DOCSLIB.ORG

Streptococcus Response to Group B Role of Lipoteichoic Acid in The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Streptococcus Response to Group B Role of Lipoteichoic Acid in The Role of Lipoteichoic Acid in the Phagocyte Response to Group B Streptococcus Philipp Henneke, Siegfried Morath, Satoshi Uematsu, Stefan Weichert, Markus Pfitzenmaier, Osamu Takeuchi, Andrea This information is current as Müller, Claire Poyart, Shizuo Akira, Reinhard Berner, of September 28, 2021. Giuseppe Teti, Armin Geyer, Thomas Hartung, Patrick Trieu-Cuot, Dennis L. Kasper and Douglas T. Golenbock J Immunol 2005; 174:6449-6455; ; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.10.6449 Downloaded from http://www.jimmunol.org/content/174/10/6449 References This article cites 48 articles, 27 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/content/174/10/6449.full#ref-list-1 http://www.jimmunol.org/ Why The JI? Submit online. • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists by guest on September 28, 2021 • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication *average Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2005 by The American Association of Immunologists All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. The Journal of Immunology Role of Lipoteichoic Acid in the Phagocyte Response to Group B Streptococcus1 Philipp Henneke,3* Siegfried Morath,2† Satoshi Uematsu,2§ Stefan Weichert,* Markus Pfitzenmaier,‡ Osamu Takeuchi,§ Andrea Mu¨ller,* Claire Poyart,¶ Shizuo Akira,§ Reinhard Berner,* Giuseppe Teti,# Armin Geyer,‡ Thomas Hartung,† Patrick Trieu-Cuot,ʈ Dennis L. Kasper,** and Douglas T. Golenbock†† Group B Streptococcus (GBS) cell walls potently activate phagocytes by a largely TLR2-independent mechanism. In contrast, the cell wall component lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from diverse Gram-positive bacterial species has been shown to engage TLR2. In this study we examined the role of LTA from GBS in phagocyte activation and the requirements for TLR-LTA interaction. Using cells from knockout mice and genetic complementation in epithelial cells we found that highly pure LTA from both GBS and Staph- Downloaded from ylococcus aureus interact with TLR2 and TLR6, but not TLR1, in contrast to previous reports. Furthermore, NF-␬B activation by LTA required the integrity of two putative PI3K binding domains within TLR2 and was inhibited by wortmannin, indicating an essential role for PI3K in cellular activation by LTA. However, LTA from GBS proved to be a relatively weak stimulus of phagocytes containing ϳ20% of the activity observed with LTA from Staphylococcus aureus. Structural analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry revealed important differences between LTA from GBS and S. aureus, specifically differences in glycosyl linkage, in the glycolipid anchor and a lack of N-acetylglucosamine substituents of the glycerophosphate backbone. http://www.jimmunol.org/ Furthermore, GBS expressing LTA devoid of D-alanine residues, that are essential within immune activation by LTA, exhibited similar inflammatory potency as GBS with alanylated LTA. In conclusion, LTA from GBS is a TLR2/TLR6 ligand that might contribute to secreted GBS activity, but does not contribute significantly to GBS cell wall mediated macrophage activation. The Journal of Immunology, 2005, 174: 6449–6455. roup B Streptococcus (GBS)4 is a common commensal frequent event (2). Early recognition of GBS structures by phago- of the human genital and intestinal tract. Yet GBS is a cyte receptors must ensure immediate and nonphlogistic removal potent inflammatory stimulus once it becomes invasive. of GBS from blood and tissue to prevent the host from succumbing G by guest on September 28, 2021 GBS causes fulminant sepsis in newborn infants and constitutes to bacterial spread and subsequent generalized inflammation. We the third most common cause of bacterial meningitis in countries have previously shown that the evolutionary conserved TLR con- that have implemented immunization with Haemophilus influenzae stitute a highly sensitive receptor system for GBS that determine type b conjugate vaccines (1). the cause of invasive GBS disease in vivo (3–5). However, Because 15% of healthy human beings are fecal carriers of GBS, whereas LPS from Gram-negative bacteria carries most activities the invasion of small numbers of GBS can be assumed to be a of the whole bacteria, the identity of toxins from GBS that mediate the inflammatory response to infection, as with many other Gram- *Zentrum