DOCSLIB.ORG

Final Report EFSA Lot 2

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Final Report EFSA Lot 2 FINAL REPORT Compared toxicity of chemicals to reptiles and other vertebrates A Report to EFSA CFT/EFSA/PPR/2008/01 Lot 2 Steve Fryday and Helen Thompson1 Environmental Risk Assessment Team, Environmental Risk Programme, The Food and Environment Research Agency York YO41 1LZ UK August 2009 1Tel 44 1904 462515; Fax 44 1094 462111; email [email protected] The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the European Food Safety Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an output adopted by EFSA. EFSA reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors. CFT/EFSA/PPR/2008/01 COMPARED TOXICITY OF CHEMICALS TO Lot 2 REPTILES AND OTHER VERTEBRATES Contents INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 3 METHODS .................................................................................................................... 3 RESULTS ...................................................................................................................... 4 CONCLUSIONS.......................................................................................................... 18 RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................. 18 APPENDIX 1 Database search terms .......................................................................... 19 APPENDIX 2 Literature found during the course of study ......................................... 21 APPENDIX 3 Oral exposure studies ........................................................................... 68 APPENDIX 4 Studies where exposure was by injection ........................................... 100 APPENDIX 5 Dermal exposure studies .................................................................... 106 APPENDIX 6 Studies involving exposure to dusts and fumigants ........................... 126 APPENDIX 7 Studies with aquatic exposure ............................................................ 129 APPENDIX 8 Studies where exposure was by all routes .......................................... 136 APPENDIX 9 Bird and mammal toxicity data .......................................................... 138 Final report CFT/EFSA/PPR/2008/01 Page 2 of 169 The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the European Food Safety Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an output adopted by EFSA. EFSA reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors. CFT/EFSA/PPR/2008/01 COMPARED TOXICITY OF CHEMICALS TO Lot 2 REPTILES AND OTHER VERTEBRATES INTRODUCTION Data on toxicity to reptiles that may be useful in risk assessment is known to be sparse (e.g. Campbell and Campbell 2000). This review collates the data about toxicity of chemicals to reptiles available in the scientific literature including that published since these recent reviews. It is based on the results of a literature search conducted by Fera’s Information center as well as key publications such as Ecotoxicology of Amphibians and Reptiles (Sparling et al, 2000) and Toxicology of Reptiles: Toxicology and the Environment (Gardner and Oberdörster, 2006). Given the limited amount of data available it was not possible to restrict the results to European species and all studies that described experimental exposure of free-living animals (e.g. not eggs) was collated. The few available toxicity values were collated and compared with data on toxicity to birds and mammals where available. METHODS A literature survey was conducted by the Fera Information Centre using a list of search terms as detailed in Appendix 1. Databases searched were CAB Abstracts, AGRICOLA, AGRIS, Environmental Sciences, MEDLINE(R), Enviroline(R), Pollution Abstracts, Biosis Previews(R), ToxFile and Water Resources Abstracts. Further searches were made of the US EPA Ecotox database, the Reptile and Amphibian Toxicity Literature database (RATL), and key publications and reviews including Campbell and Campbell (2000), Pauli and Money (2000) and Sanchez (2001). The criteria used for assessing reliability of toxicity data will be based on those described in the EU Technical Guidance Document (2003), namely: • A complete test report is available or the test has been described in sufficient detail and the test procedure is in accordance with generally accepted standards (e.g. OECD). • The validity of the data cannot be fully established or the test method differs in some respects from the guidelines and the generally accepted scientific standards. In these cases expert judgement will be used to determine whether the results are suitable or whether they are regarded as not valid. • It is clearly evident that the data are not valid because critical pieces of information are not available and cannot be sourced retrospectively (e.g. if it is not possible to establish the identity of the test substance). These data are likely to be inappropriate for standard setting although they may