Lepidópteros Perforadores De Los Frutos Del Café

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Lepidópteros Perforadores De Los Frutos Del Café Agosto de 2013 Gerencia Técnica / Programa de Investigación Científica 434 Fondo Nacional del Café LEPIDÓPTEROS PERFORADORES DE LOS FRUTOS DEL CAFÉ El incremento en el CO2 atmosférico y la variabilidad climática afecte su distribución consecuentemente en la temperatura, territorial, longitud de ciclos de vida y tasa hacen que el escenario del cambio climático de reproducción de los mismos. Es así como pase de ser una hipótesis a una realidad se ha reportado un aumento en la incidencia palpable (16). El aumento de la ocurrencia de insectos plaga en la agricultura durante de estos eventos extremos es evidente en los eventos de El Niño. De esta manera las el calentamiento y enfriamiento atípico condiciones climáticas, particularmente por de las aguas superficiales del océano efecto de la temperatura, pueden ser una Pacífico Ecuatorial, los cuales se denominan causa probable de la aparición o incremento fenómenos de El Niño y La Niña, que causan de algunas poblaciones de insectos, de los períodos más frecuentes de lluvias escasas cuales no se tiene identificación precisa, no y excesivas, respectivamente, en varias se conocen enemigos naturales y tampoco se regiones del país (4). estiman los niveles de daño en las diferentes épocas del año y en las El desarrrollo de los insectos está directamente etapas fenológicas del relacionado con la temperatura, por lo cultivo de café. que se espera que en zonas tropicales Investigaciones recientes indican frutos en ramas sobrecargadas (7, que muchas especies, frente a los 8). Sin embargo, en años recientes escenarios de cambio climático, el daño de este insecto se ha podrían ser capaces de colonizar convertido en un problema más y adaptarse a nuevos nichos, serio, especialmente en cultivos anteriormente poco aptos para Ciencia, tecnología sembrados a bajas altitudes a libre e innovación ellas, o incrementar sus poblaciones exposición, con una alta humedad para la caficultura en lugares donde se mantenían en relativa y que reciben altas dosis de colombiana equilibrio (11). Esta condición se fertilizantes (13, 19). En ataques Autores aplica también para los insectos severos, las pérdidas ocasionadas Luz Ángela Galindo Leva plaga, los cuales ven perturbados se estiman entre el 25% y el 80% Investigador Asociado (Hasta sus hábitats y aspectos biológicos en (10, 14). Las pérdidas económicas, diciembre de 2012) todos los niveles tróficos, incluyendo no sólo se deben a la destrucción Clemencia Villegas García enemigos naturales. Estos últimos, de la cereza, sino también a que la Investigador Científico II parasitoides y depredadores, Disciplina de Entomología perforación ocasionada por estas soportan el efecto del clima sobre larvas es puerta de entrada para la Javier Mantilla Afanador las plantas y sus fitófagos (1). enfermedad de las cerezas del café Biólogo Universidad Católica de Manizales - CBD (8, 13). En consecuencia, el incremento y Todd Gilligan persistencia de un agente causal de Colorado StateUniversity, perforaciones y pérdida de frutos, Sin embargo, en ecosistemas que BioagriculturalSciences and Pest conservan un equilibrio, la polilla Management que hasta hace una década no representaba una amenaza para el de la cereza es mantenida bajo Claudia P. Flórez Ramos cultivo de café, puede dejar de ser control por sus enemigos naturales, Investigador Científico II reportándose ocho parasitoides Disciplina de Fisiología un problema secundario y convertirse Centro Nacional de Investigaciones en un riesgo potencial. primarios: Apanteles coffea Wilk, de Café, Cenicafé Phanerotoma sp., Cratocnema sp., Manizales, Caldas, Colombia Macrocentrus sp., Microbracon sp., Entre los insectos que se encuentran Edición: Phanerotoma sp., Pristomerus sp. Sandra Milena Marín López asociados a los frutos del café la y Trichogrammatoidea sp. (7, 10, Fotografías: literatura reporta un complejo de 17, 18). Bajo ataques severos, el Archivo Cenicafé lepidópteros Pyralidae, dentro de control químico de la polilla de la Diagramación: los cuales se destacan: Prophantis cereza es muy difícil, debido a que Carmenza Bacca Ramírez smaragdina distribuida en África Sub- Imprenta: la larva teje los frutos con hilos de Sahariana, algunas islas del océano seda, lo que dificulta la penetración ISSN - 0120 - 0178 Índico incluyendo Madagascar del producto. y parte de Asia; P. octoguttalis Los trabajos suscritos por el personal técnico del Centro Nacional de reportada en Malasia, Indonesia, Investigaciones de Café son parte Filipinas, Taiwán e India;Thliptoceras P. smaragdina está restringida de las investigaciones realizadas por longicornalis presente en Madagascar al continente Africano. En el la Federación Nacional de Cafeteros 2001 en Colombia se reportó la de Colombia. Sin embargo, tanto