fu¨r Kinderheilkunde und Jugendmedizin, Albert-Ludwigs Universita¨t positive bacteria, is still unclear. Freiburg, Freiburg, †Abteilung fu¨r Biochemische Pharmakologie, Universita¨t Kon- The cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria constitutes a macromo- ‡ stanz, Konstanz, Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universita¨t Marburg, Marburg, Ger- lecular assembly of surface proteins, cross-linked peptidoglycan many; §Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; ¶Laboratoire de Bacte´riologie, Faculte´deMe´decine Cochin, Paris, ʈUnite´de Biologie (PGN), polyanionic teichoic acid, and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) (6). des Pathoge`nes a`Gram-positif, Institut Pasteur, Paris France; #Dipartimento di Pa- Because PGN and LTA, teichoic acid or similar anionic molecules tologia e Microbiologia Sperimentale, Universita`di Messina, Messina, Italy; **Chan- ning Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Departments of Medicine, are shared by virtually all Gram-positive bacteria, these molecules Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Boston, MA 02115; ††Department of Medi- are candidates as conserved toxins or “pathogen-associated mo- cine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 lecular patterns” that are widely believed to be recognized by Received for publication November 10, 2004. Accepted for publication March TLRs (7). Indeed, LTA and PGN from Staphylococcus aureus 2, 2005. have been demonstrated to interact with TLR2 and the TLR core- The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance ceptor CD14 (8, 9). LTA is particularly interesting as a Gram- with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. positive “endotoxin” because it resembles LPS in some respects. 1 This work was supported in part by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft He 3127/2-1 LTA and LPS are both anchored via their glycolipids to the mem- (to P.H.), by the National Institutes of Health Grant AI52455 and GM54060 (to D.T.G.), and by the European Union HOSPATH QLRT-1999-30336 (to G.T.). brane and carry a polysaccharide chain extending into the PGN layer of the cell wall. Whereas glycolipids like LTA are widely 2 S.M. and S.U. contributed equally to this work. recognized TLR ligands, PGN preparations, which are a hetero- 3 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Philipp Henneke, Zentrum fu¨r Kinderheilkunde und Jugendmedizin, Albert-Ludwigs Universita¨t Freiburg, Mathilden- geneous mixture of repeating disaccharide (N-acetylmuramic acid- strasse 1, 79106 Freiburg, Germany. E-mail address: [email protected] (b1–4)-N-acetylglucosamine) containing cell wall fragments, have 4 Abbreviations used in this paper: GBS, group B streptococcus; LTA, lipoteichoic no known TLR2 binding domain and have recently been ques- acid; HEK, human epithelial kidney; PGN, peptidoglycan; NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance; MALP-2, macrophage-activating lipopeptide of 2 kDa; MDP, muramyl tioned as a TLR2 ligand (11). Within the cell wall network LTA is dipeptides. thought to provide elasticity, porosity and tensile strength of the Copyright © 2005 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. 0022-1767/05/$02.00 6450 RECOGNITION OF LTA bacterial envelope. However, its contribution to the interaction be- plates at a density of 2 ϫ 104 cells/well. The following day, cells were tween bacteria and cells of the mammalian immune system within transiently transfected with luciferase reporter genes using Fugene (Roche) ␬ invasive infections remains less well understood. As an example, per the manufacturer’s recommendations. To assess NF- B activation, a reporter gene consisting of an E-selectin promoter driving a firefly lucif- we previously demonstrated that cell wall preparations from GBS erase gene was used. In individual experiments, cells were cotransfected activate immune cells in the absence of both TLR2 and CD14. with a constitutively active Renilla luciferase reporter gene (Promega) to These preparations were likely to be rich in LTA, thus raising normalize between conditions for transfection efficacy. The following day, questions about the cognate receptor of LTA from GBS and the the cells were stimulated as indicated. When indicated, HEK293 cells were transfected with human TLR2FLAG, TLR2-A616FLAG, TLR2-A761FLAG, contribution of LTA to phagocyte activation by GBS (3, 4, 12). TLR2-A616/761FLAG, or with empty vector. Expression vectors for TLR2- To answer the question about the significance of PGN and LTA A616FLAG, TLR2-A761FLAG, and TLR2-A616/761FLAG were kind gifts of in GBS infection, we defined several issues: 1) whether LTA from U. Knaus
