Il Giappone Parla! Primi Sonori Del Sol Levante

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Il Giappone Parla! Primi Sonori Del Sol Levante IL GIAPPONE PARLA! PRIMI SONORI DEL SOL LEVANTE Japan Speaks Out! The First Talkies from the Land of the Rising Sun Programma.e.note.a.cura.di./.Programme and notes by Alexander Jacoby e Johan Nordström In.coproduzione.con./.In co-production with. National Film Center – The National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo 82 Il Giappone mosse i primi passi verso il sonoro nei primi anni During the early years of the Showa period (1926-1989), while del periodo Showa (1926-1989), proprio quando il cinema muto Japan’s silent cinema reached new artistic heights, Japanese nazionale raggiungeva nuove vette stilistiche. Se in Occidente il filmmakers took their first steps towards sound film. Whereas in passaggio al sonoro fu brusco e di fatto compiuto già attorno al the West the transition to sound was abrupt and practically com- 1930, in Giappone si protrasse per circa un decennio, tanto che plete by around 1930, in Japan it stretched over a decade, with i film sonori non costituirono la maggioranza della produzione sound films not forming the majority of films produced until as nazionale fino al 1935. Questa retrospettiva, la cui seconda parte late as 1935. This two-part retrospective, which will continue in verrà presentata nel 2013, si concentra sul periodo di transizio- 2013, focuses on this transition period, showing how the Japa- ne per mostrare come il cinema giapponese abbia gradualmente nese cinema gradually adopted the techniques and exploited the adottato le tecniche del sonoro e sfruttato le sue potenzialità. potential of sound film. Per l’industria cinematografica giapponese l’arrivo del sonoro For the Japanese film industry, the coming of sound was a cause fu a un tempo una traumatica rottura col passato e una nuova of both disruption and opportunity. The arrival of the talkie was opportunità. I film sonori furono bene accolti sia da una parte welcomed both by important figures within the industry and by ampia e autorevole dell’industria sia da molti critici e spettatori, many critics and spectators, but the spread of the talkies in Ja- ma la loro vera diffusione avvenne insolitamente tardi rispetto pan was unusually late compared to other major film-producing ad altri paesi. Le ragioni erano prevalentemente economiche e nations. The reasons for this were primarily economic and struc- strutturali. Diversamente dagli americani, gli studios giapponesi tural in nature. Unlike their American counterparts, Japanese non disponevano di sufficienti risorse finanziarie per compiere film companies did not have the financial resources to make a una rapida transizione al sonoro, e la diffusione del nuovo mezzo swift transition to sound, and the spread of the new medium was fu anche ritardata dalla mancanza di sedi adeguate, soprattutto also retarded by the lack of suitable venues, in particular in rural nelle aree rurali in cui le sale attrezzate per il sonoro erano poche. sectors where few theatres were wired for sound. La conversione fu ritardata anche da una tradizione tutta giappo- The conversion was also delayed by the existence of the benshi, nese: i benshi, commentatori e narratori pubblici dei film muti, an institution unique to Japan, who routinely provided voiceover che negli anni Trenta erano diventati una vera istituzione e for- and commentary for silent films, and who had achieved consider- mavano un potente gruppo d’interesse. Nel 1932 i benshi or- able popularity in their own right. By the 1930s, they formed a ganizzarono una serie di scioperi per protestare contro i cinema powerful vested interest, and 1932 saw a series of benshi strikes, che proiettavano film occidentali e un crescente numero di film protesting against job losses at cinemas showing Western sound sonori giapponesi. films and the increasing production of Japanese sound films. Si spiega così il prolungato periodo di transizione in cui si mesco- Accordingly, a prolonged transition period saw the production of larono muti e sonori, oltre a film parzialmente sonori o altre forme both silent and sound films, along with part-talkies and other ibride. Se i maggiori studios furono inizialmente cauti, compagnie hybrid forms. With major studios initially cautious, smaller en- più piccole come Mina Talkie, Tojo Eastphone e successivamente terprises including Mina Talkie, Tojo Eastphone, and later P.C.L. P.C.L. (Photo Chemical Laboratory) e Studio J.O. vennero fondate (Photo Chemical Laboratory) and Studio J.O. were founded appositamente per produrre film parlati. L’importanza della Mina specifically to produce sound films. The significance of Mina Talkie, prima compagnia giapponese a puntare sulla produzione Talkie, as the first Japanese firm specifically to aim to produce di film sonori, viene messa in luce in questa retrospettiva grazie sound films, is highlighted in this retrospective by a screening of alla proiezione del più antico film sonoro giapponese a noi noto, Seiyukai sosai Tanaka giichi-shi enzetsu (The Speech of Prime Seiyukai sosai