be used to steer future testing requirements. Given that standard guidelines for reptiles are not available, all of the data collated here fell into the second category. It quickly became apparent that data on toxicity to reptiles was still limited to only a few key studies such as Hall and Clark (1982). More recent studies providing detailed information on acute, sub-acute and subchronic tests on lizards (McFarland et al. Final report CFT/EFSA/PPR/2008/01 Page 3 of 169 The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the European Food Safety Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an output adopted by EFSA. EFSA reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors. CFT/EFSA/PPR/2008/01 COMPARED TOXICITY OF CHEMICALS TO Lot 2 REPTILES AND OTHER VERTEBRATES 2008, Suski et al. 2008) did not study pesticides. We therefore collated all of the information found on the experimental exposure of free-living animals (neonates to adults) and provided separate tables detailing studies with either oral exposure, exposure by injection, dermal exposure, exposure to dusts and fumigants (pest control trials) and aquatic exposure (water snakes and turtles). Where studies were capable of providing information on dose and effects this information was summarized in a staged manner for comparison with bird and mammal toxicity based on the type of data available. Where studies reported a lethal dose (LD50) these were directly compared with bird and mammal toxicity data from the USEPA Ecotox database where available, or alternative sources where necessary. Often this database provided several values for birds or mammals. Where this occurred, the median of the numerical values was reported along with the range to ensure that the presented value encompassed the range of sensitivity. The next summaries included those remaining studies where dose related mortality was reported in either single dose or multiple doses (e.g. subacute, subchronic exposure). These included studies where mortality was the only reported endpoint even where no mortality occurred. Next, studies where dose related symptoms were summarized showing the range of doses and the effects observed at each dose. RESULTS The search terms used in the Fera Information Centre literature search are listed in Appendix 1. The literature from this search was provided to EFSA in an Endnote database along with further literature found during the course of the study. Bibliographic details for these are provided in Appendix 2 along with notes about each reference and reasons for not including them in the collated data where appropriate. In most cases this was because they were residue studies or contaminant studies, or tested the effects of exposing eggs on embryo development. Thus, only studies that were conducted to test the effects of chemicals on free-living animals were included. Due to the limited amount of data available, data on experimental exposure for pest control (e.g. of brown treesnakes) were also included to ensure that the dataset was as complete as possible. As well as data on mortality or symptoms, data on bodyweight and temperature were also included where reported. Summaries of all studies found that met the above criteria are provided in Appendices 3 to 8. These are divided into separate tables
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Annex a List of Participants
    J. CETACEAN RES. MANAGE. (SPECIAL ISSUE 1), 1^2, 1999 31 Annex A List of Participants Member of the Scientific Committee/National delegate (SC); Invited Participant (IP); and Observer (O) Alex Aguilar (IP) Jacob de Boer (IP) Dept. Animal Biology RIVO-DLO Faculty of Biology PO Box 68 University of Barcelona 1970 AB Umuiden Barcelona THE NETHERLANDS SPAIN Tel: 31-255-564736 Tel: 34-3-319-8959 Fax: 31-255-564644 Fax: 34-3-411-0887 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Jan P. Boon (IP) Netherlands Institute for Sea Research Pierre Beland (IP) (NIOZ) St. Lawrence National Institute of PO Box 59 Ecotoxicology 1790 AB Den Burg 460 Champ-de-Mars #504 Texel Montreal, Quebec THE NETHERLANDS CANADA Tel: 31-222-369466/369300 H2Y 1B4 Fax: 31-222-319674 Tel: 1-514-499-3499 e-mail: [email protected] Fax: 1-514-982-1788 e-mail: [email protected] Asuncion Borrell (IP) Dept. Animal Biology Faculty of Biology Jonny Beyer (SC) University of Barcelona Laboratory UF Marine Molecular Biology Diagonal 645 University of Bergen, HiB 08028 Barcelona N-5020 Bergen SPAIN NORWAY Tel: 34-3-319-8959 Tel: 47-5554-4375 Fax: 34-3-411-0877 Fax: 47-5554-4373 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Bram Brouwer (IP) Department of Toxicology Arne Bj0rge (SC) Agricultural University Institute of Marine Research PO Box 8000 POBox 1870Nordnes 6700 EA Wageningen N-5024 Bergen THE NETHERLANDS NORWAY Tel: 31-317-48397/482137 Tel: 47-5523-8608 Fax: 31-317-484931 Fax: 47-5523-8617 e-mail: e-mail: [email protected] [email protected] 32 REPORT OF THE BERGEN WORKSHOP Kevin Brown (IP) A.