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pathological and Therapeutic Approach to Endotoxin-Secreting Bacteria Involved in Periodontal Disease
    toxins Review Pathological and Therapeutic Approach to Endotoxin-Secreting Bacteria Involved in Periodontal Disease Rosalia Marcano 1, M. Ángeles Rojo 2 , Damián Cordoba-Diaz 3 and Manuel Garrosa 1,* 1 Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and INCYL, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain; [email protected] 2 Area of Experimental Sciences, Miguel de Cervantes European University, 47012 Valladolid, Spain; [email protected] 3 Area of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, and IUFI, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: It is widely recognized that periodontal disease is an inflammatory entity of infectious origin, in which the immune activation of the host leads to the destruction of the supporting tissues of the tooth. Periodontal pathogenic bacteria like Porphyromonas gingivalis, that belongs to the complex net of oral microflora, exhibits a toxicogenic potential by releasing endotoxins, which are the lipopolysaccharide component (LPS) available in the outer cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are released into the tissues causing damage after the cell is lysed. There are three well-defined regions in the LPS: one of them, the lipid A, has a lipidic nature, and the other two, the Core and the O-antigen, have a glycosidic nature, all of them with independent and synergistic functions. Lipid A is the “bioactive center” of LPS, responsible for its toxicity, and shows great variability along bacteria. In general, endotoxins have specific receptors at the cells, causing a wide immunoinflammatory response by inducing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the production of matrix metalloproteinases.
    [Show full text]
  • Multi-Product Lactic Acid Bacteria Fermentations: a Review
    fermentation Review Multi-Product Lactic Acid Bacteria Fermentations: A Review José Aníbal Mora-Villalobos 1 ,Jéssica Montero-Zamora 1, Natalia Barboza 2,3, Carolina Rojas-Garbanzo 3, Jessie Usaga 3, Mauricio Redondo-Solano 4, Linda Schroedter 5, Agata Olszewska-Widdrat 5 and José Pablo López-Gómez 5,* 1 National Center for Biotechnological Innovations of Costa Rica (CENIBiot), National Center of High Technology (CeNAT), San Jose 1174-1200, Costa Rica; [email protected] (J.A.M.-V.); [email protected] (J.M.-Z.) 2 Food Technology Department, University of Costa Rica (UCR), San Jose 11501-2060, Costa Rica; [email protected] 3 National Center for Food Science and Technology (CITA), University of Costa Rica (UCR), San Jose 11501-2060, Costa Rica; [email protected] (C.R.-G.); [email protected] (J.U.) 4 Research Center in Tropical Diseases (CIET) and Food Microbiology Section, Microbiology Faculty, University of Costa Rica (UCR), San Jose 11501-2060, Costa Rica; [email protected] 5 Bioengineering Department, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), 14469 Potsdam, Germany; [email protected] (L.S.); [email protected] (A.O.-W.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-(0331)-5699-857 Received: 15 December 2019; Accepted: 4 February 2020; Published: 10 February 2020 Abstract: Industrial biotechnology is a continuously expanding field focused on the application of microorganisms to produce chemicals using renewable sources as substrates. Currently, an increasing interest in new versatile processes, able to utilize a variety of substrates to obtain diverse products, can be observed.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Porphyromonas Gingivalis Lipids on Atherosclerosis Formation in Mice." (2004)
    University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn SoDM Masters Theses School of Dental Medicine June 2004 The ffecE ts of Porphyromonas Gingivalis Lipids on Atherosclerosis Formation in Mice. Steven Robert Sierakowski Follow this and additional works at: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/sodm_masters Recommended Citation Sierakowski, Steven Robert, "The Effects of Porphyromonas Gingivalis Lipids on Atherosclerosis Formation in Mice." (2004). SoDM Masters Theses. 134. