2.1. Perfect and Imperfect/Non-perfect ............................................................ 5 2.2.2. Progressive and Non-progressive .............................................................. 5 2.3. Periphrastic and Synthetic Tenses ....................................................................... 5 3. Diachronic description of the Present Perfect and Preterite ................................. 7 3.1. Old English Period (450-1100) ............................................................................ 7 3.2. Middle English Period (1100-1500) .................................................................... 9 3.3. Early Modern English Period (1500-1750) -
A Pedagogical Perspective on the Definite and the Indefinite Article in the Romanian Language
Ovidiu Ivancu Institute of Romanian Language, Bucharest, Caransebeș 1, Bucharest Vilnius University, University 5, Vilnius [email protected] Research interests: cultural studies, literature, linguistics, theory of literature A Pedagogical Perspective on the Definite and the Indefinite Article in the Romanian Language. Challenges for Foreign Learners Abstract All Romance languages have developed the definite and the indefinite article via the Vulgar Latin (Classical Latin did not use articles), the language of the Roman colonists. According to Joseph H. Greenberg (1978), the definite article predated the indefinite one by approximately two centuries, being developed from demonstratives through a complex process of grammaticalization. Many areas of nowadays` Romania were incorporated into the Roman Empire for about 170 years. After two military campaign, the Roman emperor Trajan conquered Dacia, east of Danube. The Romans imposed their own administration and inforced Latin as lingua franca. The language of the colonists, mixed with the native language and, later on, with various languages spoken by the many migrant populations that followed the Roman retreat resulted in a new language (Romanian), of Latin origins. The Romanian language, attested in the 16th Century, in documents written by foreign travellers, uses four different types of articles. Being a highly inflected language, Romanian changes the form of the articles according to the gender, the number and the case of the noun As compared to the other Romance languages, Romanian uses the definite article enclitically. Thus, the definite article and the noun constitute a single word. The present paper aims at discussing, analysing and providing an overview of the use of definite and indefinite articles. -
Romanian; an Essential Grammar
Romanian Now in its second edition, Romanian: An Essential Grammar is a concise, user- friendly guide to modern Romanian. It takes the student through the essentials of the language, explaining each concept clearly and providing many examples of contemporary Romanian usage. This fully revised second edition contains: • a chapter of each of the most common grammatical areas with Romanian and English examples • extensive examples of the more difficult areas of the grammar • a section with exercises to consolidate the learning and the answer key • a list of useful verbs • an appendix listing useful websites for further information • a glossary of grammatical terms used in the book • a useful bibliographical list Suitable for both classroom use and independent study, this book is ideal for beginner to intermediate students. Ramona Gönczöl is a lecturer in Romanian language at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London. She is co-author, with Dennis Deletant, of Colloquial Romanian, 4th edition, Routledge, 2012. Ramona’s research interests include language acquisition, learner experience, online learning, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, cultural identities and language contact. Routledge Essential Grammars Essential Grammars describe clearly and succinctly the core rules of each language and are up-to-date and practical reference guides to the most important aspects of languages used by contemporary native speakers. They are designed for elementary to intermediate learners and present an accessible description of the language, focusing on the real patterns of use today. Essential Grammars are a reference source for the learner and user of the language, irrespective of level, setting out the complexities of the language in short, readable sections that are clear and free from jargon. -
Virgil, Aeneid 11 (Pallas & Camilla) 1–224, 498–521, 532–96, 648–89, 725–835 G