    [Show full text]
  • Preface Amphibian & Reptile Conservation Special Angola and Africa Issue
    Official journal website: Amphibian & Reptile Conservation amphibian-reptile-conservation.org 10(2): i–iii (e128). Preface Amphibian & Reptile Conservation Special Angola and Africa Issue William R. Branch Curator Emeritus Herpetology, Bayworld, P.O. Box 13147, Humewood 6013, SOUTH AFRICA (Research Associate, Department of Zoology, P.O. Box 77000, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth 6031, SOUTH AFRICA) Citation: Branch WR. 2016. Preface (Amphibian & Reptile Conservation Special Angola and Africa Issue). Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 10(2): i‒iii (e128). Copyright: © 2016 Branch. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercialNoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use for non-commercial and education purposes only, in any medium, provided the original author and the official and authorized publication sources are recognized and properly credited. The official and authorized publication credit sources, which will be duly enforced, are as follows: official journal title Amphibian & Reptile Conservation; official journal website <amphibian-reptile-conservation. org>. Published: 30 November 2016 Africa is a mega continent that was isolated for long pe- merous additional locality records dispersed in museum riods of its history. However, after the tectonic activity collections, they have not been consolidated and made and uplift that accompanied Gondwana’s breakup and easily accessible. This hinders the study of the African Africa’s birth c. 130 Ma the continent was relatively qui- herpetofauna, preventing fuller understanding of its ori- escent for nearly 100 million years until the development gins and diversity, and therefore its conservation (Tolley of the East African Rift system 31‒30 mMa (Ring 2014).
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Perspectives on Apple Production: Fruit Tree Pest Management, Regulation and New Insecticidal Chemistries
    Historical Perspectives on Apple Production: Fruit Tree Pest Management, Regulation and New Insecticidal Chemistries. Peter Jentsch Extension Associate Department of Entomology Cornell University's Hudson Valley Lab 3357 Rt. 9W; PO box 727 Highland, NY 12528 email: [email protected] Phone 845-691-7151 Mobile: 845-417-7465 http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/faculty/jentsch/ 2 Historical Perspectives on Fruit Production: Fruit Tree Pest Management, Regulation and New Chemistries. by Peter Jentsch I. Historical Use of Pesticides in Apple Production Overview of Apple Production and Pest Management Prior to 1940 Synthetic Pesticide Development and Use II. Influences Changing the Pest Management Profile in Apple Production Chemical Residues in Early Insect Management Historical Chemical Regulation Recent Regulation Developments Changing Pest Management Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 The Science Behind The Methodology Pesticide Revisions – Requirements For New Registrations III. Resistance of Insect Pests to Insecticides Resistance Pest Management Strategies IV. Reduced Risk Chemistries: New Modes of Action and the Insecticide Treadmill Fermentation Microbial Products Bt’s, Abamectins, Spinosads Juvenile Hormone Analogs Formamidines, Juvenile Hormone Analogs And Mimics Insect Growth Regulators Azadirachtin, Thiadiazine Neonicotinyls Major Reduced Risk Materials: Carboxamides, Carboxylic Acid Esters, Granulosis Viruses, Diphenyloxazolines, Insecticidal Soaps, Benzoyl Urea Growth Regulators, Tetronic Acids, Oxadiazenes , Particle Films, Phenoxypyrazoles, Pyridazinones, Spinosads, Tetrazines , Organotins, Quinolines. 3 I Historical Use of Pesticides in Apple Production Overview of Apple Production and Pest Management Prior to 1940 The apple has a rather ominous origin. Its inception is framed in the biblical text regarding the genesis of mankind. The backdrop appears to be the turbulent setting of what many scholars believe to be present day Iraq.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity of Insects Associated with Rice ( Oryza Sativa L.) Crop Agroecosystem in the Punjab, Pakistan
    Biodiversity of insects associated with rice ( Oryza sativa L.) crop agroecosystem in the Punjab, Pakistan By MUHAMMAD ASGHAR M.Sc. (Hons.) Agricultural Entomology A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Agricultural Entomology FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, FAISALABAD PAKISTAN 2010 1 To The Controller of Examinations, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. We, the Supervisory Committee, certify that the contents and form of thesis submitted by Mr. Muhammad Asghar, Regd. 92-ag-1261 have been found satisfactory and recommend that it be processed for evaluation by the External Examiner (s) for the award of degree. SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE 1. CHAIRMAN: ………………………………………………. (DR. ANJUM SUHAIL) 2. MEMBER ………………………………………………. (DR. MUHAMMAD AFZAL) 3. MEMBER ……………………………………………….. (DR. MUHAMMAD ASLAM KHAN) 2 DEDICATED To My Affectionate Parents Loving Brothers, Sisters and Wife 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All praises are for “Almighty Allah” who is the creator of this multifaceted and beautiful universe. I consider it as my foremost duty to acknowledge the omnipresent kindness and love of Almighty Allah who made it possible for me to complete the writing of this thesis. I think it is also my supreme obligation to express the gratitude and respect to Holy Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (SAW) who is forever a torch of guidance and knowledge for humanity as a whole. How honourable it is to offer my cordial gratitude to my worthy supervisor and supervisory committee, Prof. Dr. Anjum Suhail; Dr. Muhammad Afzal, Department of Agri. Entomology and Prof. Dr. Muhammad Aslam Khan, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, for their constant interest, valuable suggestions, inspirational guidance and encouragement throughout the course of my studies.