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/sodm_masters/134 IThe Effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis Lipids on Atherosclerosis Formation in Mice Steven Robert Sierakowski B.S., Villanova University, 1998 D.M.D., University of Pennsylvania, 2001 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Dental Science at the lJniversity of Connecticut 2004 APPROVAL PAGE Master of Dental Science Thesis The Effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis Lipids on Atherosclerosis Formation in Mice Presented by Steven Robert Sierakowski, B.S., D.M.D. Major Advisor Frank C. Nichols /":,1 AssociateAdvisor~~~~~_~~_~_: __~_~_~·~_·~_'~~' ~.~~:~.~~.~~.~~._.~_~~.~~~,~~_.~~~~~~~~ Arthur KHand r Associ~eAdvisor~~~~~~/~j_·~~~~~~_~~-_-_-_-_.. ~~~~~~~~~~ .~ ..,. John W. Dean, III / University of Connecticut 2004 11 To the memory of my mother, Nina, whose love will never be forgotten, And To my father, Robert, whose own academic leadership has inspired me to further my education, and whose unwavering love and support encouraged me to persevere. 111 Acknowledgments I would like to thank my major advisor, Dr. Frank Nichols, whose dedication to academic excellence created an environment conducive to learning and personal merit; and my associate advisors, Dr. Arthur Hand and Dr. John Dean, whose generous time and thoughtful suggestions are deeply appreciated.
    [Show full text]
  • Antibacterial Effects of Lactobacillus and Bacteriocin PLNC8 Αβ on The
    Khalaf et al. BMC Microbiology (2016) 16:188 DOI 10.1186/s12866-016-0810-8 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Antibacterial effects of Lactobacillus and bacteriocin PLNC8 αβ on the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis Hazem Khalaf1* , Sravya Sowdamini Nakka1,2, Camilla Sandén3, Anna Svärd3, Kjell Hultenby4, Nikolai Scherbak5, Daniel Aili3 and Torbjörn Bengtsson1 Abstract Background: The complications in healthcare systems associated with antibiotic-resistant microorganisms have resulted in an intense search for new effective antimicrobials. Attractive substances from which novel antibiotics may be developed are the bacteriocins. These naturally occurring peptides are generally considered to be safe and efficient at eliminating pathogenic bacteria. Among specific keystone pathogens in periodontitis, Porphyromonas gingivalis is considered to be the most important pathogen in the development and progression of chronic inflammatory disease. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antimicrobial effects of different Lactobacillus species and the two-peptide bacteriocin PLNC8 αβ on P. gingivalis. Results: Growth inhibition of P. gingivalis was obtained by viable Lactobacillus and culture media from L. plantarum NC8 and 44048, but not L. brevis 30670. The two-peptide bacteriocin from L. plantarum NC8 (PLNC8 αβ) was found to be efficient against P. gingivalis through binding followed by permeabilization of the membranes, using Surface plasmon resonance analysis and DNA staining with Sytox Green. Liposomal systems were acquired to verify membrane permeabilization by PLNC8 αβ. The antimicrobial activity of PLNC8 αβ was found to be rapid (1 min) and visualized by TEM to cause cellular distortion through detachment of the outer membrane and bacterial lysis. Conclusion: Soluble or immobilized PLNC8 αβ bacteriocins may be used to prevent P.
    [Show full text]
  • Lipopolysaccharide Versus Lipoteichoic Acid Leukocyte
    Profound Differences in Leukocyte-Endothelial Cell Responses to Lipopolysaccharide Versus Lipoteichoic Acid This information is current as Bryan G. Yipp, Graciela Andonegui, Christopher J. Howlett, of September 25, 2021. Stephen M. Robbins, Thomas Hartung, May Ho and Paul Kubes J Immunol 2002; 168:4650-4658; ; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.9.4650 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/168/9/4650 Downloaded from References This article cites 49 articles, 24 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/content/168/9/4650.full#ref-list-1 http://www.jimmunol.org/ Why The JI? Submit online. • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication by guest on September 25, 2021 *average Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2002 by The American Association of Immunologists All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. Profound Differences in Leukocyte-Endothelial Cell Responses to Lipopolysaccharide Versus Lipoteichoic Acid1 Bryan G. Yipp,* Graciela Andonegui,† Christopher J. Howlett,‡ Stephen M. Robbins,‡ Thomas Hartung,§ May Ho,* and Paul Kubes2† We have investigated the effects of LPS from Escherichia coli, lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and peptidoglycan (PepG) from Staphy- lococcus aureus, and live S.
