II Congresso Internacional De Estudos Em Linguagem UEPG – Ponta Grossa – PR 24 a 26 De Outubro De 2017

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II Congresso Internacional De Estudos Em Linguagem UEPG – Ponta Grossa – PR 24 a 26 De Outubro De 2017 II Congresso Internacional de Estudos em Linguagem UEPG – Ponta Grossa – PR 24 a 26 de Outubro de 2017 AS CONFIGURAÇÕES NARRATIVAS EM SÉRIES DE ANIMAÇÃO: uma análise de O Incrível Mundo de Gumball, Gravity Falls e Hora de Aventura Janiclei Mendonça (Doutoranda) - UTP Resumo: O artigo visa refletir sobre a estrutura narrativa das séries de animação O Incrível Mundo de Gumball (2011) de Ben Bocquelet, Gravity Falls (2012) de Alex Hirsch e Hora de Aventura (2010) Pendleton Ward, discutindo-os com o objetivo de compreender essas estruturas a partir das curvas dramáticas de seus enredos. Para tanto, o texto aborda temas como sociedade contemporânea, narrativa, hipertexto e curva dramática. Palavras-chave: Série de Animação; Narrativa; Hipertexto; Roteiro; Produção Audiovisual. Abstract: This academic article aims to reflect about the narrative structure the animation series The Amazing World of Gumball (2011) of Ben Bocquelet,Gravity Falls (2012) of Alex Hirsch and Adventure Time (2010) of Pendleton Ward, arguing them within in order to understand these narrative structures from de dramatic curves of their plots. Therefore, the text approaches subjects as contemporary society, narrative, hypertext and dramatic curve. Key-words: Animation Series; Narrative; Hipertext; Script; Audiovisual Production. Introdução Em tempos de intensa midiatização dos produtos audiovisuais, é observada a crescente popularidade das séries de animação entre as diversas camadas etárias, fato este que aponta para mudanças significativas das estruturas narrativas e abordagens do gênero. Assim, investigar as animações seriadas pressupõe um olhar que não apenas privilegia o entretenimento, mas que considera os diversos aspectos que compõe a obra no interior da sociedade contemporânea, e portanto, seus modos de pensar, produzir e consumir narrativas. Nesse sentido, o presente texto se propõe a analisar a série animada O Incrível Mundo de Gumball (2011) de Ben Bocquelet , Gravity Falls (2012) de Alex Hirsch e Hora de Aventura (2010) Pendleton Ward no intuito de compreender essas obras II Congresso Internacional de Estudos em Linguagem UEPG – Ponta Grossa – PR 24 a 26 de Outubro de 2017 enquanto narrativas proveniente de novos modos de produção e consumo audiovisual contemporâneo, a partir da reflexão sobre o os hipertextos a estrutura narrativa. Para tanto, o artigo percorre campos de conhecimento como narrativa, hipertexto, sociedade contemporânea e sociedade contemporânea. Dessa maneira, são revisitados autores como Anthony Giddens, Jean-François Lyotard, Marc Augè, Zygmunt Bauman, David Bordwell, Kristin Thompson, Gèrard Genette, Alberto Lucena Jr., Renato Luiz Pucci Jr, Zilá Bernd e Jacques Aumont et al. 1. Da sociedade contemporânea e identidade A sociedade como a conhecemos é fruto de consecutivas transformações ocorridas em relação a aspectos sociais, políticos, econômicos, culturais e tecnológicos que se realizam constantemente em movimentos diacrônicos e sincrônicos – ou seja, não necessariamente lineares – estando intimamente relacionados com os sujeitos que nela estão inseridos, por meio dos diálogos que possibilitam estes movimentos e, por sua vez, geram narrativas e discursos cuja mediação é realizada pela comunicação. Nesse sentido, e para compreender o atual panorama social, não é incomum recorrer a estudos que periodizam as fases da evolução estrutural da presente sociedade. No entanto, a fim de definir um posicionamento para o presente trabalho, se decide pelo termo contemporaneidade que, de maneira geral, compreende as características preconizadas desde a modernidade (GIDDENS, 1991; LYOTARD, 2015) à supermodernidade (AUGÈ, 2012). Tal posicionamento implica na aceitação dos pressupostos que embasam o conceito dos termos apresentados por Giddens, Lyotard e Augè, mas os posicionando no interior dos mecanismos de produções audiovisuais atuais, considerando-os como plurais e contínuos, ou seja, a contemporaneidade abarca a pluralidade de narrativas e reflexões que se materializam nas diferentes formas de expressão por meio de estilos pessoais (PUCCI Jr., 2008). Mas quais são as características que definem a contemporaneidade? Para responder essa pergunta se remonta, primeiramente, ao conceito de modernidade que para Giddens precisa ser definida a partir do extremo dinamismo e do escopo globalizante das instituições modernas e deve levar em consideração três aspectos fundamentais que dizem respeito à separação do tempo e do espaço, do desencaixe dos sistemas sociais e II Congresso Internacional de Estudos em Linguagem UEPG – Ponta Grossa – PR 24 a 26 de Outubro de 2017 da ordenação e reordenação reflexiva das relações sociais à luz