    [Show full text]
  • WHO Guidance on Management of Snakebites
    GUIDELINES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF SNAKEBITES 2nd Edition GUIDELINES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF SNAKEBITES 2nd Edition 1. 2. 3. 4. ISBN 978-92-9022- © World Health Organization 2016 2nd Edition All rights reserved. Requests for publications, or for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications, whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution, can be obtained from Publishing and Sales, World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia, Indraprastha Estate, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, New Delhi-110 002, India (fax: +91-11-23370197; e-mail: publications@ searo.who.int). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use.
    [Show full text]
  • Methodologies for Assessing Exposure to Metals: Speciation, Bioavailability of Metals, and Ecological Host Factors
    ARTICLE IN PRESS Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 56 (2003) 110–121 Methodologies for assessing exposure to metals: speciation, bioavailability of metals, and ecological host factors David Peakall and Joanna BurgerÃ,1 Monitoring and Assessment Research Centre, UK Nelson Biological Laboratory, Division of Life Sciences, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Institute and Consortium for Risk Evaluation with Stakeholder Participation, Rutgers University, Piscataway, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway NJ 08854-8082, USA Received 20 March 2003; accepted 20 March 2003 Abstract Host factors play a role in the bioavailability of metals, making it critical to understand their nature and how to measure them, as well as how to measure bioavailability with respect to host factors. The host factors that are critical to consider during all phases of bioavailability studies are age, gender, size, genetic characteristics, behavior (food chain considerations), and interactions between all of them. Some of these vulnerabilities are unique to individuals, populations, species, or communities. There are many interactions between and among metals, the species of metals, and the physical environment (pH, salinity). Some factors enhance uptake and absorption, whereas others moderate it. Moreover, some metals have greater effects on invertebrate organisms, whereas other metals (or species thereof) affect vertebrates more strongly. Fish and wildlife are useful as sentinel species and bioindicators because they can help us understand the risk to the organisms themselves, to the ecosystem, and to humans. r 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction and the interrelatedness of the metals themselves (Rattner and Heath, 1995). Factors within the hosts The importance of metals to ecosystems and their themselves influence both levels and effects, as well as component parts was initially evaluated by measuring the measurement tools and methodologies used to assess metal levels in air, water, and soil, and inferring them.
    [Show full text]
  • The ABC of Drugs
    LSD Joint Liquor Morphine Breath DrugTest 5000 Gin Lane Intoxication Witches Cheerful Purity Law Skin Evidential DRUID Sensor SpeedballAlcohol Ban Dependency Cocaine Emotions Sober Legalization BAC Roadside Checkpoint Opioids Drunk Ritalin Amphetamines Crack F.W. Sertürner Spice Profit Corn Schnapps EthanolInebriated Industrial Safety Sympathetic Nervous System Opium Sampling Unable to DriveUnable to War on Drugs War Blood Drugs Limits Prohibition MDMA Labrador Tea Catalyzer Poison Traffic Prevention Locoweed Reactions HeroinKhat Soul Pretest Bootlegger Rights Urine Shamans Injection IntoxicantRoad Deaths High-risk Professions Sober Alcohol Saliva Illegal Tube CultureAuthor Synthetic Wine Pervitin VodkaShisha Ecstasy PPT Paracelsus Beer Marijuana Electrochemical Alcotest Sweat Approval Drugs – ABCs Enzyme Ankle Bracelet Here is a brief, factual tour of commonly used drugs – their active ingredients as well as methods of use, risks, prevalence (frequency of use), origin, and history. © Drägerwerk AG & Co. KGaA 1 Drugs – ABCS Drugs – ABCS and sleep-in ducing purposes; their consumed cannabis at least once in Origins and history: the coca bush inter national non-proprietary names their lives. 6.8 percent of the same age has been cultivated in South America Drugs – ABCs often end in -azepam: Diazepam, group have consumed it within the for a good 5,000 years. Its leaves may Lorazepam and Oxazepam. Trade names past twelve months – or one out of three only have been used for ritual activities include Valium, Librium, Rohypnol, people have experimented with cannabis. initially. When impoverishment set in with Tavor, and Praxiten. Risks: restricted physical and mental the Spanish conquest, large sections Form of consumption: as tablets capacity, coupled with self-overestimation; of the population used the plant to stave or injected intraveneously.