Virgil, Aeneid 11 (Pallas & Camilla) 1–224, 498–521, 532–96, 648–89, 725–835 G Latin text, study aids with vocabulary, and commentary ILDENHARD INGO GILDENHARD AND JOHN HENDERSON A dead boy (Pallas) and the death of a girl (Camilla) loom over the opening and the closing part of the eleventh book of the Aeneid. Following the savage slaughter in Aeneid 10, the AND book opens in a mournful mood as the warring parti es revisit yesterday’s killing fi elds to att end to their dead. One casualty in parti cular commands att enti on: Aeneas’ protégé H Pallas, killed and despoiled by Turnus in the previous book. His death plunges his father ENDERSON Evander and his surrogate father Aeneas into heart-rending despair – and helps set up the foundati onal act of sacrifi cial brutality that caps the poem, when Aeneas seeks to avenge Pallas by slaying Turnus in wrathful fury. Turnus’ departure from the living is prefi gured by that of his ally Camilla, a maiden schooled in the marti al arts, who sets the mold for warrior princesses such as Xena and Wonder Woman. In the fi nal third of Aeneid 11, she wreaks havoc not just on the batt lefi eld but on gender stereotypes and the conventi ons of the epic genre, before she too succumbs to a premature death. In the porti ons of the book selected for discussion here, Virgil off ers some of his most emoti ve (and disturbing) meditati ons on the tragic nature of human existence – but also knows how to lighten the mood with a bit of drag. -
(Romanian) on L2/L3 Learning (Catalan/Spanish) Simona Popa
Nom/Logotip de la Universitat on s’ha llegit la tesi Language transfer in second language acquisition. Some effects of L1 instruction (Romanian) on L2/L3 learning (Catalan/Spanish) Simona Popa http://hdl.handle.net/10803/380548 ADVERTIMENT. L'accés als continguts d'aquesta tesi doctoral i la seva utilització ha de respectar els drets de la persona autora. Pot ser utilitzada per a consulta o estudi personal, així com en activitats o materials d'investigació i docència en els termes establerts a l'art. 32 del Text Refós de la Llei de Propietat Intel·lectual (RDL 1/1996). Per altres utilitzacions es requereix l'autorització prèvia i expressa de la persona autora. En qualsevol cas, en la utilització dels seus continguts caldrà indicar de forma clara el nom i cognoms de la persona autora i el títol de la tesi doctoral. No s'autoritza la seva reproducció o altres formes d'explotació efectuades amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva comunicació pública des d'un lloc aliè al servei TDX. Tampoc s'autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant als continguts de la tesi com als seus resums i índexs. ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis doctoral y su utilización debe respetar los derechos de la persona autora. Puede ser utilizada para consulta o estudio personal, así como en actividades o materiales de investigación y docencia en los términos establecidos en el art. 32 del Texto Refundido de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual (RDL 1/1996). -
Romanian Grammar
1 Cojocaru Romanian Grammar 0. INTRODUCTION 0.1. Romania and the Romanians 0.2. The Romanian language 1. ALPHABET AND PHONETICS 1.1. The Romanian alphabet 1.2. Potential difficulties related to pronunciation and reading 1.2.1. Pronunciation 1.2.1.1. Vowels [ ǝ ] and [y] 1.2.1.2. Consonants [r], [t] and [d] 1.2.2. Reading 1.2.2.1. Unique letters 1.2.2.2. The letter i in final position 1.2.2.3. The letter e in the initial position 1.2.2.4. The ce, ci, ge, gi, che, chi, ghe, ghi groups 1.2.2.5. Diphthongs and triphthongs 1.2.2.6. Vowels in hiatus 1.2.2.7. Stress 1.2.2.8. Liaison 2. MORPHOPHONEMICS 2.1. Inflection 2.1.1. Declension of nominals 2.1.2. Conjugation of verbs 2.1.3. Invariable parts of speech 2.2. Common morphophonemic alternations 2.2.1. Vowel mutations 2.2.1.1. the o/oa mutation 2.2.1.2. the e/ea mutation 2.2.1.3. the ă/e mutation 2.2.1.4. the a/e mutation 2.2.1.5. the a/ă mutation 2.2.1.6. the ea/e mutation 2.2.1.7. the oa/o mutation 2.2.1.8. the ie/ia mutation 2.2.1.9. the â/i mutation 2.2.1.10. the a/ă mutation 2.2.1.11. the u/o mutation 2.2.2. Consonant mutations 2.2.2.1. the c/ce or ci mutation 2.2.2.2. -
Hungarian Influence Upon Romanian People and Language from the Beginnings Until the Sixteenth Century