    [Show full text]
  • Abating Colon Cancer Polyposis by Lactobacillus Acidophilus Deficient
    Abating colon cancer polyposis by Lactobacillus acidophilus deficient in lipoteichoic acid Khashayarsha Khazaiea, Mojgan Zadeha,b, Mohammad W. Khana, Praveen Bereb, Fotini Gounaric, Kirsten Dennisa, Nichole R. Blatnera, Jennifer L. Owenb, Todd R. Klaenhammerd,1, and Mansour Mohamadzadeha,b,1 aDepartment of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611; bDepartment of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, Division of Hepatology/Gastroenterology, Emerging Pathogens Institute and Cancer Genetic Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601; cDepartments of Medicine and Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; and dDepartment of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 Contributed by Todd R. Klaenhammer, May 1, 2012 (sent for review February 22, 2012) An imbalance of commensal bacteria and their gene products Results underlies mucosal and, in particular, gastrointestinal inflammation Ablation of Polyps by LTA-Deficient L. acidophilus in TS4Cre × and a predisposition to cancer. Lactobacillus species have received APClox468 Mice. To target a key carcinogenic event in the colon, considerable attention as examples of beneficial microbiota. We homologous recombination was used to introduce loxP sites on have reported previously that deletion of the phosphoglycerol either side of exons 11 and 12 of the mouse adenomatous pol- transferase gene that is responsible for lipoteichoic acid (LTA) bio- yposis coli (APClox468) gene (Fig. 1 A and B). These mice synthesis in Lactobacillus acidophilus (NCK2025) rendered this bac- (APClox468) were crossed to TS4-Cre transgenic mice (25) that terium able to significantly protect mice against induced colitis express Cre specifically in the colon and distal ileum.
    [Show full text]
  • Unit:C: Bacteria and Mollicutes: • Part:1
    UNIT:C: BACTERIA AND MOLLICUTES: PART:1: General characteristics,Morphological characters PART:2: Basic methods of classification and Reproduction PART:1 A.Bacteria: Definition: Bacteria are microscopic unicellular,prokaryotic organisms devoid of chlorophyll,most commonly reproduce by transverse binary fission and the resuting cells are identical in size and morphology(Shape:spherical/rod,spiral or curved spherical arrangements of cell(coccus/micrococcus/diplococcus(paired),tetraacoccus(arranged in 4). B.General characteristics of Phytopathogenic bacteria 1. Bacteria are small: 0.6-3.5 microns in length, 0.5-1.0 microns in diameter 2. Most plant pathogenic bacteria are facultative saprophytes and can be grown artificially on nutrient media; however, fastidious vascular bacteria are difficult to grow in culture and some of them have yet to be grown in culture. 3. Bacteria may be rod shaped, spherical, spiral, or filamentous (threadlike). 4. Mostly flagellate hence motile.Some bacteria can move through liquid media by means of flagella, whereas others have no flagella and cannot move themselves. 5. Some can transform themselves into spores, and the filamentous bacteria Streptomyces can produce spores, called conidia, at the end of the filament. Other bacteria, however, do not produce any spores. 6. The vegetative stages of most types of bacteria reproduce by simple fission. 7. Bacteria multiply with astonishing rapidity they can produce tremendous numbers of cells in a short period of time. 8. Carbohydrate decomposition is mostly aerobic or oxidative (Except, Erwinia,which is facultative anaerobe) 9. Mostly gram-ve,rarely gram+ve(gram+ve genera:Streptomyces,Corynebacterium,Clavibacter,Curtobacterium) 10. PPB are passive invaders,i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Contents Topic 1. Introduction to Microbiology. the Subject and Tasks