en (2, 19); Amylois transitella, Tallula este caso como en el de personas no atramentalis y Cocyra cephalonica presencia de polillas de los racimos pertenecientes a este Centro, las ideas (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae-Phycitinae), emitidas por los autores son de su en Brasil (3). exclusiva responsabilidad y no expresan las cuales ocasionan daños muy necesariamente las opiniones de la parecidos a los referidos (5). Estas Entidad. Por muchos años la polilla de polillas originan roeduras en la la cereza (P. smaragdina), fue Manizales, Caldas, Colombia pulpa y trozan los pedúnculos, en Tel. (6) 8506550 Fax. (6) 8504723 considerada una plaga menor frutos menores de 150 días. Debido A.A. 2427 Manizales para cafés arábicos en África. al bajo número de especímenes www.cenicafe.org Frecuentemente, es considerada recolectados, no se logró su completa un insecto benéfico, al reducir los identificación. 2 Entre 2010 - 2011, en evaluaciones fitosanitarias ¿Cómo reconocer el daño causado por realizadas entre los meses de abril a junio, en cafetales productivos de Caldas, Risaralda y Quindío, los lepidópteros perforadores? se determinó una alta incidencia de frutos necrosados Inicialmente, la presencia de los lepidópteros perforadores aparentemente con síntomas de mal rosado. Al realizar no es detectada con facilidad. En algunas ocasiones, la remoción de estos frutos se determinó la presencia sobre todo cuando las larvas son pequeñas, se albergan de perforaciones cerca al pedúnculo y, en la mayoría de al interior de los glomérulos o se desplazan hacia las los casos, ausencia de la almendra (Figura 1). hojas, para alimentarse o refugiarse en horas de poca actividad. A partir de estas observaciones en el campo y de los datos obtenidos, surgieron algunos interrogantes: ¿Cómo La alternancia de frutos secos y frutos verdes con reconocer el daño? ¿Quién o quiénes son los agentes frecuencia hace que este problema se confunda con causantes? ¿Cuáles son los daños ocasionados al café mal rosado. Sin embargo, al remover los frutos secos, la por los lepidópteros perforadores? y ¿Tienen enemigos presencia de perforaciones, la aparición de deyecciones, naturales? el daño en frutos frescos circundantes y la formación de Frutos con mal rosado Frutos afectados por perforador Figura 1. Frutos con mal rosado versus frutos afectados por el complejo de lepidópteros perforadores. Avances Tecnicos 3 seda entrelazando los frutos, indican mantener los frutos unidos, evitar las familias Pyralidae y Tortricidae. la presencia de un insecto que se entrada de depredadores y generar Sin embargo, debido al alto grado está alimentando y desarrollando de un microhábitat adecuado para la de parasitismo sólo se obtuvieron manera satisfactoria. permanencia de la larva durante adultos de tres especies, de las su desarrollo, hasta que alcance la cuales dos fueron identificadas, etapa adulta (Figura 2). con base en análisis morfológicos y La seda es una estructura de moleculares, por el doctor Gilligan seguridad que muchas larvas de de la Universidad de Colorado -USA, lepidópteros emplean como línea ¿Quién o quiénes son los como Tortricidaes de los géneros de vida, para que al desprenderse Amorbia sp. y Argyrotaenia sp.; del sustrato no se genere una caída agentes causales? y la tercera fue identificada como libre. Sin embargo, para el caso de Asociadas a este daño, se encontraron los perforadores de llos frutos de cinco tipos diferentes de larvas de café, esta seda es empleada para Figura 2. Aspectos que indican la presencia de lepidópteros perforadores en ramas afectadas. 4 Pyralidae del género Pococera sp. de formación. Adicionalmente, se Se determinó la presencia de (Figura 3). observó mayor frecuencia de daño frutos perforados en todos los lotes en árboles jóvenes, cuyas ramas registrados, encontrando entre el presentan alta densidad de frutos. 70% y 100% de árboles con al Amorbia sp. presenta una longitud Este comportamiento es consecuente menos un glomérulo afectado. Lo alar anterior de 16 mm y una longitud con el descrito por diversos autores que significa, que pese a no observar corporal de 14 mm. Argyrotaenia que han estudiado la biología de en todos los casos la presencia del sp. presenta un longitud alar anterior algunas especies de lepidópteros insecto, los lepidópteros perforadores de 13 mm y una longitud corporal perforadores de los frutos del café, son habitantes naturales de los de 11 mm. Pococera sp. tiene una en países como Kenia y Etiopía (8, cafetales evaluados. longitud alar anterior de 7 mm y una 9, 14, 15). longitud corporal de 5 mm. Cada uno de los muestreos exploratorios Tras establecer algunos de sus hábitos permitió recolectar especímenes ¿Cuáles son los y preferencias de sustrato, en agosto (larvas) para el seguimiento bajo daños ocasionados de 2011 se realizaron muestreos
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