das contínuas entradas (inputs) (GIDDENS, 1991, p. 26 e 27). A separação do tempo e do espaço promove a formação de dimensões padronizadas, mais precisamente “vazias”, penetrando as relações sociais e seus desencaixes que, por sua vez, compreendem o deslocamento das relações sociais de seus contextos locais para extensões indefinidas no tempo-espaço e que se subdividem em dois tipos de mecanismo: o simbólico (por exemplo, o dinheiro) e sistemas perito (por exemplo, mão de obra especializada) (GIDDENS, 1991, p. 30 a 36). Por fim, a reordenação reflexiva das relações sociais diz respeito às constantes alterações das práticas sociais por meio de informações renovadas, alternando continuadamente seu caráter, ou seja, em termos gerais, por meio do conhecimento o sujeito altera a natureza de suas relações sociais (GIDDENS, 1991, p. 49). Em relação às pós-modernidade, Giddens a define como uma extensão da modernidade e não como uma verdadeira ruptura ou superação desta, preferindo denomina-la de modernidade radicalizada, pois a compreende como uma realidade que se estende em si mesma, ou seja, seus sintomas são intensificados gradativamente. Por outro lado, Lyotard introduz a noção de jogos de linguagem como método geral de enfoque da pós-modernidade. Noção que é questionada por Giddens, mas considerada neste trabalho como complementar enquanto mecanismo dialógico que possibilita a materialização de uma modernidade cujos sintomas se intensificam. Para Lyotard, “o pós-moderno, enquanto condição da cultura nesta era caracteriza-se exatamente pela incredulidade perante o metadiscurso filosófico-metafísico, com suas pretensões atemporais e universalizantes” (LYOTARD, 2015) fator que aponta para o efeito do progresso das ciências e das mudanças de visão sobre a individualidade e vínculos sociais. Nesse ínterim, o sujeito torna-se parte de uma textura de relações complexa e muito mais móvel devido a sua inserção nos círculos da comunicação que, em diferentes níveis, o perpassam posicionando-o seja na condição de remetente, destinatário ou referente por meio dos jogos de linguagem (LYOTARD, 2015, p. 28). Por fim, e pelo viés da antropologia, Augè preconiza a noção de supermodernidade, a qual defende um estágio em que, não obstante as noções de fragmentação, desencaixe, esvaziamento do tempo, reflexividade das relações sociais e jogos de II Congresso Internacional de Estudos em Linguagem UEPG – Ponta Grossa – PR 24 a 26 de Outubro de 2017 linguagem desenvolvidas desde a modernidade aos dias atuais, se apresentam sob a urgência do excesso, modificando as relações sociais, modos de vida e mapas urbanos. A partir do exposto, verifica-se a constituição de uma sociedade na qual as características do projeto moderno, presentes nos mecanismos que permeiam a configuração da contemporaneidade –somada à questão das mídias – resulta na potencialização do tempo-espaço e formação de identidades fragmentadas, deslocadas e camaleônicas que se desenvolvem de maneira fluída, segundo suas relações com o outro e o mundo (BAUMAN, 2013). 2. Da estrutura: narrativa, hipertextualidade e curva dramática Investigar sobre série de animação é, sobretudo, estudar um gênero audiovisual produzido para ser consumido cotidianamente por um vasto número de espectadores que, hoje, não se restringe a crianças, mas também jovens e adultos. No entanto, antes de se averiguar as características que definem a animação seriada em questão, é preciso compreender alguns conceitos iniciais1: a narrativa, hipertextualidade e curva dramática. Assim, em primeira instância, se deve atentar para o fato de que as séries de animação são, primordialmente, uma narrativa e, portanto, esta deve ser considerada como “uma cadeia de eventos ligados por causa e efeito, ocorrendo no tempo e espaço” (BORDWELL e THOMPSON, 2013, p. 144). A esse conceito, se acrescenta que as narrativas são desenvolvidas por meio da intervenção do autor e dos personagens (SILVA, 2015) e podem surgir a partir de fatos reais ou fictícios. Dessa maneira, a narrativa se estrutura a partir da sequência de acontecimentos interligados e situados em locais e em tempos determinados, que são regidos por um narrador e vivenciado pelos personagens, resultando em uma história literária ou, no caso dos objetos de estudo, audiovisual. Destarte, uma narrativa inicia com um evento, sofre uma série de mudanças de acordo como um padrão de causa e efeito até que novas situações a levam ao fim. Portanto, nosso envolvimento com a história depende do nosso entendimento 1 É válido ressaltar que os conceitos aqui abordados tem caráter introdutório, tendo em vista que a exploração aprofundada das áreas necessita maior espaço e, portanto, será realizada em trabalho posterior. II Congresso Internacional de Estudos em Linguagem UEPG – Ponta Grossa – PR 24 a 26 de Outubro de 2017 desses padrões de mudanças e estabilidade, causa e efeito,
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