    Contents Topic 1. Introduction to microbiology. The subject and tasks of microbiology. A short historical essay………………………………………………………………5 Topic 2. Systematics and nomenclature of microorganisms……………………. 10 Topic 3. General characteristics of prokaryotic cells. Gram’s method ………...45 Topic 4. Principles of health protection and safety rules in the microbiological laboratory. Design, equipment, and working regimen of a microbiological laboratory………………………………………………………………………….162 Topic 5. Physiology of bacteria, fungi, viruses, mycoplasmas, rickettsia……...185 TOPIC 1. INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY. THE SUBJECT AND TASKS OF MICROBIOLOGY. A SHORT HISTORICAL ESSAY. Contents 1. Subject, tasks and achievements of modern microbiology. 2. The role of microorganisms in human life. 3. Differentiation of microbiology in the industry. 4. Communication of microbiology with other sciences. 5. Periods in the development of microbiology. 6. The contribution of domestic scientists in the development of microbiology. 7. The value of microbiology in the system of training veterinarians. 8. Methods of studying microorganisms. Microbiology is a science, which study most shallow living creatures - microorganisms. Before inventing of microscope humanity was in dark about their existence. But during the centuries people could make use of processes vital activity of microbes for its needs. They could prepare a koumiss, alcohol, wine, vinegar, bread, and other products. During many centuries the nature of fermentations remained incomprehensible. Microbiology learns morphology, physiology, genetics and microorganisms systematization, their ecology and the other life forms. Specific Classes of Microorganisms Algae Protozoa Fungi (yeasts and molds) Bacteria Rickettsiae Viruses Prions The Microorganisms are extraordinarily widely spread in nature. They literally ubiquitous forward us from birth to our death. Daily, hourly we eat up thousands and thousands of microbes together with air, water, food.
    [Show full text]
  • The Emerging Role of the Microbiota in the ICU Nora Suzanne Wolff1, Floor Hugenholtz1 and Willem Joost Wiersinga1,2*
    Wolff et al. Critical Care (2018) 22:78 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-018-1999-8 REVIEW Open Access The emerging role of the microbiota in the ICU Nora Suzanne Wolff1, Floor Hugenholtz1 and Willem Joost Wiersinga1,2* intensive care medicine. On any given day, three-fourths of Abstract all patients on the ICU are treated with antibiotics, which This article is one of ten reviews selected from the are known to cause severe collateral damage to the micro- Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency biome [9]. Besides antibiotics, there are multiple external Medicine 2018. Other selected articles can be found modulators of the gut microbiota applied during the clinical online at https://www.biomedcentral.com/collections/ care of patients on the ICU, such as gastric acid inhibition, annualupdate2018. Further information about the Annual the route of feeding, sedatives and opioids [3, 10]. Novel Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine is strategies are being designed to intervene on the micro- available from http://www.springer.com/series/8901. biome to prevent or treat trauma and sepsis. Excitingly, a very recent randomized, placebo-controlled trial among 4556 healthy infants in India showed that the oral adminis- Introduction tration of Lactobacillus plantarum in combination with In recent years, the surge of culture-independent methods fructooligosaccharide in the first week of life could reduce to study bacterial populations has led to an increasing the occurrence of sepsis in the first 60 days of life [4]. Other body of evidence pointing towards the microbiome as an evidence points towards the use of synbiotics as an adjunct- important player in the pathophysiology of a whole ive therapy to prevent postoperative complications, such as spectrum of diseases that affect the critically ill, including surgical site infections and sepsis among adult surgical pa- trauma and sepsis [1–4].