    [Show full text]
  • Pesticides EPA 738-R-06-004 Environmental Protection and Toxic Substances June 2006 Agency (7508C) ______Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Pyrethrins
    United States Prevention, Pesticides EPA 738-R-06-004 Environmental Protection And Toxic Substances June 2006 Agency (7508C) _________________________________________________________________ Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Pyrethrins List B Case No. 2580 Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Document for Pyrethrins Approved by: /S/ . Debra Edwards, Ph. D. Director Special Review and Reregistration Division Date: June 7, 2006 . Page 2 of 108 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................... 7 I. Introduction......................................................................................................................... 11 II. Chemical Overview........................................................................................................... 12 A. Regulatory History...................................................................................................... 12 B. Chemical Identification .............................................................................................. 13 C. Use Profile.................................................................................................................... 16 1. Pyrethrins Use Profile................................................................................................. 16 III. Summary of Pyrethrins Risk Assessments ............................................................... 17 A. Human Health Risk Assessment...............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Squamata: Lacertidae)
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA CRUZ EVOLUTIONARY CONSEQUENCES OF CENOZOIC CLIMATE CHANGE ON AFRICAN LACERTID LIZARDS (SQUAMATA: LACERTIDAE) A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY by Christy A. Hipsley September 2012 The Dissertation of Christy Hipsley is approved: _________________________________ Professor Barry Sinervo, Chair _________________________________ Professor Giacomo Bernardi _________________________________ Professor Johannes Müller _________________________________ Tyrus Miller Vice Provost and Dean of Graduate Studies Copyright © by Christy A. Hipsley 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES …………………………………………………………. v ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………………… vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………………………………………………………………… ix INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………..……. 1 CHAPTER 1. INTEGRATION OF BAYESIAN MOLECULAR CLOCK METHODS AND FOSSIL-BASED SOFT BOUNDS REVEALS EARLY CENOZOIC ORIGIN OF AFRICAN LACERTIDS LIZARDS…………………………………………………………………… 9 Abstract ………………………………………………………………………… 9 Background …………………………………………………………………….. 10 Methods ………………………………………………………………………… 11 Results ……………………………………………………….…………………. 13 Discussion………………………………………………………….………………16 CHAPTER 2. MORPHOLOGICAL CONVERGENCE IN ARID-DWELLING AFRICAN LACERTID LIZARDS DRIVEN BY ECOLOGICAL AND CLIMATIC FACTORS………………. 22 Abstract ………………………………………………………………………... 22 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………. 23 Materials and Methods ………………………………………………………… 26 Results ……………………………………………………………………..……
    [Show full text]
  • Veterinary Toxicology
    GINTARAS DAUNORAS VETERINARY TOXICOLOGY Lecture notes and classes works Study kit for LUHS Veterinary Faculty Foreign Students LSMU LEIDYBOS NAMAI, KAUNAS 2012 Lietuvos sveikatos moksl ų universitetas Veterinarijos akademija Neužkre čiam ųjų lig ų katedra Gintaras Daunoras VETERINARIN Ė TOKSIKOLOGIJA Paskait ų konspektai ir praktikos darb ų aprašai Mokomoji knyga LSMU Veterinarijos fakulteto užsienio studentams LSMU LEIDYBOS NAMAI, KAUNAS 2012 UDK Dau Apsvarstyta: LSMU VA Veterinarijos fakulteto Neužkre čiam ųjų lig ų katedros pos ėdyje, 2012 m. rugs ėjo 20 d., protokolo Nr. 01 LSMU VA Veterinarijos fakulteto tarybos pos ėdyje, 2012 m. rugs ėjo 28 d., protokolo Nr. 08 Recenzavo: doc. dr. Alius Pockevi čius LSMU VA Užkre čiam ųjų lig ų katedra dr. Aidas Grigonis LSMU VA Neužkre čiam ųjų lig ų katedra CONTENTS Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………… 7 SECTION I. Lecture notes ………………………………………………………………………. 8 1. GENERAL VETERINARY TOXICOLOGY ……….……………………………………….. 8 1.1. Veterinary toxicology aims and tasks ……………………………………………………... 8 1.2. EC and Lithuanian legal documents for hazardous substances and pollution ……………. 11 1.3. Classification of poisons ……………………………………………………………………. 12 1.4. Chemicals classification and labelling ……………………………………………………… 14 2. Toxicokinetics ………………………………………………………………………...………. 15 2.2. Migration of substances through biological membranes …………………………………… 15 2.3. ADME notion ………………………………………………………………………………. 15 2.4. Possibilities of poisons entering into an animal body and methods of absorption ……… 16 2.5. Poison distribution