Tanaka giichi-shi enzetsu (Il discorso del Primo Minister Tanaka), a record of a campaign speech by the then Ministro Tanaka), che riprende un discorso elettorale dell’allora Prime Minister, and the oldest extant Japanese sound film. Mina Primo ministro. La Mina Talkie coprodusse poi Fujiwara Yoshie Talkie went on to co-produce Kenji Mizoguchi’s Fujiwara Yoshie no furusato (Paese natale) di Kenji Mizoguchi, un film fonda- no furusato (Hometown), a film also informed by the theoretical to sui presupposti teorici e sui contributi pratici di Iwao Mori, assumptions and practical contributions of Iwao Mori, a script- sceneggiatore, critico cinematografico e giornalista che esercitò writer, film critic and journalist who exerted a profound influence una profonda influenza sulle prime fasi del sonoro e divenne in on the early development of sound film, and who was to become seguito produttore capo alla P.C.L. (la futura Toho). head producer at P.C.L. (later Toho). Oltre a questi e ad altri fondamentali film parlati, il program- In addition to these and other key early sound films, this pro- ma contiene esempi di muti ridistribuiti all’epoca del sonoro gramme will include examples of silent films re-released in the con commenti benshi pre-registrati (conosciuti come Katsuben sound era with pre-recorded benshi tracks (known as Katsuben Talkies), mostrando come l’influenza del sonoro si insinuò anche Talkies), and will illustrate the way in which the influence of nei film muti che continuarono a essere prodotti durante tutti gli sound cinema percolated even into the silent films which contin- anni Trenta. ued to be produced through the 1930s. Alexander Jacoby e Johan Nordström Alexander Jacoby and Johan Nordström 83 CHUSHINGURA [Katsuben Talkie] Giappone, 1910-1912 Regia: Shozo Makino █. Scen.,. F.:. Shozo. Makino.. Int.:. Matsunosuke. Onoe,.Ichinosho.Kataoka,.Kiraku.Arashi,.Kijaku. Otani,. Ichitaro. Kataoka,. Tomosaburo. Otani,. Yoshio. Mizutani.. Prod.:. Nikkatsu. (Yokota). █. 35mm..D.:.42’.a.24.f/s..Bn..Versione.giapponese. /.Japanese.version. █.Da:.National.Film.Center. –.The.National.Museum.of.Modern.Art,.Tokyo Il Chushingura, comunemente noto in Occidente come ‘Tesoro della lealtà: I quarantasette ronin’, è una delle narrazio- ni più note della storia della letteratura giapponese. Basato su un fatto storico, descrive una sanguinosa faida che ha ori- gine agli inizi del Settecento (l’era Gen- roku, nella cronologia giapponese), quan- do il maestro di cerimonie Kira fornisce al giovane signore di Ako, Asano, istruzioni volutamente sbagliate per il protocollo di corte. Umiliato, Asano sfodera la spada all’interno del castello – gesto che corri- sponde a un atto di tradimento – e aggre- disce Kira. Asano è dunque condannato al suicidio rituale e i suoi samurai rimasti senza padrone decidono di mettere in atto una complicata vendetta. A partire da Kanadehon Chushingura, adattamento per il teatro bunraku messo in scena per la prima volta nel 1748, la storia è stata più volte raccontata e ha ispirato drammi e romanzi, nonché sce- neggiature cinematografiche e televisive: è stata portata sullo schermo da registi illustri quali Teinosuke Kinugasa, Kenji Mizoguchi, Hiroshi Inagaki e Kon Ichika- wa, mentre le trame di film comeShura (1971) di Toshio Matsumoto e Hana yori mo naho (2006) di Hirokazu Koreeda reinterpretano criticamente la narrazione canonica. Chushingura © National Film Center, Tokyo Questo film raccoglie le prime versioni cinematografiche delChushingura , la destinato a diventare una stella del cine- e ridistribuita alla fine degli anni Trenta maggior parte delle quali pare risalire al ma giapponese, la cui collaborazione con con una colonna sonora pre-registrata. 1912. I film furono diretti da Shozo Maki- Makino durò fino alla morte nel 1925. no, il cosiddetto ‘padre del cinema giap- Il cinema giapponese delle origini, costi- The Chushingura story, or ‘Tale of the ponese’. Makino, che morì nel 1929 dopo tuito quasi esclusivamente da campi lun- loyal 47 ronin’, as it is generally known una carriera cinematografica ventennale, ghi e da inquadrature incorniciate dall’ar- to Westerners, is one of the most familiar era un pioniere e un esperto del kyuge- co scenico, creava un’esperienza di visio- narratives in Japanese literary history. It is ki (‘film della vecchia scuola’), com’era ne molto simile a quella del teatro kabuki. based the historical account of a fatal feud chiamato il cinema degli anni Dieci basa- L’analogia era intensificata dalla presenza dating from the early years of the eigh- to sul kabuki. Il film si avvale della recita- di un narratore dal vivo, il benshi. Appa- teenth century (the Genroku Era, in Japa- zione di Matsunosuke Onoe, attore kabuki rentemente questa versione fu restaurata nese chronology) which had its origin when 84 Kira, a senior official at court, failed prop- erly to instruct the young Lord Asano in his courtly duties. The humiliated Asano drew his sword and attacked Kira. Since to draw a weapon within the court precincts was an act of treason, Asano was sentenced to commit ritual suicide.
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