    [Show full text]
  • Human Gut Microbiome: the Second Genome of Human Body
    Protein Cell 2010, 1(8): 718–725 Protein & Cell DOI 10.1007/s13238-010-0093-z REVIEW Human gut microbiome: the second genome of human body ✉ Baoli Zhu1 , Xin Wang2, Lanjuan Li3 1 CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China 2 Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China 3 State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China ✉ Correspondence: [email protected] Received June 4, 2010 Accepted July 1, 2010 ABSTRACT Handelsman, 2004). After the completion of Human Genome Project, in a letter to Science magazine, Julian Davies pointed The human body is actually a super-organism that is out that decoding human genome was not enough to composed of 10 times more microbial cells than our body understand human biology because there are more than cells. Metagenomic study of the human microbiome has 1000 bacterial species living in and on the human body and demonstrated that there are 3.3 million unique genes in they are critically affecting human life. He predicted that these human gut, 150 times more genes than our own genome, bacteria could harbor 2–4 million uncharacterized genes in and the bacterial diversity analysis showed that about addition to the 30,000 genes in human genome, and these 1000 bacterial species are living in our gut and a majority two sets of genes could be together determining the human of them belongs to the divisions of Firmicutes and health (Davies, 2001).
    [Show full text]
  • Microbiome of the Skin and Gut in Atopic Dermatitis (AD): Understanding the Pathophysiology and Finding Novel Management Strategies
    Journal of Clinical Medicine Review Microbiome of the Skin and Gut in Atopic Dermatitis (AD): Understanding the Pathophysiology and Finding Novel Management Strategies Jung Eun Kim 1 and Hei Sung Kim 2,3,* 1 Department of Dermatology, St. Paul’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea; [email protected] 2 Department of Dermatology, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea 3 Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-32-280-5105 Received: 22 February 2019; Accepted: 28 March 2019; Published: 2 April 2019 Abstract: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a long-standing inflammatory skin disease that is highly prevalent worldwide. Multiple factors contribute to AD, with genetics as well as the environment affecting disease development. Although AD shows signs of skin barrier defect and immunological deviation, the mechanism underlying AD is not well understood, and AD treatment is often very difficult. There is substantial data that AD patients have a disturbed microbial composition and lack microbial diversity in their skin and gut compared to controls, which contributes to disease onset and atopic march. It is not clear whether microbial change in AD is an outcome of barrier defect or the cause of barrier dysfunction and inflammation. However, a cross-talk between commensals and the immune system is now noticed, and their alteration is believed to affect the maturation of innate and adaptive immunity during early life. The novel concept of modifying skin and gut microbiome by applying moisturizers that contain nonpathogenic biomass or probiotic supplementation during early years may be a preventive and therapeutic option in high risk groups, but currently lacks evidence.
    [Show full text]
  • Structural Diversity and Biological Significance of Lipoteichoic Acid in Gram-Positive Bacteria: Focusing on Beneficial Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria
    Review Bioscience of Microbiota, Food and Health Vol. 35 (4), 147–161, 2016 Structural diversity and biological significance of lipoteichoic acid in Gram-positive bacteria: focusing on beneficial probiotic lactic acid bacteria Tsukasa SHIRAISHI1, Shin-ichi YOKOTA1, Satoru FUKIYA2 and Atsushi YOKOTA2* 1Department of Microbiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Minami 1 Nishi 17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8556, Japan 2Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan Received March 1, 2016; Accepted May 12, 2016; Published online in J-STAGE June 9, 2016 Bacterial cell surface molecules are at the forefront of host-bacterium interactions. Teichoic acids are observed only in Gram-positive bacteria, and they are one of the main cell surface components. Teichoic acids play important physiological roles and contribute to the bacterial interaction with their host. In particular, lipoteichoic acid (LTA) anchored to the cell membrane has attracted attention as a host immunomodulator. Chemical and biological characteristics of LTA from various bacteria have been described. However, most of the information concerns pathogenic bacteria, and information on beneficial bacteria, including probiotic lactic acid bacteria, is insufficient. LTA is structurally diverse. Strain-level structural diversity of LTA is suggested to underpin its immunomodulatory activities. Thus, the structural information on LTA in probiotics, in particular strain-associated diversity, is important for understanding its beneficial roles associated with the modulation of immune response. Continued accumulation of structural information is necessary to elucidate the detailed physiological roles and significance of LTA. In this review article, we summarize the current state of knowledge on LTA structure, in particular the structure of LTA from lactic acid bacteria.
    [Show full text]