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Morphology of the Male Genitalia in Lepidoptera
    COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY OF THE MALE GENITALIA IN LEPIDOPTERA. By DEV RAJ MEHTA, M. Sc.~ Ph. D. (Canta.b.), 'Univefsity Scholar of the Government of the Punjab, India (Department of Zoology, University of Oambridge). CONTENTS. PAGE. Introduction 197 Historical Review 199 Technique. 201 N ontenclature 201 Function • 205 Comparative Morphology 206 Conclusions in Phylogeny 257 Summary 261 Literature 1 262 INTRODUCTION. In the domains of both Morphology and Taxonomy the study' of Insect genitalia has evoked considerable interest during the past half century. Zander (1900, 1901, 1903) suggested a common structural plan for the genitalia in various orders of insects. This work stimulated further research and his conclusions were amplified by Crampton (1920) who homologized the different parts in the genitalia of Hymenoptera, Mecoptera, Neuroptera, Diptera, Trichoptera Lepidoptera, Hemiptera and Strepsiptera with those of more generalized insects like the Ephe­ meroptera and Thysanura. During this time the use of genitalic charac­ ters for taxonomic purposes was also realized particularly in cases where the other imaginal characters had failed to serve. In this con­ nection may be mentioned the work of Buchanan White (1876), Gosse (1883), Bethune Baker (1914), Pierce (1909, 1914, 1922) and others. Also, a comparative account of the genitalia, as a basis for the phylo­ genetic study of different insect orders, was employed by Walker (1919), Sharp and Muir (1912), Singh-Pruthi (1925) and Cole (1927), in Orthop­ tera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera and the Diptera respectively. It is sur­ prising, work of this nature having been found so useful in these groups, that an important order like the Lepidoptera should have escaped careful analysis at the hands of the morphologists.
    [Show full text]
  • Indiana Comprehensive Wildlife Strategy 2
    Developed for: The State of Indiana, Governor Mitch Daniels Department of Natural Resources, Director Kyle Hupfer Division of Fish and Wildlife, Director Glen Salmon By: D. J. Case and Associates 317 E. Jefferson Blvd. Mishawaka, IN 46545 (574)-258-0100 With the Technical and Conservation information provided by: Biologists and Conservation Organizations throughout the state Project Coordinator: Catherine Gremillion-Smith, Ph.D. Funded by: State Wildlife Grants U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Indiana Comprehensive Wildlife Strategy 2 Indiana Comprehensive Wildlife Strategy 3 Indiana Comprehensive Wildlife Strategy 4 II. Executive Summary The Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Fish and Wildlife (DFW) working with conservation partners across the state, developed a Comprehensive Wildlife Strategy (CWS) to protect and conserve habitats and associated wildlife at a landscape scale. Taking advantage of Congressional guidance and nationwide synergy Congress recognized the importance of partnerships and integrated conservation efforts, and charged each state and territory across the country to develop similar strategies. To facilitate future comparisons and cross-boundary cooperation, Congress required all 50 states and 6 U.S. territories to simultaneously address eight specific elements. Congress also directed that the strategies must identify and be focused on the “species in greatest need of conservation,” yet address the “full array of wildlife” and wildlife-related issues. Throughout the process, federal agencies and national organizations facilitated a fruitful ongoing discussion about how states across the country were addressing wildlife conservation. States were given latitude to develop strategies to best meet their particular needs. Congress gave each state the option of organizing its strategy by using a species-by-species approach or a habitat- based approach.
    [Show full text]