SECTION: HISTORY LDMD I HUNGARIAN INFLUENCE UPON ROMANIAN PEOPLE AND LANGUAGE FROM THE BEGINNINGS UNTIL THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY PÁL Enikő, Assistant Professor, PhD, „Sapientia” University of Târgu-Mureş Abstract: In case of linguistic contacts the meeting of different cultures and mentalities which are actualized within and through language are inevitable. There are some common features that characterize all kinds of language contacts, but in describing specific situations we will take into account different causes, geographical conditions and particular socio-historical settings. The present research focuses on the peculiarities of Romanian – Hungarian contacts from the beginnings until the sixteenth century insisting on the consequences of Hungarian influence upon Romanian people and language. Hungarians induced, directly or indirectly, many social and cultural transformations in the Romanian society and, as expected, linguistic elements (e.g. specific terminologies) were borrowed altogether with these. In addition, Hungarian language influence may be found on each level of Romanian language (phonetic, lexical etc.), its contribution consists of enriching the Romanian language system with new elements and also of triggering and accelerating some internal tendencies. In the same time, bilingualism has been a social reality for many communities, mainly in Transylvania, which contributed to various linguistic changes of Romanian language not only in this region, but in other Romanian linguistic areas as well. Hungarian elements once taken over by bilinguals were passed on to monolinguals, determining the development of Romanian language. Keywords: language contact, (Hungarian) language influence, linguistic change, bilingualism, borrowings Preliminary considerations Language contacts are part of everyday social life for millions of people all around the world (G. -
Tenses of Verbs the Three Tenses Used in Scientific Writing (The Future, For
1 English Corner 11: tenses of verbs The three tenses used in scientific writing (the future, for action going to happen or to be the case in time to come; the present, for action happening or being the case now; the past, for action having happened or being the case in the past) each have two forms. The simple forms refer to individual events done once, being done once now or to be done once in the future and the perfect (or completed) forms which refer to results which were initially done only once but are reproducible and have consequences that are still valid at the time of writing. The simple future tense This refers to some future time and employs the auxiliary verb shall/will with the infinitive without the infinitive marker to [I shall/he will culture the cells on Monday next week]. The written form may differ from that of the spoken word where the future tense of the verb to be and a continuous (or imperfect, because uncompleted) verb form (present participle) may be used [If you come at 11.00 I shall/he will be culturing the cells]. In manuscripts it is used to state what you plan to do, whether active [We shall next examine the regulation of these transporters] or passive, with the future tense of the verb to be and a past participle [The regulation of these transporters by osmolality will be examined next]. The future perfect tense This is used for considering actions that will be completed (or perfected) at some future time. -
The Perception of Loan Verb Integration Strategies in Romanian
The Perception of Loan Verb Integration Strategies in Romanian Master’s Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University by Riley D. Wagner Graduate Program in Linguistics The Ohio State University 2019 Advising Committee: Dr. Brian Joseph, Adviser Dr. Andrea Sims Copyrighted by Riley Dane Wagner 2019 Abstract The study of cross-linguistic lexical borrowing is a hot topic today, yet there remain some languages on which there has been little work regarding these words once they have been borrowed. In particular, the borrowing of verbs is of interest due to the amount of information that is encoded on them in the form of morphological endings. One language that has a rich morphological system and yet seems to have no issues with borrowing is Romanian. Borrowed verbs in Romanian tend to take one of three suffixes during conjugation: -ez, -esc, or -uiesc. These suffixes hold no meaning, and yet seem to be obligatory. This shows some similarity to the claims of Ralli (2016) in her work on verbalizers in Greek; therefore, I use this comparison as a starting point for analysis. In this study, I look to investigate speakers’ perceptions of the use of these suffixes, as well as the function of these suffixes, through the use of a perception study aimed at speakers’ reactions to the use of each suffix on various loan verbs. I also compare the ways in which loan verbs are integrated into Romanian to those in which they are integrated in Greek.